The widespread and increasing use of carbon nanotubes in scientific and engineering research and their incorporation into manufactured goods has urged an assessment of the risks and hazards associated with exposure to them. The field of nanotoxicology studies the toxicology of nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and has become a major growth area aimed towards risk assessment of nanoparticles. Compiled by a team of leading experts at the forefront of research, this is the first book dedicated to the toxicology of carbon nanotubes. It provides state-of-the-science information on how and why they are so potentially dangerous if breathed in, including their similarities to asbestos. The book examines various aspects of carbon nanotubes, from their manufacture and aerodynamic behaviour to their effects at molecular level in the lungs. It is invaluable to the many groups involved with research in this area, as well as to regulators and risk assessors.

A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself. In this new book, the authors present current research on xenobiotics including the potential effects of toxic agents on immune system function; medical strategies to prevent adverse effects of PAH-like anthropogenic xenobiotics; organophosphorus pesticides as dangerous xenobiotics for aquatic environments and phytoremediation for removal of organic xenobiotics from water.

We are constantly exposed to a plethora of different chemicals, the majority of which are mostly uncharacterised with respect to their biological properties. This book provides an in depth overview on known neurotoxicity mechanisms for a group of industrial chemicals known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental toxicants that have been found world-wide in a variety of biotas. This book reports and discusses the interesting and salient work published on the known and potential mechanisms behind the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs in the foremost used model organisms, mouse and rat.

The systemic effects of a drug that are related to the overall level of the medication in the bloodstream. Drug toxicity may occur with overdosage of a medication, accumulation of the drug in the body over time or the inability of the patients body to eliminate the drug. This book presents recent and important research in the field.

Contents:
1. Introduction and Historical Perspectives Eugene J. Olajos and Woodhall Stopford 2. Application and Use of Riot Control Agents Jeanne M. Ditter and Charles S. Heal 3. Synthesis and Chemical Analysis of Riot Control Agents Sidney A. Katz and Harry Salem 4. Biochemistry, Biological Interactions, and Pharmacokinetics of Riot-Control Agents Eugene J. Olajos 5. Riot Control Agents and Acute Sensory Irritation Eugene J. Olajos and Woodhall Stopford 6. Pharmacology/Toxicology of CS, CR, CN, Formulations, Degradation Products, Carriers/Solvents, and Propellants Eugene J. Olajos and Joan M. Antonio upLakoski 7. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Oleoresin Capsicum, Capsaicin, and Capsaicinoids Eugene J. Olajos and Joan M. Lakoski 8.
Chronic Toxicity of Riot Control Agents Woodhall Stopford 9. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology of Riot Control Agents Russell F. Mankes and Kristina M. Mankes 10. Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Riot Control Agents Joyce M. Durnford 11. Human Exposures to Riot Control Agents Woodhall Stopford and Frederick R. Sidell 12. Forensic Toxicology and Riot Control Agents Bryan Ballantyne and Harry Salem 13. An Approach for Assessing and Characterizing Risk from the Use of Riot Control Agents Jacqueline Patterson, Bert Hakkinen, Patricia Nance, Michael Dourson, and B. Jon Klauenberg 14. Occupational Exposures to Riot Control Agents
Woodhall Stopford 15. Riot Control Agents: Risk Management and Public Health Considerations Veronique D. Hauschild 16. Riot Control Agents: Environmental Issues Larry E. Erickson, Athertina N. Steinau, Terrie Boguski, and Frederick Oehme 17. Genomics, Proteomics and Computational Toxicology as Future Tools in Assessing the Health Hazards of Riot Control Agents Akbar S. Khan and Harry Salem 18. Riot Control Agents: Issues/Concerns, Needs, Emerging Concepts/Trends and AdvancesTechnological Advances Woodhall Stopford and Eugene J. Olajos Appendix A Definitions and Terminology Appendix B Medical Treatment/Management
Appendix C Table of RCA Formulations

