The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, Fourth Edition, contains chapters written by internationally known and well-respected specialists. This book contains chapters devoted to individual toxins, as well as chapters that consider the different applications of these toxins. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, interaction and trafficking into cells, as well as mechanism of action of toxins. Bacterial toxins are involved in the pathogenesis of many bacteria, some of which are responsible for severe diseases in human and animals, but can also be used as tools in cell biology to dissect cellular processes or used as therapeutic agents. Novel recombinant toxins are already proposed in the treatment of some diseases, as well as new vaccines. Alternatively, certain toxins are also considered as biological weapons or bioterrorism threats. Given the multifaceted aspects of toxin research and the multidisciplinary approaches adopted, toxins are of great interest in many scientific areas from microbiology, virology, cell biology to biochemistry and protein structure. This new edition is written with a multidisciplinary audience in mind and contains 5 new chapters that reflect the latest research in this area. Other chapters have been combined, deleted and fully revised as necessary to deliver relevant and valuable content.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. This collection of timely chapters presents a nuanced study of environmental toxins and the risks they pose to children's development. The book details the impact of a number of commonplace environmental toxins, focusing on everyday exposure to tobacco smoke, lead, pesticides, and flame retardants. There is growing recognition that the impact of the environment on children's health is of critical importance for both current and future generations. In the last half-century, thousands of chemicals have been introduced into the environment with limited-although growing-research on the consequences of exposure. It has been proven that children and adolescents are far more vulnerable than adults to these environmental toxins by virtue of children's behaviors, higher metabolic rate, greater skin area relative to their volume, and still developing organ systems. Increased number of ear infections, poor asthma control, and learning disabilities are just some of the adverse outcomes that have been noted. This well-researched book: * Presents detailed information on why children are more vulnerable to everyday toxins * Discusses why new approaches to medical care are necessary that take into account children's unique physiology and development * Offers well-defined research on tobacco smoking on prenatal development as well as children's exposure to tobacco smoke during their early years, particularly the evidence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms * Examines the possible health effects of children born to mothers living in areas of natural gas development * Looks at the health effects of childhood exposure to environmental lead, using GIS technology to study areas of potentially high lead concentrations * Discusses the possible effects of agricultural pesticides on children's health during gestation * Presents studies on prenatal and adolescent exposure to PBDEs used as flame retardants in many household and commercial products to prevent fire This valuable book, edited by a pediatric clinician at Boston's Children's Hospital, provides a wealth of information on this important issue. The book concludes with an article by the World Health Organization, which offers a practical and comprehensive summary of a series of action steps. The book aims to create greater awareness to spur additional research, provide vital information to clinicians, and send a powerful message to government officials, putting pressure on them to develop policies that improve the quality of the environment and spare children the detrimental effects of such exposures.

Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume Four: Toxicologic Pathology of Organ Systems is a key reference on the integration of structure and functional changes in tissues associated with the response to pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biologics.  Organ systems covered include cardiac, vascular and skeletal muscle systems and the endocrine, respiratory, reproductive, digestive and nervous systems. Completely revised with a new olfactory chapter, this new release is an essential part of the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants.

The growing interest in health risks associated with toxigenic fungi and related mycotoxins has led to the development of a number of research projects during the past decade in several European countries and a great deal of information has been produced on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in plants, foods and feeds. The differences in environmental conditions (temperature, light, rainfall etc. ) and in exposed cultivated plants (type of cereals, cultivars etc. ) in the distinct European countries have significantly influenced the distribution of specific toxigenic fungi and related mycotoxicological problems. In addition, biogeographically structured lineages within some important toxigenic fungi have been recently discovered, of reproductive isolation. Transglobal showing a long evolutionary history transposition of plant products seems to have significantly contributed to the spreading of toxigenic species and lineages worldwide. Therefore, the migration of agriculturally important toxigenic fungi generated by trade exchanges may represent a major source of inoculum for new plant diseases in Europe and for a wider genetic diversity of local populations. It was our goal to provide the reader with an update of researches and surveys on the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins performed at a European level during the last 5-10 years. The editors are extremely grateful to the EU-COST-835 "Agriculturally important toxigenic fungi" for the financial support that allowed a number of European scientists to meet several times over the past five years to collaborate and exchange information about research advances on toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins.

