This one-stop resource is ideal for understanding the extent to which toxic chemicals are used in U.S. industry and agriculture-impacting public health and the environment through everything from industrial solvents to children's toys. Every year, about 4 billion pounds of toxic chemicals are generated and released by U.S. industries. Do these chemicals pose a potential health threat to American families, including vulnerable groups like children and the elderly? Is their manufacture and use adequately regulated to protect both human and environmental health? Is the Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, signed in June 2016 by President Barack Obama with bipartisan support, truly the first major overhaul of toxic chemical regulation in 40 years to put human health first, as its supporters asserted? Or is it a fatally flawed bill that does the bidding of industry by undermining strong state environmental and public health laws, as some detractors claim? This two-volume set addresses all of those questions. Moreover, it presents and examines arguments marshaled by business interests, community leaders, scientists, activists, and lawmakers alike. It thus provides users with the information they need to accurately assess the impacts-pro and con-that industrial chemicals are having in shaping the world in which we work, eat, drink, breathe, and play. Approximately 300 encyclopedia entries on toxic chemicals in the United States, including product/commercial uses, laws and regulations governing their use, environmental and human health risks, types of contamination, and notable events and individuals Chronology of major events in the development and regulation of toxic chemicals in the U.S. Authoritative and objective analysis of the risks and benefits of chemicals in modern society Perspectives of chemical industry and related businesses, environmental and public health advocacy organizations, and lawmakers from across the political spectrum

Formaldehyde is virtually ubiquitous in the modern environment due to its cost-effective nature, its use in resin formation, and its preservative properties. Though formaldehyde is necessary for many products and processes important to the world's economy, this economic dependence on formaldehyde comes at a cost to public health. Growth and consequent industrialization rely heavily on formaldehyde use. New buildings-residences, public places, and offices-are not only built with timber preserved by formaldehyde, but they are also furnished with wood, wool, and textile products that contain formaldehyde. The general population faces environmental exposure from indoor and outdoor air pollution, food, and even medicine. Scientific inquiry into formaldehyde exposure has grown in response. This book consolidates the new and established body of formaldehyde research in the scholarly community, focusing on exposure, genotoxicity, and adverse health outcomes. Through this resource, we hope to increase awareness of the broad range of health effects posed by formaldehyde exposure, and to encourage interdisciplinary interest, as well as research, into this pervasive compound-especially in the United States and China, where formaldehyde production and usage is high. This book will be useful to researchers of environmental and occupational exposure, students, and government regulators and anyone exposed to formaldehyde in the workplace and/or at home.

Histological techniques form the basis of many areas of research, yet they can often be poorly understood. Aimed at postgraduate students and those at an early stage of their career, this title provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to histological techniques. With detailed images and slides, this book provides a unique overview of the area while providing the reader with a guide to how to use and incorporate histological techniques within their own research. Written by experts working within the field, this book is an essential handbook for anyone wanting to learn more about histological methods and how to apply them successfully.

Not a day goes by that humans aren't exposed to toxins in our environment - be it at home, in the car, or workplace. But what about those toxic places and items that aren't marked? Why are we warned about some toxic spaces' substances and not others? The essays in Inevitably Toxic consider the exposure of bodies in the United States, Canada and Japan to radiation, industrial waste, and pesticides. Research shows that appeals to uncertainty have led to social inaction even when evidence, e.g. the link between carbon emissions and global warming, stares us in the face. In some cases, influential scientists, engineers and doctors have deliberately "manufactured doubt" and uncertainty but as the essays in this collection show, there is often no deliberate deception. We tend to think that if we can't see contamination and experts deem it safe, then we are okay. Yet, having knowledge about the uncertainty behind expert claims can awaken us from a false sense of security and alert us to decisions and practices that may in fact cause harm.

Multivariate analysis of the multi-component analytical profiles of carefully collected biofluid and/or tissue biopsy specimens can provide a 'fingerprint' of their biomolecular/metabolic status. Therefore, if applied correctly, valuable information regarding disease indicators, disease strata and sub-strata and disease activities can be obtained.

This exemplary new book highlights applications of these techniques in the areas of drug therapy and toxicology, cancer, obesity and diabetes, as well as outlining applications to cardiovascular, infectious, inflammatory and oral diseases in detail. The book gives particular reference to cautionary measures that must be applied to the diagnosis and classification of these conditions or physiological criteria. Comprehensively covering a wide range of topics, of particular interest is the focus on experimental design and 'rights and wrongs' of the techniques commonly applied by researchers, and the very recent development of powerful 'Pattern Recognition' techniques.