Aluminium is the most abundant metal ion in the biosphere and we are continuously exposed to it in our everyday life through food, beverages, pharmaceutical products, etc. This book is a current and comprehensive review of the biochemistry, metabolism and toxicity of aluminium undertaken by an international group of authors, many of whom are outstanding authorities in their respective fields. In contrast with previous books on this topic, much of the subject matter is unique, in that it is primarily directed at aluminium nutrition and toxicity in infants and children. This book covers many aspects of aluminium toxicity in infants including for instance the embryo-fetal as well as the neurodevelopmental effects of this element, contamination of pharmaceutical products, and individual sensitivity through vaccines using aluminium as an adjuvant.This book will be especially useful to paediatricians, paediatric nephrologists & neurologists, nutritionists, toxicologists, biochemical toxicologists and postgraduate students.

This book discusses toxic Microcystis and the toxins from various viewpoints such as classification, cultivation, occurrences in lakes, and relations to zooplankton. The text presents new information on the chemistry, analytical chemistry, toxicology, molecular modeling, and liver tumor promotion of the toxins. Microcystis species are described in relation to morphological features, allozyme genotype, and toxin content. Seasonal changes of Microcystis population are described with special references to toxic species and composition of the toxins. Chemical characteristics of microcystins are reviewed and the process for identification of microcystins is described.

This text is a source of information on the toxicity of anaesthetic agents. The editors define toxicity in a broad sense to mean an adverse effect, whether that effect is the result of pharmacological, toxicological, physiological, or other mechanisms. They bring together reviews by experts in the disciplines concerned - including biochemistry, genetics, and immunology - involved in current research on these adverse effects.; The initial chapters provide an understanding of the factors responsible for toxicity, and the ways in which the adverse effects of anaesthetics can be investigated. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as: hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity; malignant hyperthermia triggered by anaesthetics; pulmonary effects of anaesthesia; toxicity of local anaesthetic agents; toxicity of nitrous oxide; immunosuppression in the postoperative period; and reproductive and developmental toxicity of anaesthetics. Many of the contributors offer insights into the anaesthetics and their interactions, such as the immunological effects of anaesthesia and the impact of pharmacogenetics.

First Published in 1992. The last decade of the twentieth century has seen an unprecedented advocacy for the preservation of a safe environment, and the prevention of ill-health from toxic chemicals. Human activity, however, is responsible for introducing new toxins into the environment. In order to control competitors for human food sources, an armament of pesticides has been assembled and their widespread and largely uncontrolled application has been permitted. It is only when the health of the population begins to suffer from the effects of these chemicals that the efficacy of their use is questioned. Decision-makers whose roles involve the promotion and control of the environment must look to lessons that can be learnt from biosystems that include animals other than man. Toxins and Targets details the way in which organisms from diverse habitats in the plant and animal kingdoms have adapted to handle toxins safely. Part I, on the aquatic environment, highlights the means by which marine organisms have adapted their toxins to be effective in a world of high aqueous solubility and infinite dilution. Part II deals with venomous terrestrial organisms and the mechanisms by which they damage animal cells, and Part III considers the way in which human society attempts to investigate toxicity and to control both synthetic and naturally occurring poisons. The development of a safe environ ment depends on increased knowledge and novel approaches to solving escalating problems. This book is a step towards this end.

* Toxics A to Z features and alphabetical listing of over 100 toxics, identifying ...* What they are* How they are measured* Where they are found* The symptoms of exposure* What their known risks are* How we can lessen or avoid those risks* An easy-to-use Cross-Reference Guide to help readers identify toxics in 18 major groups, including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, household items, and lawn and garden products* A glossary of terms, explanation of abbreviations, and listing of sources for further help and information

The dependency of the human race on plants as renewable sources of many foodstuffs, drugs, textiles, fuel, and building materials in generally acknowledged. However, the harmful effects produced by certain plant constituents, which result in an increasing incidence of poisoning cases in the United States each year, are not so widely appreciated. This book is not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on all substances from plants that are lethal or otherwise injurious to humans or livestock. Instead, owing to tremendous recent advances in the understanding of the chemical nature of their toxic principles, it reviews selected toxic plants which have been hitherto inadequately documented in previous texts.

