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Books > Medicine > Other branches of medicine > Pharmacology > Medical toxicology
Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating
exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It
brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the
topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the
History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers
key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of
toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety.
This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the
very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in
ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research
methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical
discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned
to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid
these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on
enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic
agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for
the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts.
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a
chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative
methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to
traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This
volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series
explores the history of alternative test development, validation,
and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line
with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept
expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now
classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.
The book describes the historical development of technologies that
have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and
safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to
sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip
devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and
QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and
hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider
availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture,
analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational
processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell
biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological
developments have enhanced the range and information content of the
toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test
systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for
non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection
methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several
key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet
21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including
their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with
kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation
toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in
Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use
of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as
adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for
them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental
Health series explores the history of alternative test development,
validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science,
in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)
concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their
now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental
Technique. The book describes the historical development of
technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives
in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell
monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic
organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling,
chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells,
tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been
facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in
tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in
computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding
of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These
technological developments have enhanced the range and information
content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the
relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new
techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution
detection methods have permitted an increased role for human
studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being
harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are
provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes
in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas,
such as inhalation toxicity studies.
Risk Assessment for Human Metal Exposures: Mode of Action and
Kinetic Approaches examines the current principles of risk
assessment in human metal exposures, with a focus on Mode of
Action(MOA), Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic (TKTD) considerations,
and computer models. Derived from the highly respected Handbook on
the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition (2014), the book
summarizes principles and methods and provides examples of how MOA
-TKTD can be used. In addition, it presents tactics on how
information generated by such methods can be confirmed by
epidemiological data. Furthermore, it demonstrates how
epidemiological data can be confirmed and evaluated by the examined
models and considerations. This resource uniquely integrates
several important topics, such as risk assessment,
characterization, management and communication-the classic risk
assessment paradigm-with mode of action, TKTD, and epidemiology,
all topics related to human exposure. Written by pioneers in the
field, this book is an essential reference for researchers,
students and technicians in toxicology and risk assessment.
Consumer and environmental protection depend on the careful
regulation of all classes of chemicals. Toxicology is the key
science used to evaluate safety and so underpins regulatory
decisions on chemicals. With the growing body of EU legislation
involved in chemical regulation, there is a concomitant need to
understand the toxicological principles underlying safety
assessments Regulatory Toxicology in the European Union is the
first book to cover regulatory toxicology specifically in Europe.
It addresses the need for a wider understanding of the principles
of regulatory toxicology and their application and presents the
relationship between toxicology and legislative processes in
regulating chemical commodities across Europe. This title has a
broad scope, covering historical and current chemical regulation in
Europe, the role of European agencies and institutions, and also
the use of toxicology data for important classes of chemicals,
including human and veterinary medicines, animal feed and food
additives, biocides, pesticides and nanomaterials. This book is
therefore extremely pertinent and timely in the toxicology field at
present. This book is an essential reference for regulatory
authorities, industrialists, academics, undergraduates and
postgraduates working within safety and hazards, toxicology, the
biological sciences, and the medicinal and pharmaceutical sciences
across the European Union.
Detection of Drugs and Their Metabolites in Oral Fluid presents the
analytical chemistry methods used for the detection and
quantification of drugs and their metabolites in human oral fluid.
The authors summarize the state of the science, including its
strengths, weaknesses, unmet methodological needs, and cutting-edge
trends. This volume covers the salient aspects of oral fluid drug
testing, including specimen collection and handling, initial
testing, point of collection testing (POCT), specimen validity
testing (SVT), and confirmatory and proficiency testing. Analytes
discussed include amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates,
phencyclidine, cannabimimetics, and miscellaneous drugs. This
practical guide helps users turn knowledge into practice, moving
logically from an outline of the problem, to the evaluation of the
appropriateness of oral fluid as a test medium, and finally to a
consideration of detection methods and their validation and
employment.
Gain practical knowledge of the entire field of toxicology with
this beautifully illustrated guide The Illustrated Handbook of
Toxicology is an impressive introduction to the complex field of
toxicology. It also serves as a hands-on guide to various poison
treatments and offers supplemental public health information. Each
two-page unit features concise text on the left complemented by
full-color illustrations on the opposing page. The expert author
distinguishes harmful toxic substances and catalogues their
specific effects on the human body, plants, animals, and the
surrounding environment. The handbook also addresses cutting-edge
topics, including biological warfare, modern toxicological methods,
and threshold values. Features: Succinct, user-friendly
organization allows readers to navigate the content with ease Over
500 detailed images and diagrams arranged on 150 full-color plates
illu strate exposures and toxicological effects on humans, plants,
and animals Well-researched, objective risk analysis on toxic
exposures accompanies relevant images Extensive glossary of key
toxicological terms provides readers with the accurate information
they need to avoid dangerous confusion This is the ideal text for
all medical students who want to supplement the toxicological
information covered in their coursework, as well as for first
responders to chemical accidents and poisonings.
Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance provides an
authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins
and poisons in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Part of the History
of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, this volume is a
follow-up, chronologically, to the first two volumes which explored
toxicology in antiquity. The book approximately covers the 1100s
through the 1600s, delving into different aspects of toxicology,
such as the contributions of scientific scholars of the time,
sensational poisoners and poisoning cases, as well as myths.
Historical figures, such as the Borgias and Catherine de Medici are
discussed. Toxicologists, students, medical researchers, and those
interested in the history of science will find insightful and
relevant material in this volume.
Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles: A Disease-Oriented
Approach provides a systematic evaluation of representative
engineered nanomaterial (ENM) of high volume production and of high
economic importance. Each class of nanomaterials discussed includes
information on what scientists, industry, regulatory agencies and
the general public need to know about nanosafety. This book,
written by leading international experts in nanotoxicology and
nanmoedicine, gives a comprehensive view of the health impact of
ENM, focusing on their potential adverse effects in exposed
workers, consumers and patients. The beneficial applications, both
diagnostic and therapeutic, of ENM are also highlighted. This book
fills an important need in terms of bridging the gap between
experimental findings and human exposure to ENM, and the clinical
and pathological consequences of such exposure in the human
population.
First Published in 1968. This works seeks to be neither
controversial nor polemical, the author intends to present an
entirely objective account of the beliefs and institutions of
Islam. Lammens describes Hejaz as the cradle of Islam, where
Western Arabia in its mountainous complexity holds as the primary
focus in this title. Discussing Islam as having been formed by the
evolution of thirteen centuries, the details supplied within enable
the reader to extensively follow its historical development.
Genetic Toxicology Testing: A Laboratory Manual presents a
practical guide to genetic toxicology testing of chemicals in a GLP
environment. The most commonly used assays are described, from
laboratory and test design to results analysis. In a methodical
manner, individual test methods are described step-by-step, along
with equipment, suggested suppliers, recipes for reagents, and
evaluation criteria. An invaluable resource in the lab, this book
will help to troubleshoot any assay problems you may encounter to
optimise quality and efficiency in your genetic toxicology tests.
Genetic Toxicology Testing: A Laboratory Manual is an essential
reference for those new to the genetic toxicology laboratory, or
anyone involved in setting up their own.
Clinical Challenges in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Special
Populations, Physiological Conditions and Pharmacogenomics focuses
on critical issues in therapeutic drug monitoring including special
requirements of therapeutic drug monitoring important to special
populations (infants and children, pregnant women, elderly
patients, and obese patients). The book also covers issues of free
drug monitoring and common interferences in using immunoassays for
therapeutic drug monitoring. This book is essential reading for any
clinician, fellow, or trainee who wants to gain greater insight
into the process of therapeutic drug monitoring for individual
dosage adjustment and avoiding drug toxicity for certain drugs
within a narrow therapeutic window. The book is written
specifically for busy clinicians, fellows, and trainees who order
therapeutic drug monitoring and need to get more familiar with
testing methodologies, issues of interferences, and interpretation
of results in certain patient populations.
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, Second Edition, takes a holistic
approach to biosecurity, with coverage of pathogens, prevention,
and response methodology. It addresses these hazards in the context
of vulnerability assessments and the planning strategies government
and industry can use to prepare for and respond to such events. The
book is organized into four thematic sections: Part I provides a
conceptual understanding of biowarfare, bioterrorism and the laws
we have to counteract this; Part II investigates known bioagents
and the threat from emerging diseases; Part III focuses on
agricultural terrorism and food security; and Part IV outlines
international, US, and local initiatives for biodefense and
biosecurity. Case studies illustrate biodefense against both
intentional terrorism and natural outbreaks.
Drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics as
determinants of drug attrition and the safety of xenobiotics are
critically important. This book presents a comprehensive treatise
on the current issues and challenges facing drug metabolism and
pharmacokinetics. Readers will find a thorough exploration of their
predictive role in impacting drug discovery and development and in
improving the success rate and safety assessment of pharmaceuticals
and industrial or occupational chemicals. Chapters not only focus
on the current state of art, with distinct examples, but on future
needs and approaches likely to improve our prediction of potential
human risk. Discussions of critical properties that are
determinants of a compound's metabolic and pharmacokinetic fate
follow introductory chapters. The Drug Discovery process
increasingly incorporates pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism
screening and focus has shifted towards in silico, computational
and systems biology approaches. Core chapters reflect this and the
recent interest and need to assess the role of transporters, along
with drug metabolizing enzymes, as potential determinants of
pharmacokinetic behaviour, toxicity and drug-drug interactions.