This comprehensive introduction to the developing field of neurobehavioral toxicology, offers an extensive evaluation of the ways in which toxins affect the human nervous system and behavior. It combines two fields of expertise, neurology and neuropsychology, both of which are founded on the assessment and treatment of the nervous system in health and disease, to consider the ways in which substances impact on the human body. It includes detailed analysis of individuals with neurological or neurobehavioral disorders and considers how these may be attributable to neurotoxicants. It also addresses and critiques the scientific methodologies relevant to developing a clinical diagnosis of these disorders and their etiologies. This book, the second of three volumes, concentrates on peripheral nervous system disorders.

The lungs provide a significant opportunity for the introduction of both therapeutic and toxic chemicals into the human body. In occupational and domestic environments, hazardous chemicals can enter the body through the lungs via gases, aerosols, and particulates from natural and anthropogenic sources. Fully updated with new research and discoveries since the last edition, Inhalation Toxicology, Third Edition presents contributions from internationally recognized scientists in the academic, commercial/industrial, and governmental sectors. A pragmatic resource for practicing professionals and students, the book comprehensively examines the relationship between the respiratory system and the toxicology of inhaled substances. Topics include: Regulatory aspects of exposure and testing Testing equipment and procedures Respiratory allergy and irritation of the respiratory tract Risk assessment Toxicology theory Toxicology modeling Toxic effects of some individual toxicants New topics in this third edition include collection and characterization of airborne particulate matter, the inhalation toxicology of asbestos fibers and nanoparticles, and the development of lung-on-a-chip technology for predicting in vivo responses. Each chapter concludes with thought-provoking questions and answers, enhancing the book's educational utility.

Foodborne viruses are an important group of pathogens recognized to cause significant disease globally, in terms of both number of illnesses and severity of disease. Contamination of foods by enteric viruses, such as human norovirus and hepatitis A and E viruses, is a major concern to public health and food safety. Food Virology is a burgeoning field of emphasis for scientific research. Many developments in foodborne virus detection, prevention and control have been made in recent years and are the basis of this publication. This second edition of Viruses in Foods provides an up-to-date description of foodborne viruses of public health importance, including their epidemiology and methods for detection, prevention and control. It uniquely includes case reports of past outbreaks with implications for better control of future outbreaks, a section that can be considered a handbook for foodborne virus detection, and updated and expanded information on virus prevention and control, with chapters on natural virucidal compounds in foods and risk assessment of foodborne viruses.

Advances in Molecular Toxicology features the latest advances in all of the subspecialties of the broad area of molecular toxicology. Toxicology is the study of poisons, and this series details the study of the molecular basis by which a vast array of agents encountered in the human environment and produced by the human body itself manifest themselves as toxins. Not strictly limited to documenting these examples, the series is also concerned with the complex web of chemical and biological events that give rise to toxin-induced symptoms and disease. The new technologies that are being harnessed to analyze and understand these events will also be reviewed by leading workers in the field. Advances in Molecular Toxicology will report progress in all aspects of these rapidly evolving molecular aspects of toxicology with a view toward detailed elucidation of progress on the molecular level and on advances in technological approaches employed.

An Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology is an introductory reference for all aspects of toxicology pertaining to aquatic environments. As water sources diminish, the need to understand the effects that contaminants may have on aquatic organisms and ecosystems increases in importance. This book will provide you with a solid understanding of aquatic toxicology, its past, its cutting-edge present and its likely future. An Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology will introduce you to the global issue of aquatic contamination, detailing the major sources of contamination, from where they originate, and their effects on aquatic organisms and their environment. State-of-the-art toxicological topics covered include nanotoxicology, toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, as well as water management and the toxicological effects of major environmental issues such as algal blooms, climate change and ocean acidification. This book is intended for anyone who wants to know more about the impact of toxicants on aquatic organisms and ecosystems, or to keep up to date with recent and future developments in the field.