Toxins and Other Harmful Compounds in Foods provides information on the contents, distribution, chemical properties, and biological activity of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods that are natural components of the raw materials, accumulated due to microbial actions and environmental pollution, or are generated due to processing. This book shows how different factors related to the production of raw materials, as well as to storage and processing conditions, affect the presence and concentration of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods. It shows how various regulations, as well as unit operations and processes used in food production, may eliminate different toxins or generate new ones. The real health hazards for the consumers resulting from the presence of toxic/harmful compounds in aliments are discussed, and various national and international regulations obligatory in agriculture and industry aimed at increasing food safety are presented. Methods of analysis used for detection and determination of undesirable compounds are also discussed, making it possible to understand the effect of storage and processing parameters, as well as systems of quality assurance, on food safety and to select optimum procedures for analytical control.

Formaldehyde is virtually ubiquitous in the modern environment due to its cost-effective nature, its use in resin formation, and its preservative properties. Though formaldehyde is necessary for many products and processes important to the world's economy, this economic dependence on formaldehyde comes at a cost to public health. Growth and consequent industrialization rely heavily on formaldehyde use. New buildings-residences, public places, and offices-are not only built with timber preserved by formaldehyde, but they are also furnished with wood, wool, and textile products that contain formaldehyde. The general population faces environmental exposure from indoor and outdoor air pollution, food, and even medicine. Scientific inquiry into formaldehyde exposure has grown in response. This book consolidates the new and established body of formaldehyde research in the scholarly community, focusing on exposure, genotoxicity, and adverse health outcomes. Through this resource, we hope to increase awareness of the broad range of health effects posed by formaldehyde exposure, and to encourage interdisciplinary interest, as well as research, into this pervasive compound-especially in the United States and China, where formaldehyde production and usage is high. This book will be useful to researchers of environmental and occupational exposure, students, and government regulators and anyone exposed to formaldehyde in the workplace and/or at home.

This book delineates how systems biology, pharmacogenomic, and behavioral approaches, as applied to neurodevelopmental toxicology, provide a structure to arrange information in a biological model. The text reviews and discusses approaches that can be used as effective tools to dissect mechanisms underlying pharmacological and toxicological phenomena associated with the exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants during development. The book intends to elaborate functional outcomes of component-to-component relationships using rodent and nonhuman primate in vitro and in vivo models that allow for the directional and quantitative description of the complete organism in response to environmental perturbations. In addition, attention has also been directed to some of the more recent methodologies, including genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, applied in the evolutionary neurobiological field.

Despite ongoing efforts to prohibit the production, storage and use of chemical warfare agents recent world events highlight the enduring threat to the population from these agents. Research efforts in various countries have resulted in novel insights into chemical warfare toxicology that has enabled the development of new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of chemical warfare poisoning. This book provides an up-to-date treatise on the diagnosis and verification of exposure, and the pre- and post-exposure treatment of poisoning. Focussing on the most important representative nerve and blistering agents, whilst also covering other potential chemical warfare agents, this book will give the reader a comprehensive overview of the many different aspects of chemical warfare agent toxicology. The text will appeal to toxicologists, biochemists and weapons specialists working in industry and academia, and anyone with an interest in chemical warfare toxicology or exposure.

