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Books > Medicine > Other branches of medicine > Pharmacology > Medical toxicology
Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and
Biomedical Research presents the detailed systematic anatomy of the
rat, with a focus on toxicological needs. Most large works dealing
with the laboratory rat provide a chapter on anatomy, but fall far
short of the detailed account in this book which also focuses on
the needs of toxicologists and others who use the rat as a
laboratory animal. The book includes detailed guides on dissection
methods and the location of specific tissues in specific organ
systems. Crucially, the book includes classic illustrations from
Miss H. G. Q. Rowett, along with new color photo-micrographs.
Written by two of the top authors in their fields, this book can be
used as a reference guide and teaching aid for students and
researchers in toxicology. In addition, veterinary/medical
students, researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research,
and researchers in zoology, comparative anatomy, physiology and
pharmacology will find this book to be a great resource.
"The Toxicology of Methanol " presents a single source of
information and an understanding of the toxicity of methanol from
animal data, potential environmental effects as well as human
effects. The animal data, which goes to making up the majority of
the data on the toxicity of methanol and the mechanism of action,
is reviewed as it relates to the potential toxicity in humans.
The first thorough review of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including
their toxicity mechanisms and toxicopathological risks
Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are enzymes responsible for the formation of
an important class of biological mediators called prostanoids.
Prostanoids such as prostaglandins mediate inflammatory and
anaphylactic reactions. For those suffering from inflammation and
pain, the pharmacological inhibition of COXs, with non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can provide
relief. Yet the use of NSAIDs can trigger toxicological effects as
well, leading to potential health risks. Comparative
Pathophysiology and Toxicology of Cyclooxygenases provides a
comprehensive overview of how COX inhibitors affect various bodily
systems, specifically the toxicity mechanisms triggered when the
COX enzyme is inhibited. The book provides an introduction to the
discovery of cyclooxygenases, their use as therapeutic agents, as
well as an historical perspective. Shedding light on the
differences in expression, pathophysiology, and toxicology of COX
inhibitors across species, the book offers a systematic examination
of the effects and pathophysiology of COX inhibitors and their
mechanisms of toxicity, beginning with the GI tract. Subsequent
chapters cover: * The pathophysiology of COX inhibition on bone,
tendon, and ligament healing * COX inhibitors and renal system
pathophysiology and mechanisms of toxicity * The pathophysiologic
role of COX inhibition in the ocular system * COX inhibition and
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems The book also sheds
light on the latest research devoted to developing COX inhibitors
with no adverse side-effects. The first book to offer a thorough
comparative look at the toxicological effects of COX inhibitors
throughout the body, this invaluable resource will help advance the
research and development of safer and more effective COX drugs.
Our world and bodies are becoming increasingly polluted with
chemicals capable of interfering with our hormones and thus,
possibly, our present and future neural and mental health. As
authors Heather Patisaul and Scott Belcher outline, there is a
large lack of data and evidence in this causal relationship, which
begs a need for further study to accelerate progress in the
endocrinology and neuroendocrinology fields. Endocrine Disruptors,
Brain, and Behavior focuses on if and how these chemicals, known as
endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), affect the development and
function of the brain and might be contributing to neural disorders
rapidly rising in prevalence. The book provides an overall
synthesis of the EDC field, including its historical roots, major
hypotheses, key findings, and research gaps. The authors explain
why even the concept of endocrine disruption is controversial in
some circles, how differing definitions of endocrine disruption and
what constitutes an "adverse" outcome on the brain shape public
policy, and where the current capacity by different stakeholders
(industry, academia, regulatory agencies) to evaluate chemicals for
safety in a regulatory context begins and ends. The book concludes
with suggestions for future research needs and a summary of
emerging technology which might prove capable of more effectively
evaluating existing and emerging chemicals for endocrine disrupting
properties. As such, it provides the context for interdisciplinary
and innovative input from a broad spectrum of fields, including
those well-schooled in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, brain,
behavior, sex differences, and neuroendocrinology.