This book provides a structured account of the existing knowledge of toxic algae, the chemistry of the toxins they produce, the effects these substances exert in humans and wildlife, as well as the strategies envisaged to protect public health and the environment. It covers recent advances in the understanding of the biology of toxin producers and the factors involved in the appearance and dynamics of harmful algae blooms, the factors affecting toxin production, the synthesis of toxins both in natural producers and by chemical means in a lab, and the toxin groups posing continuing and novel hazards to living systems.

This is a detailed and practical guide to botulinum neurotoxin therapy (BoNT) and the wide range of applications for neurological and pain disorders. A unique reference source for new injectors and experienced clinicians alike, this indispensable manual provides information on dose, dilution, and indications for all four FDA-approved toxins in one handy text. Following a brief review of relevant pharmacology, the book provides product information and comparative distinctions between the four FDA-approved toxins (Botox , Myobloc , Xeomin , and Dysport ), along with indications and doses for FDA-approved conditions, guidance techniques, and common and emerging clinical applications. The heart of the book is an injection manual, organized anatomically and by condition and covering all applications for medical treatment. For each condition or site, information is provided on typical muscle pattern or muscle groups involved, dosing guidelines and dilution for the applicable toxins, number of injection sites, and potential risks and benefits. Targeting techniques are organized in table format for quick retrieval. Anatomic illustrations and cross-sections are provided to orient injectors and help identify optimal insertion points. An appendix with useful clinical rating scales is also included. Key Features: Presents state-of-the art information about current indications for all four FDA-approved botulinum neurotoxins Compares and contrasts the four toxins along with common and emerging clinical applications Provides dosing guidelines for various indications and injection sites for each muscle Includes anatomic drawings and cross-sections to illustrate muscle relationships and insertion points Serves as a practical, portable, how-to guide for new and experienced clinicians

Comprehensive coverage of the field of toxicology which illustrates its importance to and impact on society; Uses pertinent examples, tables and diagrams to aid understanding with learning objectives, and summaries, questions and answers for each chapter; Clearly and concisely written and presented concepts for easy comprehension by toxicology, biomedical, and health science students; Examines the complex interactions associated with toxicological events; Covers effect of toxins on biological and physiological systems;

This 2nd Edition is a significantly expanded exploration of hazardous chemicals, their effects on human health, and the principles of hazards materials toxicology and industrial hygiene. It includes up-to-date coverage of industrial hygiene, risk assessment, and epidemiology as well as continued coverage of medical monitoring, treatment, and management; industrial toxicology; exposure and entry routes; action of toxic substances; target organ effects; and exposure control methods. With this book, you'll learn how to understand the toxic substances present at your facility, determine how hazardous chemicals enter your site, and assess the long- and short-term effects of common workplace chemicals. You'll also learn how to protect your company and employees from the effects of toxic substances and handle industrial chemicals safely.

This book explains the chemistry of Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), their mechanism of toxicity and the history of OPs from their initial discovery to the development of new compounds such as Novichoks. It details the harmful effects to human health both as a result of acute and chronic OP exposure and the necessary clinical management of affected patients to reduce their toxic side effects. The book also explains the detrimental effect that OPs have had on the environment and the efforts being made to prevent this in the future. Finally, the book looks at the incidents where OPs have been used as chemical warfare agents. "Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds "aims to act as a comprehensive guide to all aspects of OPs and is a key resource for clinical toxicologists and related health professionals involved in the prevention, diagnosis and clinical management of OP patients, toxicologists and other scientists involved in research on OPs including regulatory issues and postgraduate students in Toxicology and related fields.