The most talked about metalloid in the modern world, arsenic affects the liver, kidney, and lungs; leads to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes; and may cause blindness with long-time exposure. With naturally occurring arsenic boosted by mining and other industrial processes contaminating soil and drinking water, arsenic toxicity is a major challenge to health professionals and scientists around the world. Arsenic Toxicity: Prevention and Treatment reviews current understanding of arsenic poisoning and the health consequences resulting from exposure. The book paints a vivid picture of the sources of arsenic toxicity including ground water; food such as rice, fruits and vegetables, fish, and chicken as well as occupational exposures from industries using inorganic arsenic such as glass production, non-ferrous alloy, wood preservation, and semiconductor manufacturing units. The text details the health hazards of arsenic toxicity and then examines removal, mainly from soil and water, highlighting eco-friendly bioremediation techniques. It discusses classical and modern treatment methods for arsenic toxicity, emphasizing the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods. With its focus on the remediation of arsenic toxicity using nutraceutical and functional food, the book provides a unique resource for combatting this global scourge. It provides strategies for defending arsenic toxicity naturally without causing any additional adverse effects.

Clinicians undergoing competency testing, certification, and periodic recertification are frequently faced with computer-based exams designed to evaluate clinical acumen and judgment. Test questions often include an image or radiograph followed by a vignette of the clinical encounter and a series of questions. Designed to better prepare practitioners for image-intense, computer-based examinations in their respective fields, Atlas of Human Poisoning and Envenoming is a visual and written reminder of the ubiquitous sources of toxins and toxoids in the environment and the outcomes of accidental or intentional toxic exposures in humans. The Second Edition has been restructured with bulleted text, tables, and figures resembling the vignettes that accompany national examinations. Combining the four specialties of toxicology-analytical, medical, environmental, and industrial-into one comprehensive atlas, the book presents photographs and diagrams of toxic plants and animals, their mechanisms of poisoning or envenoming, and the human responses caused by toxic exposure. Highlights of the new edition include: Prescription and illicit drug abuse epidemics Environmental and occupational nephrotoxicology and neurotoxicology Tick paralysis Petrochemical toxicants Biological, chemical, and radiological warfare agents Workplace substance abuse screening and monitoring Epidemiological design and statistical analysis of toxicological investigations The book is conveniently divided into four sections covering general medical toxicology, environmental toxicology, industrial and occupational toxicology, and epidemiology and statistics for toxicology. Supplemented with a 16-page color insert, the second edition includes new images and tables. The atlas will be a useful study guide for a range of practitioners preparing for a lifetime of image-intense national examinations.

Since the first publication of this book in 2007, the field of nanoscience and nanomedicine continues to grow substantially. This second edition, Nanotoxicology: Progress toward Nanomedicine, enlists internationally recognized experts to document the continuing development and rationale for the safe design of engineered nanomaterials (ENM). This includes new improved characterization endpoints, screening, and detection methods for in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing. These tools also contribute greatly to nanosafety research applied to nanomedicines. Topics include The impacts of nanotechnology on biomedicine, including functionalization for tissue-specific targeting, the biointeractions of multifunctional nanoparticle-based therapy, and the ability to control specific physicochemical properties of nanoparticles The requirements for proper detection, measurement, and assessment both for workplace exposure and in consumer products-with a focus on potential health and safety implications Predictive modeling, using quantitative nanostructure activity relationships to predict the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanomaterials in the body Specific methodologies, imaging, and techniques to assess nanomaterials from the manufacturing process to nanomedicine applications Tools for assessing nanoparticle toxicity and the limitations of detection methods for assessing toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro systems and at the single cell and tissue levels Toxicity of nanomaterials to specific organ systems, cell-based targeting to tumors, and other biomedical applications The difficulty of conducting risk assessments and the need for addressing knowledge gaps, especially with long-term studies A roadmap for future research The development of nanotechnology-based products must be complemented with appropriate validated methods to assess, monitor, manage, and reduce the potential risks of ENM to human health and the environment. This volume provides a cogent survey of advances in this area by a well-respected and diverse group of international scientists.