Lastly, chapters cover the issues and factors involved in
translating pharmacokinetics from in silico to in vivo and from
animal models to man, and postulate future directions and
opportunities. Leading experts from academia, industry and
regulatory bodies across the globe contribute their knowledge to
this book, which scientists involved in many aspects of the drug
discovery process, as well as regulators and postgraduate students,
will find a useful resource.
Hair Analysis in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology is an essential
reference for toxicologists working with, and researching, hair
analysis. The text presents a review of the most up-to-date
analytical methods in toxicological hair analysis, along with
state-of-the-art developments in the areas of hair physiology,
sampling, and pre-treatments, as well as discussions of fundamental
issues, applications, and results interpretation. Topics addressed
include the diagnosis of chronic excessive alcohol drinking by
means of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters
(FAEE), the early detection of new psychoactive substances,
including designer drugs, the development of novel approaches to
screening tests based on mass spectrometry, and the detection of
prenatal exposure to psychoactive substances from the analysis of
newborn hair.
The Endocannabinoidome: The World of Endocannabinoids and Related
Mediators is dedicated to the latest research and studies on
endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors to illustrate their
important role in the discovery of new, endocannabinoid-related,
lipid mediators. Written by leading experts across different
disciplines, this book focuses on the biochemical and anlayticial
aspects of novel lipid signals, their pharmacological activities
and their potential utilization for the development of new and
effective therapeutic strategies. The first book of its kind, The
Endocannabinoidome is a meaningful reference for all those involved
in experimental efforts to further the development of this field.
The widespread and increasing use of carbon nanotubes in scientific
and engineering research and their incorporation into manufactured
goods has urged an assessment of the risks and hazards associated
with exposure to them. The field of nanotoxicology studies the
toxicology of nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and has become
a major growth area aimed towards risk assessment of nanoparticles.
Compiled by a team of leading experts at the forefront of research,
this is the first book dedicated to the toxicology of carbon
nanotubes. It provides state-of-the-science information on how and
why they are so potentially dangerous if breathed in, including
their similarities to asbestos. The book examines various aspects
of carbon nanotubes, from their manufacture and aerodynamic
behaviour to their effects at molecular level in the lungs. It is
invaluable to the many groups involved with research in this area,
as well as to regulators and risk assessors.
Knowledge of plant toxicity has always been important, but the
information has not always been reliable. Now, increasing
international trade is drawing attention to the inadequacy of
regional information and highlighting the geographical
fragmentation and notorious discrepancies of thinly documented
information. The international community of safety regulators,
toxicologists, and poison control personnel requires a single
reference compiled of verifiable, primary source reports of common
poisonous plants.
Intended for just that purpose, International Poisonous Plant
Checklist: An Evidence-Based Reference successfully addresses the
deficiencies and gaps in the current literature. Using accepted
botanic names, the book defines the known set of toxic vascular
plants. The use of botanic names satisfies the need for an
international standard of identity to support worldwide
communication and commerce. Also, taxonomy based on common ancestry
and genetic connections provides a rational basis for studying and
using plant relationships.
The author supports toxicity information with references to the
primary literature. Each entry includes referenced citations
supporting the toxicity of the plant, symptoms and circumstances of
toxic exposure, dosage and potency, chemical analysis, botany,
pharmacology, mechanism and metabolism, and control.
Finally, the book cross-references selected synonyms and common
names. The checklist is organized alphabetically with two types of
entries. The main entry documents the toxic plants themselves and a
secondary entry lists selected synonyms and common names
cross-referenced to the main entries.
Including virtually all common animal feed plants, human food
plants, and many plants that are sources of herbal products and
dietary supplements, tonics, and therapeutic agents, this timely
checklist compiles and verifies the known data on toxic vascular
plants from around the world.
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Toxic Microcystis
(Hardcover)
Mariyo F. Watanabe; Contributions by Masami Suganuma; Ken-Ichi Harada; Contributions by Ho-Dong Park; Wayne W Carmichael; Contributions by …
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Discovery Miles 104 230
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This book discusses toxic Microcystis and the toxins from various
viewpoints such as classification, cultivation, occurrences in
lakes, and relations to zooplankton. The text presents new
information on the chemistry, analytical chemistry, toxicology,
molecular modeling, and liver tumor promotion of the toxins.