The book provides a detailed introduction to the area, applications and common pitfalls of the techniques discussed before moving into detailed coverage of specific disease areas, each highlighted in individual chapters. This title will provide an invaluable resource to Medicinal chemists, Biochemists and toxicologists working in industry and academia.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 15 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, phenyl mercaptan, tert-octyl mercaptan, lewisite, methyl isothiocyanate, and selected monoisocyanates in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three level-AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3-are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites. Table of Contents Front Matter Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 15 National Research Council Committee Review of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels of Selected Airborne Chemicals Appendixes 1 Ethyl Mercaptan Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2 Methyl Mercaptan Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 3 Phenyl Mercaptan Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 4 tert-Octyl Mercaptan Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 5 Lewisite Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 6 Methyl Isothiocyanate Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 7 Selected Monoisocyanates Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

In the first chapter, Yin-Hui Leong, Nurul Izzah Ahmad, and Rahmat Awang, provide an overview of literature on recent progress in aflatoxins research including health effects and human exposure through alimentary or dermal pathways. Next, Mufida Aljicevic MD, PhD, and Damir Ljuboja present a study with the goal to decide whether foods of plant origin have quantifiable concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Additionally, they aimed to examine whether the urine of healthy participants contains measurable aflatoxin B1 in the second chapter. The third chapter by Hsin-Bai Yin, Anup Kollanoor-Johny, and Kumar Venkitanarayanan pinpoints the potential of various natural approaches and their applications in controlling AF contamination at pre- and post-harvest stages of agriculture. During the fourth and final chapter, Edlayne Goncalez, PhD, Janaina Lara da Silva, MD, Tatiana Emy de Freitas, MD, Christiane Ceriani Aparecido, PhD, Daiane Hansen, PhD, and Joana Darc Felicio, PhD examine the presence of toxigenic species in samples for lactating goats, determining whether this indicates a potential risk of contamination of dairy products.

Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans is the first definitive guide to discuss the adverse effects of veterinary medicinal products in humans. The chapters focus on occupational safety and consumer issues and examine the circumstances under which exposure is likely to occur. To be in context, it reviews this against the background of adverse health effects from other sources in the veterinary and farming professions. The book examines adverse drug effects reported to regulatory agencies (mainly the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine) and then considers a series of individual drugs, including antibiotics, anaesthetics and organophosphorus compounds. The chapters also discuss the fundamental aspects of regulatory issues relating to safety assessment, and examine the manner in which user safety is assessed prior to authorisation/approval and what measures can be taken after authorisation/approval in the light of findings from pharmacovigilance activities. There is growing concern over the issue of antimicrobial resistance and the contribution made by veterinary medicinal products. This too is addressed along with the significance to human health and measures that can be taken to mitigate the effects (if any) of the use of antibiotics in animals e.g. prudent use measures. The book will be an essential resource for medical practitioners in hospitals and general practice, pharmaceutical industry scientists, analysts, regulators and risk managers.

The growing use of medical diagnostic procedures is correlated with tremendous and undeniable benefits in the care of most patients. However, it is accompanied by growing concerns about the risks associated with diagnostic computed tomography and other procedures that utilize ionizing radiation. A number of initiatives in radiation safety in medicine have taken place in the United States and internationally, each serving different purposes. Their ultimate goals are to provide higher quality clinical management of the patient and to ensure that reasonable steps are taken to keep the exposures as low as possible without compromising diagnostic efficacy.
Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures: Workshop Reports provides a summary of the presentations and discussions that took place during the December 8-9, 2011, workshop titled "Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures." This workshop was organized by the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences and sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This workshop report was authored by a six-member committee of experts appointed by the National Academy of Sciences. This committee brought together public health regulators, physicians, manufacturers, researchers, and patients to explore "why," "what," and "how" to track exposure from medical diagnostic procedures and possible next steps.

Extremely hazardous substances (EHSs)(2) can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where EHSs are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents. As part of its efforts to develop acute exposure guideline levels for EHSs, EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 1991 requested that the National Research Council (NRC) develop guidelines for establishing such levels. In response to that request, the NRC published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances in 1993. Subsequently, Standard Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances was published in 2001, providing updated procedures, methodologies, and other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) in developing the AEGL values. In 1998, EPA and DOD requested that the NRC independently review the AEGLs developed by NAC. In response to that request, the NRC organized within its Committee on Toxicology (COT) the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, which prepared this report. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals is the tenth volume of the series and documents for N,N-dimethylformamide, jet propellant fuels 5 and 8, methyl ethyl ketone, perchloromethyl mercaptan, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, and sulfuryl chloride. Table of Contents Front Matter Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals--Volume 10 National Research Council Committee Review of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels of Selected Airborne Chemicals Roster of the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances Appendixes 1 N,N-Dimethylformamide 2 Jet Propellant Fuels 5 and 8 3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 4 Perchloromethyl Mercaptan 5 Phosphorus Oxychloride 6 Phosphorus Trichloride 7 Sulfuryl Chloride

Environmental toxicology is a relatively new field, with its origins in the mid-20th century. The modern science of toxicology, on the other hand, was born in the early 19th century, and by the later decades of that century, some scientists had begun to consider the effects of toxic substances that had been released into the environment. Environmental toxicology is concerned with the assessment of toxic substances in the environment. Environmental toxicology draws heavily on principles and techniques from other fields, including biochemistry, cell biology, developmental biology, and genetics. Among its primary interests are the assessment of toxic substances in the environment, the monitoring of environments for the presence of toxic substances, the effects of toxins on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems, and the metabolism and biological and environmental fate of toxins. Organisms can be introduced to toxicants at various stages of their life cycle. The degree of toxicity can vary depending on where the organism is found within its food web. Bioaccumulation occurs when molecular compounds are stored in an organism's fatty tissues. Over time, this leads to the establishment of a trophic cascade and the biomagnification of specific toxicants. Biodegradation releases CO2 and water as by-products into the environment. This process is typically limited in areas affected by environmental toxicants. Harmful effects of chemical and biological agents can include toxicants from pollutants, insecticides, pesticides, and fertilizers, all of which can impact an organism and its community through shifts in species diversity and abundance. Resulting changes in population dynamics impact the ecosystem by altering its productivity and stability. Toxins affect the environment and organisms in a variety of ways, from having little negative impact on certain abiotic factors or resistant organisms to killing animals and destroying major components of ecosystems. The extent of damage depends on the type and structure of the toxic substance; the age, the size, and the species of the organism; and the temperature and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment. Knowledge of how these factors interact is critical to understanding how best to prevent or reduce exposure or remove a toxin from the environment.

This book covers all aspects of regulatory toxicology - test methods and procedures required for generating data for submission to regulatory authorities. The introductory chapter gives a brief overview of various toxicity studies conducted as per Good Laboratory practices. Important considerations in toxicology testing have been outlined followed by a brief account of fundamental aspects of toxicity testing, animal husbandry, animal welfare and animal alternatives. The book also covers a wide range of experimental procedures including clinical and morphological studies, skin sensitization, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies, clinical and target organ pathology, inhalation toxicity, mutagenicity and statistical methods. Lastly, there is a chapter on how to manage a GP facility making this book useful for scientific and technical personnel involved in generating data required for registration of products.

Sixth in a series of congressionally mandated studies, this book is an updated review and evaluation of the available evidence regarding the statistical assoication between exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and various adverse health outcomes suspected to be linked with such exposure. This book builds upon the information contained in the earlier books in the series: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (1994) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides and Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (2000) Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (2002) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 focuses primarily on scientific studies and other information developed since the release of these earlier books. The previous volumes have noted that sufficient evidence exists to link chronic lymphocytic leukemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and chloracne with exposure. The books also noted that there is "limited or suggestive" evidence of an association between exposure and respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, the metabolic disorder porphyria cutanea tarda, early-onset transient peripheral neuropathies, Type 2 diabetes, and the congenital birth defect spinal bifida in veterans' children. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans' organizations, researchers, and health professionals. Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Evaluating the Evidence 3 Toxicology 4 Epidemiology 5 Exposure Assessment 6 Cancer 7 Reproductive and Developmental Effects 8 Neurologic Disorders 9 Other Health Effects 10 Research Recommendations Appendix A: Epidemiologic Tables for Chapter 4 Appendix B: Agendas of Public Meetings Appendix C: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) Codes for Cancers of Interest Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies Index

This is a detailed and practical guide to botulinum neurotoxin therapy (BoNT) and the wide range of applications for neurological and pain disorders. A unique reference source for new injectors and experienced clinicians alike, this indispensable manual provides information on dose, dilution, and indications for all four FDA-approved toxins in one handy text. Following a brief review of relevant pharmacology, the book provides product information and comparative distinctions between the four FDA-approved toxins (Botox , Myobloc , Xeomin , and Dysport ), along with indications and doses for FDA-approved conditions, guidance techniques, and common and emerging clinical applications. The heart of the book is an injection manual, organized anatomically and by condition and covering all applications for medical treatment. For each condition or site, information is provided on typical muscle pattern or muscle groups involved, dosing guidelines and dilution for the applicable toxins, number of injection sites, and potential risks and benefits. Targeting techniques are organized in table format for quick retrieval. Anatomic illustrations and cross-sections are provided to orient injectors and help identify optimal insertion points. An appendix with useful clinical rating scales is also included. Key Features: Presents state-of-the art information about current indications for all four FDA-approved botulinum neurotoxins Compares and contrasts the four toxins along with common and emerging clinical applications Provides dosing guidelines for various indications and injection sites for each muscle Includes anatomic drawings and cross-sections to illustrate muscle relationships and insertion points Serves as a practical, portable, how-to guide for new and experienced clinicians

Our bodies are constantly exposed to numerous potentially toxic chemicals from pesticides and additives in our food and drink, as well as environmental contaminants from cars, cosmetics and furnishings. These chemicals accumulate in the body to form the "Body Burden," a chemical "Cocktail" with unknown health consequences.

This book identifies the sources of the main toxic chemicals taken into our bodies and advises women planning a pregnancy, pregnant, or with young children, how to reduce levels of these harmful substances.

All parents should read this book because babies and children are potentially more vulnerable than adults to toxic chemicals.