Modelling and simulation technologies have improved dramatically over the past decade and their applications in toxicity prediction and risk assessment are of great importance. Such approaches will become increasingly necessary as industrial chemicals advance and as new pharmaceuticals enter the market. In this comprehensive discussion of predictive toxicology and its applications, leading experts express their views on the technologies currently available and the potential for future developments. The book covers a wide range of topics including the in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches being used in the safety assessment of chemical substances. It reflects the growing and urgent need to strengthen our ability to predict the risks posed by industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals in humans. Extensive information on the use of current animal models used for various toxicities and target-mediated toxicities is included. Also discussed are the recently introduced regulatory initiatives.

A wide-ranging compilation of techniques, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals describes methods of extrapolation in the framework of ecological risk assessment. The book, informally known as EXPECT, identifies data needs and situations where these extrapolations can be most usefully applied, making it a practical guide to the application of extrapolation procedures. It focuses on the extrapolation of chemical effects and covers the extrapolation of exposures in the context of interactions between toxicants and the matrix.

Continuing the tradition set by the first and second editions, each a bestseller in its own right, the third edition of Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology provides reviews of environmental agents, updated to reflect the latest information on how these agents influence immune system function and health. For the first time in the book's history, an entire section covers the phylogeny and ontogeny of the immune system, spanning levels of biological complexity from earthworms to marine mammals.

Including the latest reviews of the most current issues related to food and nutrition toxicity, Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity, Volume 3 distills a wide range of research on food safety and food technology. Put together by a strong team with a wealth of broad experience, the continuation of this important new series includes contributions from the fields of medicine, public health, and environmental science. Topics covered in Volume Three include: -MEG-related toxic, pathological, and etiological findings in the liver, stomach, blood, testes/uterus, kidneys, peritoneum, and skin -Current information on pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic aspects of methyl mercury toxicity -The limits set by various agencies for, and the possible effects of, exposure to Uranium via ingestion and inhalation -Evidence that nutrition can modify PCB toxicity and its implications in numerous age-related diseases -The most recent findings on oxysterols' toxic and pro-atherosclerotic effects and the use of antioxidants supplements to prevent their generation in foods -Examples of published safety data, drug interactions, and problems with formulated products -Potential dangers and benefits of genetically modified foods, moral and ethical issues, and benefit risk ratios -Emerging issues in food contamination, recently-discovered contaminants, the increased use of genetically engineered crops, and their effects on children -New views on the onset of celiac disease, its symptoms outside the gastrointestinal tract, and its diagnosis and management A timely compilation, the book sheds light on the most important issues in food safety today. It is a valuable resource for anyone involved in the food industry oracademics researching food science and food technology.

The end of the 20th century brought with it a revolution in molecular biology that culminated in advances such as the completion of the human genome. This has brought optimism to the fields of toxicology and environmental health, and the anticipation that molecular biomarkers might soon come of age and have a major impact on human and environmental health. Biomarker research is an area of current interest to scientists in a number of fields that are concerned with environmental exposure to pollutants and environmentally associated disease.

Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Disease: Technologies, Concepts, and Perspectives provides comprehensive coverage of the current status and future prospects of a field that will play a key role in emerging areas of public health and medicine. It focuses on the risk to human and environmental health of exposure to persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, airborne toxics, environmental estrogens, and other environmental pollutants. This material will aid researchers in understanding, treating, and preventing environmentally induced disease.

Validated molecular biomarkers have long been recognized as invaluable tools for identifying and preventing human disease. As biomarkers begin to be applied more widely, it is also important to assure that they are implemented ethically, with attention to the social and legal issues associated with their use. Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Disease is an outstanding resource providing state-of-the-art information for the fields that encompass molecular biomarkers.

Determination of Metals in Natural and Treated Waters draws together all the available literature and presents in a systematic fashion the latest analytical techniques for detecting metals in non-saline and saline natural and treated water. Broad outlines of different methods and their applicability in certain situations are given allowing the chemist to choose appropriate test methods.
This volume is an essential reference for environmental analytical chemists, toxicologists and the medical community in the water, agrochemistry, fisheries and waste management industries and the public sector, including enforcement and public health.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203302281