The network approaches of systems pharmacology and toxicology serve
as early predictors of the most relevant screening approach to
pursue both in drug discovery and development and ecotoxicological
assessments. Computational approaches have the potential to improve
toxicological experimental design, enable more rapid drug efficacy
and safety testing and also reduce the number of animals used in
experimentation. Rapid advances in availability of computing
technology hold tremendous promise for advancing applied and basic
science and increasing the efficiency of risk assessment. This book
provides an understanding of the basic principles of computational
toxicology and the current methods of predictive toxicology using
chemical structures, toxicity-related databases, in silico
chemical-protein docking, and biological pathway tools. The book
begins with an introduction to systems pharmacology and toxicology
and computational tools followed by a section exploring modelling
adverse outcomes and events. The second part of the book covers the
discovery of protein targets and the characterisation of
toxicant-protein interactions. Final chapters include case studies
and additionally discuss interactions between phytochemicals and
Western therapeutics. This book will be useful for scientists
involved in environmental research and risk assessment. It will be
a valuable resource for postgraduate students and researchers
wishing to learn about key methods used in studying biological
targets both from a toxicity and pharmacological activity
standpoint.
It is London in the 1890s. A young woman has just taken a dose of a
tonic she's been given in the belief that it will improve her
complexion. About ten minutes pass and she starts to experience
breathing difficulties. Another minute and she collapses.
Mercifully, death arrives but the poison has not yet finished, for
the process of rigor mortis has set in with unusual speed. Her body
is frozen into a rigid and contorted mass. This is the horror of
strychnine, the nastiest of poisons. Despite knowing all the
dreadfulness of this poison, Dr Thomas Neill Cream, the Lambeth
Poisoner, used it to kill several prostitutes. And who knows how
many other victims experienced the horror of strychnine, for it was
by no means an uncommon poison. Today, there may well be more
poisons available to the individual than ever before, but there are
also advances in medical examination and forensic analysis that
increase the likelihood of the poisoner being caught. This book
will examine poisons, both natural and man-made menaces, and cases
based on a particular poison as well as information about how
forensic analysis is conducted. Appealing to scientists and
non-scientists alike, this enthralling book will entertain and
educate and bring the reader up to date with how important chemical
analysis is in crime detection.
This issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, edited by Dr. Martin
Bluth, will cover a wide array of topics related to drug testing
and toxicology. Experts will discuss common drugs in analgesia,
toxicology techniques, errors and interferences in toxicology
testing, toxicology considerations in pain and addiction medicine,
toxicology in reproductive endocrinology, forensic toxicology, and
toxicology in emergency medicine, among others.
Concerns about the adverse effects of chemicals present in the
environment have created a need for better systems to assess their
potential consequences on human health. One potential solution is
the versatile and state-of-the-art Comet assay. Simple, sensitive,
rapid and visual, this modern toxicological method allows
quantitative and qualitative assessment of DNA damage in single
cells. This assay is used in diverse fields ranging from clinical
applications, human monitoring and environmental toxicology through
to genetic toxicity testing. This updated and revised edition of
The Comet Assay in Toxicology provides the latest information on
this important tool. It addresses, in-depth, the different
protocols, statistical analyses and applications used worldwide. It
also includes the guidelines recommended by the Working Group on
Comet Assay. The book begins with a review of the genesis of the
assay for those new to the technique and goes on to explain
procedures followed to assess different types of DNA damage,
various applications of the assay, and guidelines for the conduct
of the assay in in vitro and in vivo systems. New chapters written
for this edition will provide information on the most contemporary
approaches and applications, including in silico approaches, on
meta-analysis of data and on the application of the Comet Assay in
nanotoxicology. This book will serve as both a reference and a
guide to students as well as investigators in the biomedical,
biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences fields.
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element and, as such, it is
present in the environment and in our food and drink. It can even
be involved in supporting life processes. However, due to its
toxicity, there is concern about its presence in our diet. This
book examines the real risks and impacts of arsenic in our lives.
Looking at arsenic and its compounds, this book explores the
presence of arsenic in food and water, the need to clarify its
toxicity, and current scientific and public misconceptions about
arsenic. It also looks at the use of arsenic in medicine, from
cancer treatments to alternative therapies such as homeopathy.
Following on from "Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?: The Sociochemistry
of an Element", this book continues the authors work in addressing
the issues surrounding arsenic. It is a fascinating read for
general readers as it unveils the reality of our exposure to
arsenic in our daily lives.
New designer drugs, access to databases, and changing availability
of samples for analysis have changed the face of modern forensic
toxicology in recent years. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and
Misuse brings together the latest information direct from experts
in each sub-field of the discipline providing a broad overview of
current thinking and the most innovative approaches to case
studies. The text begins with an in-depth discussion of pharmaco
epidemiology, including information on the value of nationwide
databases in forensic toxicology. The use and abuse of drugs in
driving, sport and the workplace are then discussed by industry
experts who are conducting case work in their field. Not only are
new drug groups discussed (NPS), but also their constantly changing
impact on drug legislation. Synthetic cannabinoids, khat and
mephodrone are discussed in detail. Following a section devoted to
legislation and defence, readers will find comprehensive chapters
covering sample choice reflecting the increasing use of hair and
oral fluid, and also the less commonly used sweat and nail
analysis. New and old case examples are compared and contrasted in
the final part of the book, which will enable readers to understand
how drugs impact on each other and how the interpretative outcome
of a case are dependent on many aspects. From use of pharmaceutical
drugs in a clinical setting, through smart drugs to new
psychoactive drugs, this book documents the wide range in which
drugs today are abused. This book will be an essential resource for
postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers
in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and
knowledge.
This publication offers a comprehensive collection of 70 "building
blocks," which are primary prevention strategies that merit
consideration by state and local governments and others in position
to reduce exposure to hazards in housing and thereby help meet the
Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating childhood lead poisoning.
Exemplary strategies span a broad spectrum which includes targeting
high-risk properties; widely instituting safe work practices;
building community capacity to check for hazards and work safety;
delivering hazard assessment, control and prevention services;
motivating action; screening high-risk housing; expanding financial
resources; strengthening enforcement; raising public awareness and
support; and establishing valuable partnerships. A strategy has
been considered for inclusion as a building block if it is
sensitive to the economics of affordable housing, consistent with
the principles of public health, holds the potential for
broad-scale impact, stands a reasonable possibility of
implementation, and offers promise for reducing lead and other
environmental health hazards in high-risk housing. The summary of
each building block is coupled with an illustration of how the
strategy has been implemented and contact information for at least
one individual who is knowledgeable about this activity. The
purpose of disseminating Building Blocks for Primary Prevention:
Protecting Children from Lead-Based Paint Hazards is to allow
programs and policymakers easy access to information about
innovative and promising strategies that span the spectrum of
primary prevention, from which they may select one or several to
pursue based on their jurisdiction's needs and political and
economic realities.
This book offers readers an overview of the field of toxicology
while incorporating historical context with present day advances.
The chapters, written in a style that facilitates the reader's
connection of past developments with the present state-of-the-art
practices in specific fields of toxicology, provide a detailed
coverage of diverse areas in toxicology. The areas of chapters
chosen for detailed discussion are characteristic of the overall
field and helps to reinforce the basic principles of toxicology. As
such, this book will be a valuable resource not only for those
scientists in the field of toxicology, but also for those in
related fields (e.g., pharmacology, physiology, microbiology,
biochemistry, immunology and others). Additionally, this book will
be a valuable resource for teaching graduate students in not only
toxicology, but also in the related fields above. While this book
is not primarily intended as an introductory text for undergraduate
students' first exposure to the field of toxicology, it would serve
very useful as a text for an advanced undergraduate level biology
or chemistry course. The chapters are filled with appropriate
tables and figures which help illustrate and reinforce the
information in each chapter. The referencing of material cited is
carefully prepared and provides links to additional information
that will aid the reader in understanding and appreciating the
information within the text. The reader will find this book to be
of significant depth and breadth so as to meet the needs of many
groups of students and established scientists.
