Evaluates risks to human health and the environment posed by aldicarb, a carbamate insecticide applied, exclusively in granular form and below the soil surface, to control certain insects, mites, and nematodes. Aldicarb has been approved for use on a wide range of crops; ingestion of contaminated food is the main route of exposure for the general population.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by n-hexane, a chemical isolated from natural gas and crude oil and used in food processing to extract vegetable oil from beans, nuts, and seeds. n-Hexane is also used as a solvent, a cleaning agent, in the rubber industry, and in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the production, use and waste disposal of 1-propanol, a colourless, highly flammable liquid used primarily as a multi-purpose solvent in industry and in the home. The compound, which has antiseptic as well as solvent properties, is also used in drugs and cosmetics. The evaluation concludes that, under normal conditions of use, 1-propanol is unlikely to pose a serious threat to either the general population or the environment.

Evaluates the environmental hazards and risks to human health posed by the production and use of vinylidene chloride. Vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride copolymers are used for the packaging of foods, as metal coatings in storage tanks, building structures, and tapes, and as moulded filters, valves, and pipe fittings. Food packaging applications include both commercial packaging films and household wraps.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the production and use of 2-propanol, a liquid widely used as a low-cost solvent in industry and in the home. Because of its cooling, antipyretic, rubefacient, cleaning, and antiseptic properties, 2-propanol is used to produce a large number of household and personal products, including topically applied pharmaceutical products and cosmetics.

Explains the principles, concepts, and definitions used by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) when assessing toxicological data on pesticide residues in food and establishing acceptable daily intakes. Intended to guide the design and interpretation of relevant toxicological studies, the book alerts readers to the multiplicity of factors, from the endocrinology of the animal species to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the pesticide, that can influence the validity of a study and determine its relevance to safety assessment.

Evaluates the risks to human health posed by the consumption of food contaminated with ochratoxins, trichothecenes, or ergot. Health effects possibly linked to these mycotoxins range from gastrointestinal disturbances and throat irritation to gangrene, nephropathy, and tumours of the renal pelvis and ureters. Evaluations are based on a critical review of well over 700 investigations, many of which were published during the past decade.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the mining, processing, and industrial use of barium. The opening sections review both natural and man-made sources of release into the environment, including nuclear fallout following the testing of weapons. A section on environmental behaviour notes the contribution of industrial emissions, especially from the combustion of coal and diesel oil, to the presence of barium in air. Particular concern centres on concentrations found in water, where barium may have a residence time of several hundred years. Water supplies and food are identified as the most important routes of exposure for the general population. Other sections review what is known about the kinetics and metabolism of barium, discuss its capacity to mimic the role of calcium in many physiological processes, and consider effects on organisms in the environment, including effects on the infectivity of several viruses.

Summary report on the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens : (collaborative study on in vivo tests / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the production and use of fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. Eight different commercial compounds, some of which are known to contribute to ozone depletion, are assessed. The opening section summarizes the unique chemical and physical properties that account for the commercial importance of chlorofluorocarbons and explain why their degradation in the upper stratosphere destroys ozone. Subsequent sections summarize data on the global distribution of chlorofluorocarbons and evaluate the strength of evidence suggesting that increased ultraviolet-B radiation, resulting from ozone depletion, will endanger terrestrial and aquatic biota. The report concludes that even small increases in ambient ultraviolet-B exposure can result in significant ecosystem changes.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to 2-meth-oxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and their two acetates: 2-methoxyethyl acetate and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate. These glycol ethers have a wide range of uses as solvents with particular application in paints, stains, inks, lacquers, and the production of food-contact plastics.