The purpose of "Ligand Efficiency Indices for Drug Discovery: Towards an Atlas-Guided Paradigm" is to introduce in a concise and self-contained form the concepts, ideas, applications and examples of efficiency-driven drug discovery to the biomedical community at large. The book emphasizes the use of 'new variables' and more objective numerical methods to drive drug discovery in an encompassing way. These 'new variables' are based on Ligand Efficiency Indices (LEIs) formulated in a way that permits mapping Chemico-Biological Space (CBS) in an Atlas-like representation. It provides a practical and timely discussion of the concepts, ideas, applications and examples of efficiency-driven drug discovery. This book emphasizes the use of a graphical representation and objective numerical methods to drive drug discovery more effectively. It presents the definition of LEIs and the corresponding efficiency planes within an atlas-like environment to provide a robust graphical and numerical framework for medicinal chemists and drug-discoverers.
Provides a practical and timely discussion of the concepts, ideas, applications and examples of efficiency-driven drug discoveryEmphasizes the use of new variables and more objective numerical methods to drive quicker and more effective drug discoveryPresents the definition of Ligand Efficiency Indices (LEIs) and the corresponding efficiency planes as key concepts to provide a graphical and numerical framework"

Modern technology using state-of-the-art equipment can now identify almost any toxin relevant to a legal issue. Techniques include gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the combination of these methods. Forensic Toxicology: Medico-legal Case Studies demonstrates how the science of forensic toxicology acts as a bridge between medicine and law. Tracking the progression of toxicology findings from the laboratory to the courtroom, it prepares practicing toxicologists to write reports and testify at depositions and in court.

The book explains the organization of clinical laboratories and includes sections on accreditation, quality control, method validation, and other critical topics. It provides an overview of the U.S. legal system, describes the process of writing a toxicology report, and offers techniques for deposition and courtroom testimony.

Covering a broad range of topics, the book offers detailed analysis of situations ranging from the rare and unusual to those that toxicologists most often confront, including:

• Determining serum/blood ethanol levels
• Ethylene glycol poisoning
• Plant and animal toxins
• Alcohol intoxication and breathalyzer tests
• Synergistic effects of alcohol and drugs
• Prescription drug overdose
• Toxic torts
• Workers compensation issues

Written in an accessible and well-organized style, this volume is an essential guide for forensic toxicologists at all levels who need to understand how to best present the science of toxicology in the forensic arena.

The most talked about metalloid in the modern world, arsenic affects the liver, kidney, and lungs; leads to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes; and may cause blindness with long-time exposure. With naturally occurring arsenic boosted by mining and other industrial processes contaminating soil and drinking water, arsenic toxicity is a major challenge to health professionals and scientists around the world. Arsenic Toxicity: Prevention and Treatment reviews current understanding of arsenic poisoning and the health consequences resulting from exposure. The book paints a vivid picture of the sources of arsenic toxicity including ground water; food such as rice, fruits and vegetables, fish, and chicken as well as occupational exposures from industries using inorganic arsenic such as glass production, non-ferrous alloy, wood preservation, and semiconductor manufacturing units. The text details the health hazards of arsenic toxicity and then examines removal, mainly from soil and water, highlighting eco-friendly bioremediation techniques. It discusses classical and modern treatment methods for arsenic toxicity, emphasizing the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods. With its focus on the remediation of arsenic toxicity using nutraceutical and functional food, the book provides a unique resource for combatting this global scourge. It provides strategies for defending arsenic toxicity naturally without causing any additional adverse effects.

Diversified physicochemical injuries trigger Charnoly body (CB) formation as pleomorphic, electron-dense, multi-lamellar stacks of nonfunctional mitochondrial membranes in the most vulnerable cell. Free radicals induce downregulation of mitochondrial DNA, microRNA, AgNOR, and epigenetics to trigger CB molecular pathogenesis. CB is eliminated by energy (ATP)-driven lysosome-dependent charnolophagy as a basic molecular mechanism of intracellular detoxification to prevent acute and chronic diseases. Accumulation of CB at the junction of axon hillock and charnolosome (CS) at the synapses causes cognitive impairments; whereas, nonspecific induction of CB causes GIT stress, myelosuppression, alopecia, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and infertility in multidrug-resistant malignancies. Hence, stem cell-specific CB, charnolophagy, and CS agonists/antagonists are introduced as novel charnolopharmacotherapeutics for the successful treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, drug addiction, and cancer. Nanoparticles to improve drug delivery, CS exocytosis, and disease-specific spatiotemporal charnolosomics employing correlative and combinatorial bioinformatics boost mitochondrial bioenergetics through balanced diet, exercise, and antioxidants. The book will be of interest to medical scientists and practitioners.

Human biomonitoring has developed from a research tool in occupational and environmental health to identify and quantify exposures to harmful substances in urine and blood. The analytical methods for detection of substances in biological media have considerably improved with smaller detection limits and more precise and specific measurements. Human biomonitoring is a valuable tool in exposure estimation of selected populations and currently used in surveillance programs all over the world. This two volume set provides an overview of current available biomarkers and human biomonitoring programs in environmental health, which is timely given the present debate on adverse health effects from environmental exposures. The books decribe both previous and ongoing studies as well as the newer biomarkers of exposure and effects. Volume one describes current human biomonitoring programs in Germany, Romania, France, Canada, India and Belgium, providing convincing evidence of a global decline in human exposures to lead and increasing concern from exposure to endocrine disruptors and the genotoxic compound. Biomarkers of specific exposures to a wide range of widely used everyday compounds such as phthalates, PFCs, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs, dioxins, mercury and arsenic are also discussed. Volume two decribes human biomonitoing of exposures to environmental tobacco smoke, mycotoxins, physiological stress, hormone activity, oxidative stress and ionizing radiation, as well as effect biomarkers of hemoglobin adducts, germ cells, micronuclei and individual susceptability. The books will be essential reading for toxicologists, environmental scientists and all those working in the safety and risk assessment of chemicals.

Human biomonitoring has developed from a research tool in occupational and environmental health to identify and quantify exposures to harmful substances in urine and blood. The analytical methods for detection of substances in biological media have considerably improved with smaller detection limits and more precise and specific measurements. Human biomonitoring is a valuable tool in exposure estimation of selected populations and currently used in surveillance programs all over the world. This two volume set provides an overview of current available biomarkers and human biomonitoring programs in environmental health, which is timely given the present debate on adverse health effects from environmental exposures. The books decribe both previous and ongoing studies as well as the newer biomarkers of exposure and effects. Volume one describes current human biomonitoring programs in Germany, Romania, France, Canada, India and Belgium, providing convincing evidence of a global decline in human exposures to lead and increasing concern from exposure to endocrine disruptors and the genotoxic compound. Biomarkers of specific exposures to a wide range of widely used everyday compounds such as phthalates, PFCs, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, PAHs, dioxins, mercury and arsenic are also discussed. Volume two decribes human biomonitoing of exposures to environmental tobacco smoke, mycotoxins, physiological stress, hormone activity, oxidative stress and ionizing radiation, as well as effect biomarkers of hemoglobin adducts, germ cells, micronuclei and individual susceptability. The books will be essential reading for toxicologists, environmental scientists and all those working in the safety and risk assessment of chemicals.

The "Side Effects of Drugs Annual" was first published in 1977. It has been continually published since then, as a yearly update to the voluminous encyclopedia "Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs." Each new Annual continues to provide clinicians and medical investigators with a reliable and critical yearly survey of new data and trends in the area of adverse drug reactions and interactions. An international team of specialists has contributed to the informative Annual by critically interpreting it and by pointing to whatever is misleading.