This book offers readers an overview of the field of toxicology
while incorporating historical context with present day advances.
The chapters, written in a style that facilitates the reader's
connection of past developments with the present state-of-the-art
practices in specific fields of toxicology, provide a detailed
coverage of diverse areas in toxicology. The areas of chapters
chosen for detailed discussion are characteristic of the overall
field and helps to reinforce the basic principles of toxicology. As
such, this book will be a valuable resource not only for those
scientists in the field of toxicology, but also for those in
related fields (e.g., pharmacology, physiology, microbiology,
biochemistry, immunology and others). Additionally, this book will
be a valuable resource for teaching graduate students in not only
toxicology, but also in the related fields above. While this book
is not primarily intended as an introductory text for undergraduate
students' first exposure to the field of toxicology, it would serve
very useful as a text for an advanced undergraduate level biology
or chemistry course. The chapters are filled with appropriate
tables and figures which help illustrate and reinforce the
information in each chapter. The referencing of material cited is
carefully prepared and provides links to additional information
that will aid the reader in understanding and appreciating the
information within the text. The reader will find this book to be
of significant depth and breadth so as to meet the needs of many
groups of students and established scientists.
Exposure to certain types of mycotoxins, the bioactive secondary
metabolites of filamentous fungi, significantly impact the animal
industry as well as human health. The contamination of food with
mycotoxins is a worldwide problem in animal production and direct
consequences are the reducing of food intake and production. In
this book, the authors increase the public awareness of the
implications of certain types of mycotoxins exposure to promote the
health of livestock as well as the general public; an analysis of
trichothecens (TCEs), a large group of mycotoxins, and their impact
on lifestock health and production are also examined, as well as
the occurrence of mycotoxins in animal products such as goat milk.
Different strategies implemented for the analysis of a wide
spectrum of mycotoxins, as well as their advantages and
disadvantages are provided by the authors. In the next few
chapters, the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal
products and in particular, their toxic properties are looked at; a
discussion on deoxynivalenol (DON) and related 8-ketotrichothecene
mycotoxins, which are extensively distributed in cereal-based foods
and feed stuffs worldwide are reviewed; potential toxigenic fungi
from diverse habitats are identified with special emphasis on the
methods as well as on the genetic markers employed; the importance
of performing exposure assessments to Aflatoxin B and some of the
most important aspects to consider in the risk assessment process,
including the simultaneous presence of other mycotoxins and the
challenge of choosing the most suitable method to perform exposure
assessment are analyzed; and finally, a review of the occurrence of
dietary mycotoxins in Africa as well as the advances in analytical
methods of mycotoxin extraction and detection over the last decade
is provided.
Botulinism toxins are widely used for the treatment of medical and
aesthetic disorders. They are considered the gold standard for the
treatment of muscular spasticity and facial dynamics wrinkles. The
authors' of this book discuss botulinum toxin resistance in medical
and aesthetic arenas; recommendations of dilutions for treatment
applications (general recommendations were to inject the toxin
diluted, because highly concentrated toxins were believed to be
more toxic and dangerous); a novel methodology of transdermal
delivery of botulinum toxin with the aid of a dermic pen for
hyperhidrosis; emerging treatment options for lower urinary tract
symptoms that involve a bladder neck injection of a botulinum
toxin; and a discussion on the cases of botulism that arise from
consuming certain foods particularly in the Arctic regions.
Histological techniques form the basis of many areas of research,
yet they can often be poorly understood. Aimed at postgraduate
students and those at an early stage of their career, this title
provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to histological
techniques. With detailed images and slides, this book provides a
unique overview of the area while providing the reader with a guide
to how to use and incorporate histological techniques within their
own research. Written by experts working within the field, this
book is an essential handbook for anyone wanting to learn more
about histological methods and how to apply them successfully.
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