For most of us, life is spent in one vast electromagnetic field. In the office we sit in front of computer terminals, at home, in front of the television. We cook our meals in microwave ovens, trim our hedges with electric shears, illuminate our houses, workplaces, and streets with incandescent and fluorescent lighting. And until only recently, the potential hazards imposed by life in the shadows of high-voltage power lines have hardly been considered. First published in 1973, Power Over People was the first book to address the frightening potential side effects of our dependence on electrical energy. Now brought up to date with a new introduction, and including an epilogue that offers the most current studies and findings available today, this classic book is more timely than ever. Louise Young here lays bare the short-sighted, materialistic policies of the electric power industry, showing how power and the conglomerates that produce it have clearly won out over rights and safety concerns of people. She provides disturbing documentary evidence that demonstrates how long-term exposure to radiation from power lines can cause brain cancer, childhood leukemia, as well as damage to the nervous system. Through the course of the book we come to understand that what is often blindly accepted as "progress" can mean the inexorable advance of environmental destruction and the withering-rather than enhancing-of the quality of life in America. Based on a case-study of a small, rural community in Ohio, Young shows in compelling fashion what happens when a grass-roots group of concerned citizens resists the construction of the world's largest electrical transmission towers, literally in their own backyards. Her story of their ultimate failure becomes a stinging indictment of indifferent government agencies and the lax laws that fail to protect the environment. Lively, readable, and, at times, even shocking, this is a book for environmentally-minded and safety-conscious readers of the 1990s. Its wealth of information, its incisive analysis, and its bold confrontation of facts we can no longer afford to ignore make Power Over People a book everyone should read and reflect upon.

This supplement presents the papers submitted at the 27th meeting of the European Society of Toxicology, which was organised by the British Toxicology Society and held in Harrogate, England. As evident from the title of this book, the overall theme of the meeting was an exploration of some of the mechanisms of toxicity, as well as some models used in the investigation of toxic action. The topics dealt with can be grouped under four headings. The first of these, on the mechanisms involved in cell injury, was a joint symposium of the European Society of Toxicology and the Society of Toxicology of the United States of America. In the second group, mechanisms in carcinogen risk assessment were discussed. Mechanisms and models of teratogenesis was the subject of the third group of invited papers. Finally, a workshop on safety evaluation of biotechnological products dealt with present and future problems which this new area of technology poses for toxicologists. Short communications on recent studies and developments in toxicological techniques which were presented at the meeting are also included in this volume.

Food toxicology studies how natural or synthetic poisons and toxicants in diverse food products cause harmful, detrimental, or adverse side effects in living organisms. Food toxicology is an important consideration as food supply chain is becoming more multinational in origin, and any contamination or toxic manifestation may cause serious, wide-spread adverse health effects. Food Toxicology covers various aspects of food safety and toxicology, including the study of the nature, properties, effects, and detection of toxic substances in food and their disease manifestations in humans. It will also include other aspects of consumer product safety. The first two chapters discuss the measurement of toxicants and toxicity and the importance of dose-response in food toxicology. Additional chapters discuss the aspects of food associated carcinogenesis and food-derived chemical carcinogenesis, food allergy, pathogens associated with fruits and vegetables, and the detrimental effects of radionuclides exposure. The chapters also cover the most important heavy metal contaminants, namely mercury, lead and vanadium, and Fluoride toxicity, which is extensively discussed in its own chapter. Toxicologists, scientists, researchers in food toxicology, nutritionists, and public health care professionals will find valuable information in this book on all possible intricate areas of food toxicology.

Xenobiotics are chemical compounds foreign to a given biological system. In animals and humans, xenobiotics include drugs, drug metabolites, and environmental pollutants. In the environment, xenobiotics include synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants. Many techniques are used in xenobiotics residue analysis; the method selected depends on the complexity of the sample, the nature of the matrix/analytes, and the analytical techniques available. This reference will help the analyst develop effective and validated analytical strategies for the analysis of hundreds of different xenobiotics on hundreds of different sample types, quickly, accurately and at acceptable cost.

This series edited by forensic scientists, provides an overview of current knowledge in forensic sciences, by reviewing the progress in this rapidly growing field. Each volume provides an insight into the various aspects of this science. It is the belief of the editors, that every forensic worker should be informed about all branches of his science, even if he may very well be specialised in one or few of them. This research text on forensic science, toxicology, criminalistics is intended for scientists and practitioners in the above-mentioned fields, consultants and expert witnesses.

In the last decade, the incidence of acute poisoning in the developed world has risen considerably, so that hospital admissions from this cause now repre sent a significant part of the work load of most medical units. The purpose of this book is to provide an up-to-date account of the diag nosis and treatment of all the clinically important poisons. Throughout the text the aim has been to emphasize the mechanisms of toxicity - wherever they are known - so that a rational approach to therapy may be devised. In addition, substantial chapters have been devoted to the psychiatric assess ment of self-poisoned patients and to the role of the laboratory. Two styles of presentation have been adopted. Certain topics are discussed in depth either because of their clinical importance or because recent data have become available concerning pathophysiology or treatment. In contrast, when subjects have been well described previously in general medical texts, for example, carbon monoxide poisoning, the discussion is far more brief and to the point. A similar style has been adopted with recently introduced drugs, where little is known about the effects in overdose. The value of cer tain chapters, especially those on poisonous plants and snake bites, has been enhanced by the inclusion of a large number of colour photographs."

The last few years have brought about many changes in the field of marine and freshwater toxins, with advances in analytical technology and the realization that these toxins are a global issue. Offering a complete reference guide, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition addresses all aspects of the social and scientific influence of phytotoxins, from legislation and monitoring to new drug development. Covering many new topics, the book examines three main aspects: monitoring of toxins; chemical, mechanistic, and toxicological diversity; and detection technologies. New to this edition: 35 new chapters and 5 updated chapters A focus on state-of-the-art methodology Coverage of new technologies to cultivate algae and to identify, isolate, and quantify toxins Regulatory changes Climate change evidence Expanded information on toxicology Part I of the book includes an overview and reviews general issues related to toxin detection, ecology, and diversity, and effects of climate change. Part II covers impacts of toxins regarding epidemiology, toxicology, economics, and surveillance. Part III explores available detection technologies, such as functional assays, biosensors, mass spectrometry, nanotechnology, and more. In addition, standard reference materials for toxins are discussed. Parts IV to VI provide detailed descriptions of toxin chemical diversity, biological sources, and modes of action. Part VII addresses the use of toxins as starting points for therapeutic drugs for cancer, neurological disorders, and for novel antibiotics.

Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity, Second Edition, brings together everything that is currently known about nutraceuticals and their potential toxic effects. The book introduces readers to nutraceuticals, herbal medicines, Ayurvedic medicines, prebiotics, probiotics, adaptogens, and their uses and specific applications. This essential reference discusses the mechanism of action for the judicious use of these nutraceuticals and the best tools for their evaluation before detailing the safety and toxicity of nutraceuticals and interactions with other therapeutic drugs. Finally, and crucially, regulatory aspects from around the world are covered. Completely revised and updated, this updated edition provides toxicologists, pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, and those interested in medicinal plants and natural products with a comprehensive overview of the most effective tools upon which to evaluate the safety and toxicity of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics and alternative medicines.

New designer drugs, access to databases, and changing availability of samples for analysis have changed the face of modern forensic toxicology in recent years. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse brings together the latest information direct from experts in each sub-field of the discipline providing a broad overview of current thinking and the most innovative approaches to case studies. The text begins with an in-depth discussion of pharmaco epidemiology, including information on the value of nationwide databases in forensic toxicology. The use and abuse of drugs in driving, sport and the workplace are then discussed by industry experts who are conducting case work in their field. Not only are new drug groups discussed (NPS), but also their constantly changing impact on drug legislation. Synthetic cannabinoids, khat and mephodrone are discussed in detail. Following a section devoted to legislation and defence, readers will find comprehensive chapters covering sample choice reflecting the increasing use of hair and oral fluid, and also the less commonly used sweat and nail analysis. New and old case examples are compared and contrasted in the final part of the book, which will enable readers to understand how drugs impact on each other and how the interpretative outcome of a case are dependent on many aspects. From use of pharmaceutical drugs in a clinical setting, through smart drugs to new psychoactive drugs, this book documents the wide range in which drugs today are abused. This book will be an essential resource for postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and knowledge.

This second volume in an exciting and detailed series on contact allergens provides monographs of all 181 fragrances and 79 essential oils which have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis, including the indicators for fragrance allergy (fragrance mixes I and II and Myroxylon pereirae resin [Balsam of Peru]) and non-fragrance allergens in botanical products used in the perfume industry. The monographs present: Identification section; Contact allergy (general population, patients with dermatitis, case reports and case series); Cross-reactions; Patch test sensitization; Presence in products and chemical analyses; Other side effects (irritant contact dermatitis, photosensitivity, immediate-type reactions, systemic side effects) and more. Key Features: Presents monographs of all known fragrance chemicals and essential oils which have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis Provides a full literature review of relevant topics of allergenic fragrances and essential oils Identifies INCI and IUPAC names, synonyms, CAS and EC numbers, structural formulas, RIFM and Merck Index monographs, SCCS opinions, IFRA and EU restrictions and advises on patch testing Presents an alphabetical list of all synonyms indicating their INCI names Covers an extensive amount of information to benefit dermatologists, allergists, and non-medical professionals involved with the research, development and marketing of fragrances and essential oils

Das Fachlexikon Toxikologie gibt den auf dem Gebiet des Umweltschutzes, der Arbeitshygiene und Toxikologie tatigen Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern ebenso ein Hilfsmittel in die Hand wie den mit dem Transport gefahrlicher Guter oder den mit der schadlosen Beseitigung toxischer Abprodukte Beschaftigten. Daneben wendet sich das Fachlexikon auch an die Mitarbeiter von Feuerwehr, Polizei, Rettungsdiensten, Zoll und anderen Kontrollbehorden sowie an Lehrende und Studierende naturwissenschaftlicher Disziplinen, die nach einem kompakten und zugleich kompetenten Ratgeber suchen."

Currently serving as a resource for the National Center for Toxological Research in their work with the Gulf Coast oil spill, this book presents current research conducted primarily by the airforce on the toxic effects of JP-8 jet fuel on the pulmonary, immune, dermal, and nervous systems. In all, the book considers 13 toxicology studies of significance, the results of which are currently shaping US armed services policy. It will enable all of the hydrocarbon industry to make better choices regarding fuel handling. Due to its widespread use, jet fuel is thought to be the largest toxicant exposure risk for U.S. Armed Services personnel. Taking a proactive approach to the potential dangers of repeated human exposure to hydrocarbon fuels, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) sponsored a number of research projects during the last 20 years investigating health effects resulting from specific exposure to JP-8 (Jet Propellant-8). Jet Fuel Toxicology summarizes the newest and most important results of these extensive research programs carried out by hydrocarbon fuel research groups throughout the U.S. Each book chapter highlights one specific research area from the many topical areas comprising jet fuel toxicology. After examining the contents and general action of JP-8, the book looks at how the fuel affects various body functions highlighted by: Effects on daily inhalation on the respiratory system Acute and long-term neurotoxicological and neurobehavioral effects Both local and systemic toxicity following exposure through the skin Immunotoxicity from pulmonary and dermal exposures Genetic damage, as evidenced in studies of the blood and bone marrow of mice In all, the book considers 13 major toxicology areas of study, the results of which will enable all of the hydrocarbon industry to make

Catastrophic events such as the Bhopal, India tragedy and rising incidences of cancer in areas neighboring industrial facilities have heightened concern over the use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing and industry, particularly with respect to long-term exposure. While legislation and publicity have reduced the use of some chemicals, risks remain that continue to threaten the health of individuals worldwide. Based on the authors' research conducted through their development of a program in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction examines various toxicity factors and proposes a plan to reduce the toxic impact of these hazardous substances. Explores all factors that contribute to toxicity The book begins by exploring the history of toxic chemical release reporting programs, a trend growing out of the Bhopal tragedy. It surveys their impact both in the United States through the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program and in the 29 other countries that maintain similar programs. Then, with the goal of developing a rational method of prioritizing toxic chemicals for reduction, the authors discuss mobility, persistence, and bioconcentration adjustment factors and present a method for integrating all of these factors to estimate the relative impact of chemical release. Compares alternate emphases in existing programs The book describes programs that concentrate on reducing the release of chemicals with the greatest adverse toxic impact and those that require companies to prepare pollution prevention plans and set goals for reducing use or release. It also examines technical assistance programs that help companies search for alternative chemicals to use or process changes that eliminate the use of toxic chemicals. In addition, it explores alternative market-based approaches for achieving environmental protection. Presents a workable plan for the future In the final chapters, the authors lay out their proposed program for reducing the use of toxic chemicals. This plan builds on the existing TRI program and uses lessons learned from this and other programs. The combined research assembled by the authors and their multifaceted approach to the issue of chemical toxicity enables companies and policy makers to move to the next level of toxic chemical use reduction, resulting in a safer environment for future generations.

Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory brings together carefully selected case studies to teach important principles relating to drug and toxin exposures. Each case study includes contemporary clinical and forensic toxicologist studies that include a comprehensive analytical and clinical approach to patient management and address overdoses from designer drugs, to NSAIDS, to opioids, to stimulants. These cases present a comprehensive, analytical and clinical approach to managing a drug overdose. This is a must-have reference for clinical and forensic laboratory scientists, along with toxicology and pathology residents who need to know aspects of both.

This second volume of Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity follows on directly from the successes of the first volume published last year. This series disseminates important data pertaining to food and nutrition safety and toxicology that is relevant to humans. Chapters in this series extend from the introduction of toxins in the manufacture or production of artificial food substances, to the ingestion of microbial contaminants or toxins and the cellular or physiological changes that arise. The present volume has a broad range chapters reviewing contaminants in beer, the effects of alcohol on the intestine, ciguatera fish poisoning, hepatitis A, beta-nitropropionic acid, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, bacterial toxins, pesticide toxicity, polyhalogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a survey of contamination episodes. Each chapter is written by experts with supportive tables and figures. These concise and informative articles should stimulate a scientific dialogue. Food production processes and nutritional or dietary habits are continually changing and it is important to learn from past lessons and embrace a multidisciplinary approach. For example, some cellular mechanisms elucidated by studying one toxin may also be relevant to other areas of food pathology. Therefore it is the intention of the Editors to impart such comprehensive information in a single series, namely Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity.

The purpose of risk assessment is to support science-based decisions about how to solve complex societal problems. Indeed, the problems humankind faces in the 21st century have many social, political, and technical complexities. Environmental risk assessment in particular is of increasing importance as health and safety regulations grow and become more complicated. Environmental Risk Assessment: A Toxicological Approach, 2nd Edition looks at various factors relating to exposure and toxicity, human health, and risk. In addition to the original chapters being updated and expanded upon, four new chapters discuss current software and platforms that have recently been developed and provide examples of risk characterizations and scenarios. Features: Introduces the science of risk assessment-past, present, and future Provides environmental sampling data for conducting practice risk assessments Considers how bias and conflict of interest affect science-based decisions in the 21st century Includes fully worked examples, case studies, discussion questions, and suggestions for additional reading Discusses new software and computational platforms that have developed since the first edition Aimed at the next generation of risk assessors and students who need to know more about developing, conducting, and interpreting risk assessments, the book delivers a comprehensive view of the field, complete with sufficient background to enable readers to probe for themselves the science underlying the key issues in environmental risk.

Treating nuclear, biological, and chemical agent exposures presents a unique set of challenges. These scenarios usually involve multiple exposures, sometimes even mass exposures, from a single, often poorly-defined, event. Early symptoms are not distinct and can often be variable. Laboratory analyses may be required from environmental, often nonbiological, specimens. Scene evaluation and pre-hospital decontamination may turn out to be the most important intervention. Hospital resource utilization must be a consideration. Even the pathologist performing autopsies needs adequate preparation. It is with these considerations in mind that the Handbook of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Agent Exposures was created. Taking a concise yet comprehensive, clinical approach to the treatment of these exposures, the authors provide concise information on radiation substances, biological agents, chemical toxins, laboratory tests, and antidotes. The book includes essays on topics such as Field Identification and Decontamination of Toxins, Bioterrorism and the Skin, and Mass Exposures Involving the Pediatric Population. A quick review of the contents will tell you that this book contains the tools you need when facing the formidable tasks of diagnosing and treating nuclear, biological, and chemical agent exposures.

Hazardous agents are an ongoing concern in the modern workplace, with many examples of workers being severely affected by chemicals as a result of both acute and chronic exposure. Occupational Toxicology, 2nd Edition introduces the basics of toxicology that underpin the application of toxicological information to the workplace environment. The book contains chapters on the most important workplace exposures such as metals, pesticides, solvents, plastics, gases, and particulate matter, as well as the organs likely to be affected. The lungs and the skin are given individual consideration as common sites of injury and disease caused by exposure to chemicals. Genotoxicity and cancer are also singled out for particular attention due to ongoing concern about cancer-related effects of chemicals. Important fields interfacing with occupational toxicology - hygiene, epidemiology, and occupational medicine - are also covered to assist the reader in understanding the necessity of cross-discipline considerations in dealing with workplace exposures. This practical approach makes this book particularly valuable to students of toxicology as well as to occupational health and safety professionals at all levels.

Emphasizing the impact of air toxins and contaminants on human health, this Second Edition examines the latest research from the epidemiology to the cellular mechanisms underlying cardiopulmonary responses to air pollution. This guide offers chapters that address the basic biology, techniques, and clinical practices used to monitor and assess acute and chronic pollutant responses; the effects of specific air toxins and contaminants on various populations chronically exposed to these compounds; and the complex issues associated with translating science to public health policy.

The use of nanoparticles in medicine, industrial, and other applications has triggered an interest in their potential. This book explores the use of nanoparticles related to their occurrence in the environment, their impact on biota in aquatic systems, application of new methodologies, and changes associated with new global scenarios. The book also covers the bioaccumulation and internalization of nanoparticles as key aspects to assess their uptake and discusses the methodologies for testing ENPs ecotoxicity at different trophic levels.

This volume describes some of the new research published since volume 1 of the series, Plant and fungal toxins, was published in 1983. A few chapters update topics previously treated, but most describe in depth the toxicologic and chemical aspects of other topics. Thus volumes 1 and 6 together prov

"The Toxicology of Methanol " presents a single source of information and an understanding of the toxicity of methanol from animal data, potential environmental effects as well as human effects. The animal data, which goes to making up the majority of the data on the toxicity of methanol and the mechanism of action, is reviewed as it relates to the potential toxicity in humans.

The first thorough review of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including their toxicity mechanisms and toxicopathological risks Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are enzymes responsible for the formation of an important class of biological mediators called prostanoids. Prostanoids such as prostaglandins mediate inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. For those suffering from inflammation and pain, the pharmacological inhibition of COXs, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can provide relief. Yet the use of NSAIDs can trigger toxicological effects as well, leading to potential health risks. Comparative Pathophysiology and Toxicology of Cyclooxygenases provides a comprehensive overview of how COX inhibitors affect various bodily systems, specifically the toxicity mechanisms triggered when the COX enzyme is inhibited. The book provides an introduction to the discovery of cyclooxygenases, their use as therapeutic agents, as well as an historical perspective. Shedding light on the differences in expression, pathophysiology, and toxicology of COX inhibitors across species, the book offers a systematic examination of the effects and pathophysiology of COX inhibitors and their mechanisms of toxicity, beginning with the GI tract. Subsequent chapters cover: * The pathophysiology of COX inhibition on bone, tendon, and ligament healing * COX inhibitors and renal system pathophysiology and mechanisms of toxicity * The pathophysiologic role of COX inhibition in the ocular system * COX inhibition and the respiratory and cardiovascular systems The book also sheds light on the latest research devoted to developing COX inhibitors with no adverse side-effects. The first book to offer a thorough comparative look at the toxicological effects of COX inhibitors throughout the body, this invaluable resource will help advance the research and development of safer and more effective COX drugs.

Toxins and Other Harmful Compounds in Foods provides information on the contents, distribution, chemical properties, and biological activity of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods that are natural components of the raw materials, accumulated due to microbial actions and environmental pollution, or are generated due to processing. This book shows how different factors related to the production of raw materials, as well as to storage and processing conditions, affect the presence and concentration of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods. It shows how various regulations, as well as unit operations and processes used in food production, may eliminate different toxins or generate new ones. The real health hazards for the consumers resulting from the presence of toxic/harmful compounds in aliments are discussed, and various national and international regulations obligatory in agriculture and industry aimed at increasing food safety are presented. Methods of analysis used for detection and determination of undesirable compounds are also discussed, making it possible to understand the effect of storage and processing parameters, as well as systems of quality assurance, on food safety and to select optimum procedures for analytical control.