*Provides a critical yearly survey of new data and trends *Special reviews in this Annual include, among other topics: Epidemiology of the use of ecstasy, Paracetamol and the risk of asthma, Combination vaccines/multiple immunizations, Interactions of herbal medicines with warfarin, and Tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Bile acids are increasingly being seen as extremely important carcinogenic agents in cancers of the bile duct, liver, colon, rectum, and oesophagus. They are essential agents involved in lipid digestion and absorption in mammals, however, they also play wide-ranging roles in a variety of disease states ranging from diabetes to cancer. They have evolved exquisite mechanisms for controlling their own synthesis and to ensure that they are produced at correct concentrations and also kept in the correct anatomical environment. It is only when these fine levels of controls are breached that Bile acids become associated with disease. This breaching of control mechanisms can occur through dietary means (e.g. in obesity) whereby excessive levels of Bile acids are produced and converted (via the bacterial flora) to damaging secondary Bile acids. Furthermore, lack of re-absorption of Bile acids can lead to liver pathologies. The atypical movement of Bile acids into the oesophagus, stimulated by episodes of reflux, is linked to oesophageal cancer. In recent years there have been tremendous advances in the understanding of the mechanisms behind the toxicity and bioactivity of different Bile acids and these are covered at length in this book. Prior to the publication of this book there was no single source of information on the toxicology and bioactivity properties of Bile acids. The book also uniquely collects all the relevant information together regarding the role of Bile acids in human disease and the mechanisms underlying Bile acid induced pathology. Additionally, as Bile acids are synthesised from cholesterol, there is wide recognition of the role for Bile acids in obesity linked diseases and this is also covered in this new publication. The book is edited by two experts in the field who have been involved in Bile acid research for several years and who are closely involved with major research groups in the UK, Europe and the US actively engaged in Bile acid research. The Editors have brought together world experts in their own fields to discuss the contribution of Bile acids to various disease pathologies, as well as discussing the mechanisms behind their activity. The book details the plethora of biological activities of this fascinating group of naturally occurring chemicals and provides a one-stop reference for scientists wishing to gain a fuller understanding of Bile acid activity and function.

The link between reproductive health and the environment has been strengthened by the findings of recent studies. It is becoming increasingly important to link results and data from such studies into a model that aids in the explanation of phenomena observed in the field and facilitates predictability. To this end, the aim of this book is to review recent trends and developments in the study of the impact that the environment has on human reproduction. These issues are thoroughly examined, using the most modern techniques and methods available, to analyze the manner in which both male and female fertility can be affected and assessed. Such diverse factors as toxic environmental contaminants, air pollution, and exposure to medical drugs are examined. The book includes both a historical overview and a look towards the future, aiming to integrate health concerns into policy-making and legislation.

This book will be of interest to researchers, health professionals, environmental scientists, and policy-makers.

This new manual provides a convenient source of experimental procedures, including the most modern and frequently used molecular and cellular techniques. Experimental protocols have been carefully selected by developmental toxicologists for developmental toxicologists. The most important new trends, such as evaluation of the safety of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides, studies of the role of cell death in abnormal development, and the identification of sparingly expressed developmental control genes are featured. This is the perfect manual for scientists trained in classical developmental toxicology who want to add molecular and cellular methods to their research.

Conducting studies of natural and man-made air contaminants is a specialized research activity that draws upon skills from a variety of disciplines including toxicology, pharmacology, industrial hygiene, and environmental health. Methods in Inhalation Toxicology describes how knowledge from these disciplines is integrated into the design and conduct of inhalation studies. Each of the vital aspects of conducting these studies is discussed in detail, including the use of animal subjects and the related quality control and ethical considerations, air purification methodology, exposure atmosphere generation and characterization, inhalation exposure systems, and real-time and post-exposure biological assessments. These methods will enable you to conduct inhalation studies, easily adding any specific measures of particular interest to your research. The book covers techniques needed to: provide suitable clean air for experiments correctly generate the particles and gases being studied select the proper exposure system monitor the exposure prepare tissues for study ensure that animals do not have confounding lung disease The helpful descriptions and detailed lists of suppliers of preferred equipment and materials will help you to perform valid, reproducible inhalation toxicology studies. Methods in Inhalation Toxicology is a perfect textbook for students in toxicology programs, as well as for scientists who conduct inhalation studies in both academic and industrial environments.