Microcystis species are described in relation to morphological
features, allozyme genotype, and toxin content. Seasonal changes of
Microcystis population are described with special references to
toxic species and composition of the toxins. Chemical
characteristics of microcystins are reviewed and the process for
identification of microcystins is described.
This text is a source of information on the toxicity of anaesthetic
agents. The editors define toxicity in a broad sense to mean an
adverse effect, whether that effect is the result of
pharmacological, toxicological, physiological, or other mechanisms.
They bring together reviews by experts in the disciplines concerned
- including biochemistry, genetics, and immunology - involved in
current research on these adverse effects.; The initial chapters
provide an understanding of the factors responsible for toxicity,
and the ways in which the adverse effects of anaesthetics can be
investigated. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as:
hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity; malignant hyperthermia triggered by
anaesthetics; pulmonary effects of anaesthesia; toxicity of local
anaesthetic agents; toxicity of nitrous oxide; immunosuppression in
the postoperative period; and reproductive and developmental
toxicity of anaesthetics. Many of the contributors offer insights
into the anaesthetics and their interactions, such as the
immunological effects of anaesthesia and the impact of
pharmacogenetics.
For most of us, life is spent in one vast electromagnetic field. In
the office we sit in front of computer terminals, at home, in front
of the television. We cook our meals in microwave ovens, trim our
hedges with electric shears, illuminate our houses, workplaces, and
streets with incandescent and fluorescent lighting. And until only
recently, the potential hazards imposed by life in the shadows of
high-voltage power lines have hardly been considered. First
published in 1973, Power Over People was the first book to address
the frightening potential side effects of our dependence on
electrical energy. Now brought up to date with a new introduction,
and including an epilogue that offers the most current studies and
findings available today, this classic book is more timely than
ever. Louise Young here lays bare the short-sighted, materialistic
policies of the electric power industry, showing how power and the
conglomerates that produce it have clearly won out over rights and
safety concerns of people. She provides disturbing documentary
evidence that demonstrates how long-term exposure to radiation from
power lines can cause brain cancer, childhood leukemia, as well as
damage to the nervous system. Through the course of the book we
come to understand that what is often blindly accepted as
"progress" can mean the inexorable advance of environmental
destruction and the withering-rather than enhancing-of the quality
of life in America. Based on a case-study of a small, rural
community in Ohio, Young shows in compelling fashion what happens
when a grass-roots group of concerned citizens resists the
construction of the world's largest electrical transmission towers,
literally in their own backyards. Her story of their ultimate
failure becomes a stinging indictment of indifferent government
agencies and the lax laws that fail to protect the environment.
Lively, readable, and, at times, even shocking, this is a book for
environmentally-minded and safety-conscious readers of the 1990s.
Its wealth of information, its incisive analysis, and its bold
confrontation of facts we can no longer afford to ignore make Power
Over People a book everyone should read and reflect upon.
First Published in 1992. The last decade of the twentieth century
has seen an unprecedented advocacy for the preservation of a safe
environment, and the prevention of ill-health from toxic chemicals.
Human activity, however, is responsible for introducing new toxins
into the environment. In order to control competitors for human
food sources, an armament of pesticides has been assembled and
their widespread and largely uncontrolled application has been
permitted. It is only when the health of the population begins to
suffer from the effects of these chemicals that the efficacy of
their use is questioned. Decision-makers whose roles involve the
promotion and control of the environment must look to lessons that
can be learnt from biosystems that include animals other than man.
Toxins and Targets details the way in which organisms from diverse
habitats in the plant and animal kingdoms have adapted to handle
toxins safely. Part I, on the aquatic environment, highlights the
means by which marine organisms have adapted their toxins to be
effective in a world of high aqueous solubility and infinite
dilution. Part II deals with venomous terrestrial organisms and the
mechanisms by which they damage animal cells, and Part III
considers the way in which human society attempts to investigate
toxicity and to control both synthetic and naturally occurring
poisons. The development of a safe environ ment depends on
increased knowledge and novel approaches to solving escalating
problems. This book is a step towards this end.
* Toxics A to Z features and alphabetical listing of over 100
toxics, identifying ...* What they are* How they are measured*
Where they are found* The symptoms of exposure* What their known
risks are* How we can lessen or avoid those risks* An easy-to-use
Cross-Reference Guide to help readers identify toxics in 18 major
groups, including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, household
items, and lawn and garden products* A glossary of terms,
explanation of abbreviations, and listing of sources for further
help and information
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