This manual surveys toxins from insects, spiders, mollusks, fish, and snakes which have biotechnological applications. It reviews aspects of toxin origin, their molecular mechanism, and their cellular and pathogenic effects. It also provides methodology for the application of these toxins in the research laboratory. This includes a description of the extraction methods, biochemical characterization, and applications in pharmacological studies.

Dr. Huggins and Dr. Levy assert that a large number of disorders are, though often incurable, easily preventable. He proposes that multiple sclerosis, lupus, leukemia, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, many mental disorders including Alzheimer's, and even major diseases like breast cancer are caused, in part, by the toxins we place in our bodies. Where do these toxins come from and how do they get into our bodies? You my be surprised to find that you have actually paid to have them put there. These dangerous materials--mercury, cadmium, beryllium, nickel, and others--are used in "everyday dentistry" to make up the fillings, root canals, and bridgework in our mouths, and are supposed to be "safe." But are they?

"Uninformed Consent" presents cases of toxic poisoning--of depressed immune systems and inexplicable illnesses--to toxins entering the bloodstream from the heavy metals in dental materials. The authors also discuss the hidden truths that the dental industry in America doesn't want to talk about, and the real reasons the dangers of these materials have been suppressed and ignored.

Drs. Huggins and Levy implore the reader: "Don't leave your health in your dentist's hands and assume that all will be fine. Become informed and take an active role in your health. Know what will be implanted in your mouth. You must decide at the outset what is more important to you--the life of a filling or "your" life." "Uninformed Consent" will give you the facts so that you may take responsibility for your dental--and complete--health and wellness.

In 1966, Vittorio Erspamer, the editor of the first monograph within the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology series that dealt with 5-hydroxy- tryptamine (Vol. XIX) wrote in the Preface: "In a decade of intense and dedicated work, an immense amount of experimental data has been collected, the significance of which ...has spread into all fields of biology and medi- cine ...". Three decades later, a dramatic further increase in our knowledge of all neuroscientific aspects of the serotoninergic system in the CNS has been achieved, and we are witnessing persisting interest in the biology of serotonin of scientists working in various basic biomedical and clinical disciplines. The scientific advance was made possible by significant improvements in analytical and morphological technologies of high sensitivity and cellular/subcellular resolution (e. g. , patch clamp techniques, in vivo microdialysis, electrophysi- ological recording techniques, quantitative ligand autoradiography, immuno- histochemistry, cytochemistry, catalytic enzyme histochemistry, and PET / SPECT techniques) and in molecular biology (e. g. , in situ hybridization, PCR cloning, DNA transfection studies, and targeted gene disruption). Particular progress has been made in the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacoogy of ' serotoninergic neurons and their modulatory role in brain functions, in s ~roto- nin receptors and their transduction mechanisms, and in the potential role of serotonin in neuropsychiatric diseases, such as eating disorders, antisocial personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disor- der, and major depression.

The last few years have brought about many changes in the field of marine and freshwater toxins, with advances in analytical technology and the realization that these toxins are a global issue. Offering a complete reference guide, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition addresses all aspects of the social and scientific influence of phytotoxins, from legislation and monitoring to new drug development. Covering many new topics, the book examines three main aspects: monitoring of toxins; chemical, mechanistic, and toxicological diversity; and detection technologies. New to this edition: 35 new chapters and 5 updated chapters A focus on state-of-the-art methodology Coverage of new technologies to cultivate algae and to identify, isolate, and quantify toxins Regulatory changes Climate change evidence Expanded information on toxicology Part I of the book includes an overview and reviews general issues related to toxin detection, ecology, and diversity, and effects of climate change. Part II covers impacts of toxins regarding epidemiology, toxicology, economics, and surveillance. Part III explores available detection technologies, such as functional assays, biosensors, mass spectrometry, nanotechnology, and more. In addition, standard reference materials for toxins are discussed. Parts IV to VI provide detailed descriptions of toxin chemical diversity, biological sources, and modes of action. Part VII addresses the use of toxins as starting points for therapeutic drugs for cancer, neurological disorders, and for novel antibiotics.

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, has a long and multifaceted scientific history. In 1937, the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Albert Szent-Gyorgyi'in recognition of his discoveries concerning the biological oxida tion processes with special reference to vitamin C', and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was shared by Sir Norman W. Haworth, who was the first to synthesize the vitamin. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant, and this action represented the theoretical basis for various lines of investigation on this molecule in which the potential role of ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of a series of dis eases, whose pathogenesis is linked to an excess of free radicals such as athero sclerosis and cancer, have been examined. These data have been analyzed in detail by experts in biochemistry, epidemi ology, and preventive and clinical medicine in the International Symposium Vitamin C, the state of the art in disease prevention sixty years after the Nobel Prize, held in Monte Carlo from October 31 to November 1, 1997, under the aus pices and the scientific endorsement of the Nutrition Foundation of Italy and with the financial support of Bracco SpA and Merck."

Ecotoxicology is a relatively new scientific discipline. Indeed, it might be argued that it is only during the last 5-10 years that it has come to merit being regarded as a true science, rather than a collection of procedures for protecting the environment through management and monitoring of pollutant discharges into the environment. The term 'ecotoxicology' was first coined in the late sixties by Prof. Truhaut, a toxicologist who had the vision to recognize the importance of investigating the fate and effects of chemicals in ecosystems. At that time, ecotoxicology was considered a sub-discipline of medical toxicology. Subsequently, several attempts have been made to portray ecotoxicology in a more realistic light. Notably, both Moriarty (1988) and F. Ramade (1987) emphasized in their books the broad basis of ecotoxicology, encompassing chemical and radiation effects on all components of ecosystems. In doing so, they and others have shifted concern from direct chemical toxicity to humans, to the far more subtle effects that pollutant chemicals exert on natural biota. Such effects potentially threaten the existence of all life on earth. Although I have identified the sixties as the era when ecotoxicology was first conceived as a coherent subject area, it is important to acknowledge that studies that would now be regarded as ecotoxicological are much older.

This introduction to the mechanisms by which the body metabolizes and excretes administered drugs is directed at advanced undergraduate biochemists, pharmacologists, pre-clinical medical strudents and advanced undergraduate/postgraduate toxicologists. The subject is approached from both biochemical and physiological angles. The examples of drug metabolism have been kept clinically relevant, so that the practical importance of the subject can be easily appreciated. The book contains a section of experimental procedures for setting up student practicals in drug metabolism.

This collection of abstractions contains, in condensed form, research results in the field of nicotine research presented at the satellite symposium of the 12th International Congress of Pharmacology held in Montreal in July 1994. All the abstracts have been reviewed by the editors and conference organizers. This volume should be of interest to pharmacologists, toxicologists, researching clinicians and behavioural scientists.

Following the overwhelmingly successful response to the first printing in hardcover, the hottest topics in Selective Neurotoxicity are now available in this special softcover edition."
Researchers are provided with well-grounded information on the cellular and subcellular targets of neurotoxins and their mode of action at the level of ion-channels, receptors and neurotransmitters. The use of bacterial toxins as a tool in neuroscientific research is an important aspect in this context. The chapters that interest clinicians as well deal with protective barriers in the peripheral and central nervous system and metabolic disorders that cause neurotoxins to be built up in the human body. The induction of tumors by neuroptropic carcinogens is included.

This new edition focuses on a variety of techniques available for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids. Over 150 figures and tables help to describe the latest advances and give examples of their applications. Current chiral analysis methods as well as discussions on the impact of chirality are described. Practical aspects of bioanalytical work, including many examples of laboratory problems not often reported in the scientific literature, are examined in depth.

The dramatic development of chromatographic techniques, specially high per formance or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has made possible the easy analysis of organic compounds, including drugs and drug components, for last two decades. This rapid increase and improvement of analytical methodology with HPLC has enabled researchers and scientists to cope with other scientific and instru mental developments in their fields of work. Thousands of impressive and original scientific publications, text books and monographs describe the techniques for drug analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. However, no concise presentation of the general proper ties of the drugs and their HPLC methodology exists together in the market. This work contains the general properties necessary for the analysis of 232 drugs as well as the HPLC methods for many other drugs and drug components. It is hoped that it will fill a gap and provide a precise survey of the HPLC methods for drug analysis. It is intended as an immediate guide in the laboratory and will be of help to the scientists, researchers and technicians in the field of analysis.

Xenobiotics are chemical compounds foreign to a given biological system. In animals and humans, xenobiotics include drugs, drug metabolites, and environmental pollutants. In the environment, xenobiotics include synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants. Many techniques are used in xenobiotics residue analysis; the method selected depends on the complexity of the sample, the nature of the matrix/analytes, and the analytical techniques available. This reference will help the analyst develop effective and validated analytical strategies for the analysis of hundreds of different xenobiotics on hundreds of different sample types, quickly, accurately and at acceptable cost.

This proceedings of the European Society of Toxicology Meeting held in Leipzig, September 12 - 14, 1990 deals with the following topics; - Neurotoxicology of different noxious compounds, - New aspects and methods intoxicopathology, - Cardiovascular toxicology, - Toxic effects on haemostasis, - Toxic effects on liver and kidney, - Miscellaneous toxic effects.

The essays in this book discuss the role that chemical agents in the environment play in the development of cancer. Thus, it gives information toimprove our understanding of carcinogenesis and how to prevent it. The essays were originally presented at an international symposium.

This book contains selected papers from a workshop on modern statistical methods in toxicology held during the EUROTOX '90 conference in Leipzig. The papers deal with the biostatistical evaluation of the commonly used toxicological assays, i.e. mutagenicity, long-term carcinogenicity, embryotoxicity and chronic toxicity assays. The biological background is considered in detail, and most of the related statistical approaches described. In five overview papers, the present state of the art of the related topics is given, while in several contributed papers new approaches are discussed. The most important features are: - A new view on the per-litter analysis problem in em- bryotoxicity assays. - A highly sophisticated treatment of the so-called muta-tox problem in mutagenicity assays. - A detailed discussion of the multiplicity problem based on the closed testing procedure. This volume provides readers with an overview of modern biostatistical methods for several toxicological assays and is in part intended for direct, practical use.

Food toxicology studies how natural or synthetic poisons and toxicants in diverse food products cause harmful, detrimental, or adverse side effects in living organisms. Food toxicology is an important consideration as food supply chain is becoming more multinational in origin, and any contamination or toxic manifestation may cause serious, wide-spread adverse health effects. Food Toxicology covers various aspects of food safety and toxicology, including the study of the nature, properties, effects, and detection of toxic substances in food and their disease manifestations in humans. It will also include other aspects of consumer product safety. The first two chapters discuss the measurement of toxicants and toxicity and the importance of dose-response in food toxicology. Additional chapters discuss the aspects of food associated carcinogenesis and food-derived chemical carcinogenesis, food allergy, pathogens associated with fruits and vegetables, and the detrimental effects of radionuclides exposure. The chapters also cover the most important heavy metal contaminants, namely mercury, lead and vanadium, and Fluoride toxicity, which is extensively discussed in its own chapter. Toxicologists, scientists, researchers in food toxicology, nutritionists, and public health care professionals will find valuable information in this book on all possible intricate areas of food toxicology.

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In this issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics, guest editors Drs. Christopher P. Holstege and Joshua D. King bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Toxicology Emergencies. The field of medical toxicology has grown dramatically over the past decade, with the emergence of new pharmaceuticals, abused substances, chemicals within the workplace, and agents of terrorism. In this issue, top experts in the field address some of the more common, controversial, or emerging areas in this challenging area. Contains 15 relevant, practice-oriented topics including the approach to the patient with an unknown overdose; emerging agents of substance abuse and misuse; differentiating the causes of metabolic acidosis in the poisoned patient; pediatric toxicology; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on toxicology emergencies, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Contents:
1. Introduction and Historical Perspectives Eugene J. Olajos and Woodhall Stopford 2. Application and Use of Riot Control Agents Jeanne M. Ditter and Charles S. Heal 3. Synthesis and Chemical Analysis of Riot Control Agents Sidney A. Katz and Harry Salem 4. Biochemistry, Biological Interactions, and Pharmacokinetics of Riot-Control Agents Eugene J. Olajos 5. Riot Control Agents and Acute Sensory Irritation Eugene J. Olajos and Woodhall Stopford 6. Pharmacology/Toxicology of CS, CR, CN, Formulations, Degradation Products, Carriers/Solvents, and Propellants Eugene J. Olajos and Joan M. Antonio upLakoski 7. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Oleoresin Capsicum, Capsaicin, and Capsaicinoids Eugene J. Olajos and Joan M. Lakoski 8.
Chronic Toxicity of Riot Control Agents Woodhall Stopford 9. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology of Riot Control Agents Russell F. Mankes and Kristina M. Mankes 10. Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Riot Control Agents Joyce M. Durnford 11. Human Exposures to Riot Control Agents Woodhall Stopford and Frederick R. Sidell 12. Forensic Toxicology and Riot Control Agents Bryan Ballantyne and Harry Salem 13. An Approach for Assessing and Characterizing Risk from the Use of Riot Control Agents Jacqueline Patterson, Bert Hakkinen, Patricia Nance, Michael Dourson, and B. Jon Klauenberg 14. Occupational Exposures to Riot Control Agents
Woodhall Stopford 15. Riot Control Agents: Risk Management and Public Health Considerations Veronique D. Hauschild 16. Riot Control Agents: Environmental Issues Larry E. Erickson, Athertina N. Steinau, Terrie Boguski, and Frederick Oehme 17. Genomics, Proteomics and Computational Toxicology as Future Tools in Assessing the Health Hazards of Riot Control Agents Akbar S. Khan and Harry Salem 18. Riot Control Agents: Issues/Concerns, Needs, Emerging Concepts/Trends and AdvancesTechnological Advances Woodhall Stopford and Eugene J. Olajos Appendix A Definitions and Terminology Appendix B Medical Treatment/Management
Appendix C Table of RCA Formulations

This supplement presents the papers submitted at the 27th meeting of the European Society of Toxicology, which was organised by the British Toxicology Society and held in Harrogate, England. As evident from the title of this book, the overall theme of the meeting was an exploration of some of the mechanisms of toxicity, as well as some models used in the investigation of toxic action. The topics dealt with can be grouped under four headings. The first of these, on the mechanisms involved in cell injury, was a joint symposium of the European Society of Toxicology and the Society of Toxicology of the United States of America. In the second group, mechanisms in carcinogen risk assessment were discussed. Mechanisms and models of teratogenesis was the subject of the third group of invited papers. Finally, a workshop on safety evaluation of biotechnological products dealt with present and future problems which this new area of technology poses for toxicologists. Short communications on recent studies and developments in toxicological techniques which were presented at the meeting are also included in this volume.

When every moment counts, count on Poisoning & Drug Overdose Speed is crucial when dealing with toxicologic and drug-related emergencies. Finding answers quickly is easier than ever with this streamlined eighth edition of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. This instant-answer guide provides the critical information needed to diagnose and manage drug-related emergencies and chemical exposures. Updated with newly released drugs and new information on existing drugs, the guide covers initial emergency management, including treatment of coma, seizures and hypotension; physical and laboratory diagnosis; and methods of decontamination and enhanced elimination of poisons. Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Eighth Edition is divided into four sections: Section I. Provides a stepwise approach to the evaluation and treatment of coma, seizures, shock, and other complications of poisoning and the proper use of gastric decontamination and dialysis procedures. Section II. Lists specific poisons and drugs, as well as the pathophysiology, toxic dose and level, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and specific treatment associated with each substance. Section III. Covers descriptions of therapeutic drugs and antidotes, including pharmacology indications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and recommended dosage. Section IV. Describes the approach to hazardous materials incidents; the evaluation of occupational exposures; and the toxic effects, physical properties, and workplace limits for over 500 common industrial chemicals. Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Eighth Edition is enhanced by numerous tables and charts, as well as a user-friendly index. This trusted resource has consistently been relied upon by front line professionals responding to drug-related emergencies and chemical exposures.

Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetic Considerations explains the central principles, cutting-edge methodologies, and incipient thought processes applied to toxicology research. As part of the Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research series, the book provides expert literature on dose, dosage regimen and dose adjustment, medication errors, and approaches for its prevention, the concept of pharmacotherapy, and managed care in clinical interventions. It expounds on strategies to revamp the pharmacokinetics of the drug and the factors affecting the stability of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. Finally, the book offers focused elaborations on various bioanalytical methods for bioavailability and bioequivalence assessment and integrates the wide-ranging principles and concepts shared by toxicokinetics and pharmacodynamics as mutual crosstalk rather than isolated observations. It will be helpful to researchers and advanced students working in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, biotechnology, food, and related industries including toxicologists, pharmacists, and pharmacologists.

In the last decade, the incidence of acute poisoning in the developed world has risen considerably, so that hospital admissions from this cause now repre sent a significant part of the work load of most medical units. The purpose of this book is to provide an up-to-date account of the diag nosis and treatment of all the clinically important poisons. Throughout the text the aim has been to emphasize the mechanisms of toxicity - wherever they are known - so that a rational approach to therapy may be devised. In addition, substantial chapters have been devoted to the psychiatric assess ment of self-poisoned patients and to the role of the laboratory. Two styles of presentation have been adopted. Certain topics are discussed in depth either because of their clinical importance or because recent data have become available concerning pathophysiology or treatment. In contrast, when subjects have been well described previously in general medical texts, for example, carbon monoxide poisoning, the discussion is far more brief and to the point. A similar style has been adopted with recently introduced drugs, where little is known about the effects in overdose. The value of cer tain chapters, especially those on poisonous plants and snake bites, has been enhanced by the inclusion of a large number of colour photographs."

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Volume II: Specific Metals, Fifth Edition provides complete coverage of 38 individual metals and their compounds. This volume is the second volume of a two-volume work which emphasizes toxic effects in humans, along with discussions on the toxic effects of animals and biological systems in vitro when relevant. The book has been systematically updated with the latest studies and advances in technology. As a multidisciplinary resource that integrates both human and environmental toxicology, the book is a comprehensive and valuable reference for toxicologists, physicians, pharmacologists, and environmental scientists in the fields of environmental, occupational and public health.