Summary Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by industrial exposure to chromium and its compounds, nickel and its compounds, and welding fumes and gases. Occupational exposures, principally by inhalation, are noted to affect about three million workers worldwide. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates the carcinogenicity of chromium and its compounds. The monograph is divided into subsections based on the oxidation state and solubility of the compounds, with separate evaluations made for metallic chromium, chromi-um[III] compounds, chromium [VI] compounds, and for a fourth group of tested agents that were of mixed or unknown oxidation states. The most extensive sections evaluate the design and findings of over 500 investigations of carcinogenicity in animals and experimental systems, studies of metabolic fate in animals and humans, and case reports and epidemiological studies in human populations. On the basis of this evaluation, the monograph concludes that chromium[VI] is carcinogenic to humans. The carcinogenicity of chromium[III] and of metallic chromium could not be determined on the basis of available evidence.The second monograph presents similar information for metallic nickel and nickel alloys, nickel oxides and hydroxides, nickel sulfides, nickel salts, and other nickel compounds. Nickel carbonyl is identified as the most acutely toxic nickel compound, causing severe damage to the respiratory system in experimental animals and in humans. The evaluation concludes that nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans and that metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the carcinogenic risk posed by exposure to welding gases and fumes. On the basis of evidence from human and animal studies, welding fumes are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Summary Reports the deliberations of a working group convened to evaluate the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by the therapeutic use of 15 pharmaceutical drugs. The volume features separate monographs on five antineoplastic agents, four antimicrobial agents, two diuretics, ciclosporin (an immunosuppressant), cimetidine (used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers), paracetamol (a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug), and dantron (a laxative). Drugs were selected for inclusion on the basis of published data suggesting carcinogenic effects in experimental animals or in human patients treated with the drug. The working group identified two of the drugs - ciclosporin and thiotepa - as human carcinogens. Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant, is widely used in the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host reactions in bone-marrow transplantation and to prevent the rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants. Often given to transplant recipients for several months, ciclosporin has been linked to a remarkably high occurrence of lymphomas, found predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as to skin cancer and Kaposi's sarcoma. The carcinogenicity of thiotepa, a cytostatic agent used in the treatment of malignant lymphomas and solid tumours, has been clearly demonstrated in both experimental animals and human patients, where treatment with the drug has been linked to the development of leukaemia. Azacitidine, chloramphenicol, and chlorozotocin were judged to be probably carcinogenic to humans, while dantron and trichlormethine were identified as possible human carcinogens. The remaining substances could not be classified on the basis of currently available evidence. The experts also noted that long-term experiments with paracetamol, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofural have shown reductions in tumour incidence at some sites in some animal species.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to Wood, Leather and Some Associated Industries.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Non-Nutritive Sweetening Agents.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Pharmaceutical Drugs.

Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 30 Contents: - Report of the Meeting of Experts on the safe use of asbestos, Geneva, 11-18 December 1973 - Health hazards of asbestos by the Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Department of Employment, United Kingdom - Pathology of asbestos by Professor J. Champeix - Technical prevention of asbestos hazards by A. Wilkie - Survey of statutory provisions relating to the prevention of health risks due to asbestos

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Aromatic Amines, Hydrazines and Related Substances, N-Nitroso Compounds & Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents.

Lead is a heavy metal used since ancient times and is still employed for several industrial purposes due to its suitable physical and chemical properties. It is non-biodegradable and is very persistent in the environment. Human exposure can lead, however, to a wide range of biological effects. Lead (Pb) exposure is known to induce a wide range of physiological and biochemical dysfunctions in humans and animals. This books reviews works collected in international literature dealing with the effects of lead; the environmental contamination of lead and its associated public health risks; the influence of lead at different doses on the structure of intestinal microbial community in vivo and its relationships to intestinal epithelium in vitro; and finally, the effects of fractions of the edible halophyte, Sarcocornia perennis on human kidney cells after Pb intoxication.

Adverse drug reactions commonly affect the skin. In rare instances, they cause severe morbidity and possibly lead to drug-induced mortality. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) represents the archetype of such conditions. This book summarises the recent advances in the field of TEN as a major life-threatening adverse drug reaction. Indeed, this dramatic condition remains a puzzling topic for both the clinician at the bedside and in the laboratory. This book is fully updated about the putative biomechanisms, the clinico-pathological correlations and recent treatment advances. The most damaging effects of TEN reside in the skin, eyes and oral mucosa. Physicians keen in intensive care medicine, dermatology and ophthalmology should find here stimulating concepts applicable to the patient with the hope of reducing the TEN fatalities.

Formaldehyde is a building block in the synthesis of many other compounds of specialised and industrial significance. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive. In this book, the authors discuss the chemistry, applications and role in polymerisation of formaldehyde. Topics discussed include the properties of urea-formaldehyde resins for wood-based composites; electronic spectra of formaldehyde in aqueous solution; decontamination of indoor air pollutants of formaldehyde through catalytic oxidation over oxide supported noble metal nanocatalysts; indoor air monitoring using newly developed formaldehyde sensor elements and portable monitoring devices; unusual behaviour during the electrochemical oxidation of formaldehyde; and an algebraic approach to estimate the PES of formaldehyde through the study of vibrational excitations.

Natural toxicants have been known from ancient times and man used them to gain various benefits by producing remedies, preserving goods or using them as a means for homicide. During the past century many new, toxicologically undefined industrial substances were introduced to the environment. It was an inevitable risk that substances dangerous to man, biota and environment, every man should contribute by being aware of his surroundings. In 'General Toxicology' the vastness of the toxicological scope is presented by outlining the possible encounter with toxicants of different origins, their fate in the human body and the effects produced. The book smoothly introduces the reader to the basic principles and mechanisms in the body exposed to ubiquitous foreign substances. The path from the exposure to xenobiotics to final effects is to encompass basic aspects of toxicokinetics, i.e. absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the substances. The mechanisms of adverse health effects are outlined by the insight in toxicodynamic processes which explains the difference between acute and chronic exposures. The occurrence, physico-chemical properties and toxicity of most important categories of both natural and anthropogenic toxicants including detailed depiction of the poisoning symptoms, are described in the important new book.

Clearly linked to consumption of foods, beverages, and drinking water that contain pathogenic microbes, toxins, or other toxic agents, foodborne diseases have undergone a remarkable change of fortune in recent decades, from once rare and insignificant malaises to headline-grabbing and deadly outbreaks. Unquestionably, several factors have combined to make this happen. These include a prevailing demand for the convenience of ready-to-eat or heat-and-eat manufactured food products that allow ready entry and survival of some robust, temperature-insensitive microorganisms; a drastic reduction in the costs of air, sea, and road transportation that has taken some pathogenic microorganisms to where they were absent previously; an expanding world population that has stretched the boundary of human activity; and an ageing population whose weakened immune functions provide a fertile ground for opportunistic pathogens to invade and thrive. Given the diversity of causative agents (ranging from viruses, bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, protozoa, helminthes, toxins, to toxic agents), and the ingenuity of pathogenic microbes to evolve through genetic reassortment, horizontal gene transfer, and/or random genetic mutation, it has become an enormous challenge to understand how foodborne agents are able to evade host immune defenses and induce diseases, and also to develop and apply innovative approaches for improved diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of foodborne diseases. Handbook of Foodborne Diseases summarizes the latest findings on more than 100 foodborne diseases and their causative agents. With contributions from international experts on foodborne pathogens, toxins, and toxic agents research, this volume provides state-of-the-art overviews on foodborne diseases in relation to their etiology, biology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Apart from offering a comprehensive textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students in food, medical, and veterinary microbiology, this volume constitutes a valuable reference on foodborne diseases for medical professionals and health authorities, and forms an informative educational resource for the general public.

Interest in the field of medical toxicology has grown rapidly, but the medical literature lacks an authoritative toxicology reference work dedicated to natural substances and drugs of abuse. This two-volume set combines "Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances" and "Medical Toxicology of Drugs Abuse" to deliver an in-depth, sub-specialty, readily accessible reference on these topics. Professionals in diverse fields, who typically do not need most of the information in a general medical toxicology book, can quickly apply the contents of these volumes to searchable databases and other electronic venues.

Continuing a long tradition, Lu’s Basic Toxicology, Seventh Edition, combines relatively comprehensive coverage of toxic substances in food, air, and water with brevity, thereby continuing to serve as an updated introductory text for toxicology students and for those involved in allied sciences that require a background in toxicology. The new edition, which now becomes an edited work with contributions from experts around the globe, features four new chapters and a number of existing chapters that have been updated and expanded, notably those on mechanisms of toxic effects, conventional toxicity studies, the cardiovascular system, and risk assessment and regulatory toxicology.

The book consists of four parts (Part I–Part IV) that provide guidance on principles of toxicology and testing procedures for toxicities as well as a concise, yet detailed, mechanism of both target organ and nontarget organ toxicities. The book is rounded off with a final section (Part IV) on the toxic effects of chemicals and risk assessment, giving toxicologists, both students and practicing professionals, the necessary tools to enhance their practice. This edition includes new chapters on Clinical Toxicology, Systems Toxicology, Chemicals and Children, and Toxicology of Reproductive Systems, providing the essentials of these topics in the same style as the other chapters in the book. With separate subject and chemical indexes, this is a useful, quick shelf reference for everyone working in toxicology today.

Table of Contents

PART I: General Principles of Toxicology. History of Toxicology. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants. Metabolism of Toxicants. Toxic Effects (Mechanisms of Toxic Effects). Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects. Conventional Toxicity Studies. Systems Toxicology. PART II: Testing Procedures for Nontarget Organ Toxicities. Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. Developmental Toxicology. Lactation. PART III: Target Organs and Systems. Toxicology of the Liver. Toxicology of the Kidney. Toxicology of the Immune System. Respiratory System Inhalation Toxicology. Toxicology of the Skin. Toxicology of the Eye. Toxicology of the Nervous System. Cardiovascular System. Toxicology of Reproductive Systems. Toxicology of the Endocrine System. PART IV: Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants. Toxicity of Pesticides. Nanotoxicology. Toxicity of Metals. Environmental Pollutants. Occupational Toxicology. Chemicals and Children. Clinical Toxicology. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology.