Summary report on the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens : (collaborative study on in vivo tests / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the production, use and waste disposal of 1-propanol, a colourless, highly flammable liquid used primarily as a multi-purpose solvent in industry and in the home. The compound, which has antiseptic as well as solvent properties, is also used in drugs and cosmetics. The evaluation concludes that, under normal conditions of use, 1-propanol is unlikely to pose a serious threat to either the general population or the environment.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to 2-meth-oxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and their two acetates: 2-methoxyethyl acetate and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate. These glycol ethers have a wide range of uses as solvents with particular application in paints, stains, inks, lacquers, and the production of food-contact plastics.

Explains the principles, concepts, and definitions used by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) when assessing toxicological data on pesticide residues in food and establishing acceptable daily intakes. Intended to guide the design and interpretation of relevant toxicological studies, the book alerts readers to the multiplicity of factors, from the endocrinology of the animal species to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the pesticide, that can influence the validity of a study and determine its relevance to safety assessment.

Evaluates the risks to human health posed by the consumption of food contaminated with ochratoxins, trichothecenes, or ergot. Health effects possibly linked to these mycotoxins range from gastrointestinal disturbances and throat irritation to gangrene, nephropathy, and tumours of the renal pelvis and ureters. Evaluations are based on a critical review of well over 700 investigations, many of which were published during the past decade.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the production and use of fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. Eight different commercial compounds, some of which are known to contribute to ozone depletion, are assessed. The opening section summarizes the unique chemical and physical properties that account for the commercial importance of chlorofluorocarbons and explain why their degradation in the upper stratosphere destroys ozone. Subsequent sections summarize data on the global distribution of chlorofluorocarbons and evaluate the strength of evidence suggesting that increased ultraviolet-B radiation, resulting from ozone depletion, will endanger terrestrial and aquatic biota. The report concludes that even small increases in ambient ultraviolet-B exposure can result in significant ecosystem changes.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Non-Nutritive Sweetening Agents.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to Wood, Leather and Some Associated Industries.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Pharmaceutical Drugs.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Aromatic Amines, Hydrazines and Related Substances, N-Nitroso Compounds & Miscellaneous Alkylating Agents.

Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 30 Contents: - Report of the Meeting of Experts on the safe use of asbestos, Geneva, 11-18 December 1973 - Health hazards of asbestos by the Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Department of Employment, United Kingdom - Pathology of asbestos by Professor J. Champeix - Technical prevention of asbestos hazards by A. Wilkie - Survey of statutory provisions relating to the prevention of health risks due to asbestos

Nearly forty years after the outbreak of the "Minamata Disease," it remains one of the most horrific examples of environmental poisoning. Based on primary documents and interviews, this book describes three rounds of responses to this incidence of mercury poisoning, focusing on the efforts of its victims and their supporters, particularly the activities of grassroots movements and popular campaigns, to secure redress. George argues that Japan's postwar democracy is ad hoc, fragile, and dependent on definition through citizen action and that the redress effort is exemplary of the great changes in the second and third postwar decades that redefined democracy in Japan.

Lead is a heavy metal used since ancient times and is still employed for several industrial purposes due to its suitable physical and chemical properties. It is non-biodegradable and is very persistent in the environment. Human exposure can lead, however, to a wide range of biological effects. Lead (Pb) exposure is known to induce a wide range of physiological and biochemical dysfunctions in humans and animals. This books reviews works collected in international literature dealing with the effects of lead; the environmental contamination of lead and its associated public health risks; the influence of lead at different doses on the structure of intestinal microbial community in vivo and its relationships to intestinal epithelium in vitro; and finally, the effects of fractions of the edible halophyte, Sarcocornia perennis on human kidney cells after Pb intoxication.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a highly reactive compound with a toxic effect on all organisms due to non-specific interactions with proteins and nucleic acids. This substance is a hazardous air pollutant, and prolonged exposure to FA may cause serious health effects. This book discusses the synthesis of formaldehyde, its applications and potential health effects.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal of increasing environmental concern due to its wide variety of adverse effects. Living organisms are exposed to Cd through the intake of food, water and contaminated air. Cadmium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs, and is mainly accumulated in the liver and kidney where it is bound to metallothionein (MT). When Cd concentration exceeds the binding capacity of MT, the non-bound Cd causes toxicity possibly due to free radical induction and lipid peroxidation. This book emphasises how the Cd relation to the antioxidant system and other elements enhances our understanding on the role of Cd in the environment.

Natural toxicants have been known from ancient times and man used them to gain various benefits by producing remedies, preserving goods or using them as a means for homicide. During the past century many new, toxicologically undefined industrial substances were introduced to the environment. It was an inevitable risk that substances dangerous to man, biota and environment, every man should contribute by being aware of his surroundings. In 'General Toxicology' the vastness of the toxicological scope is presented by outlining the possible encounter with toxicants of different origins, their fate in the human body and the effects produced. The book smoothly introduces the reader to the basic principles and mechanisms in the body exposed to ubiquitous foreign substances. The path from the exposure to xenobiotics to final effects is to encompass basic aspects of toxicokinetics, i.e. absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the substances. The mechanisms of adverse health effects are outlined by the insight in toxicodynamic processes which explains the difference between acute and chronic exposures. The occurrence, physico-chemical properties and toxicity of most important categories of both natural and anthropogenic toxicants including detailed depiction of the poisoning symptoms, are described in the important new book.

Neurotoxicity syndromes are neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents. This book presents the latest new research in this dynamic field.

Botulinism toxins are widely used for the treatment of medical and aesthetic disorders. They are considered the gold standard for the treatment of muscular spasticity and facial dynamics wrinkles. The authors' of this book discuss botulinum toxin resistance in medical and aesthetic arenas; recommendations of dilutions for treatment applications (general recommendations were to inject the toxin diluted, because highly concentrated toxins were believed to be more toxic and dangerous); a novel methodology of transdermal delivery of botulinum toxin with the aid of a dermic pen for hyperhidrosis; emerging treatment options for lower urinary tract symptoms that involve a bladder neck injection of a botulinum toxin; and a discussion on the cases of botulism that arise from consuming certain foods particularly in the Arctic regions.

Rabies, one of humanity's most ancient and feared diseases, has spread rapidly among the canines of South Texas and in raccoons on the eastern seaboard. The United States, with the world's most complex rabies problems, has seemed helpless in the face of this dangerous outbreak, the worst in decades.

In Mad Dogs: The New Rabies Plague, Don Finley chronicles the epidemic, the politics of response to it, and the most ambitious American attempt yet to erect a barrier against the disease -- in Texas. He tells the stories of those who have been plagued by rabies, and those who have accepted the charge to end the plague.

In South Texas, normally timid coyotes have become fearless, challenging ranch dogs twice their size, attacking an infant on her porch swing, and menacing oil field workers. More ominously, they have infected hundreds of pet dogs, resulting in the exposure of some fifteen hundred people in South Texas to the dreaded disease. Three people, including a fourteen-year-old boy, have died, and the leading edge of the plague line is approaching San Antonio, one of the nation's ten largest cities.

Despite the fact that European nations and Canada have nearly eliminated rabies among wild animals, the virus has been able to spread in the United States because the federal government is unique in its stance that rabies is a local health problem. Controversy over who will pay for a federally approved vaccine is ongoing, even as the virus crosses state and national lines.

The struggle to develop an effective oral rabies vaccination program in the United States began three decades ago. Finley describes the professional feuds, often between scientists and public health officials, thathindered the efforts. In 1995, the USDA granted permission to drop an experimental, genetically engineered vaccine over nearly fifteen thousand square miles of South Texas brushlands in an effort to stop the spread of the disease.

Finley's straightforward language, free of either jargon or hysteria, is a welcome approach in describing the disease's destructive effects. His rare inside look into the politics and the science of disease control within public bureaucracies will engross those interested in science and public health issues, pet owners and wildlife enthusiasts, and those fascinated by infectious disease threats.

Interest in the field of medical toxicology has grown rapidly, but the medical literature lacks an authoritative toxicology reference work dedicated to natural substances and drugs of abuse. This two-volume set combines "Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances" and "Medical Toxicology of Drugs Abuse" to deliver an in-depth, sub-specialty, readily accessible reference on these topics. Professionals in diverse fields, who typically do not need most of the information in a general medical toxicology book, can quickly apply the contents of these volumes to searchable databases and other electronic venues.

Continuing a long tradition, Lu’s Basic Toxicology, Seventh Edition, combines relatively comprehensive coverage of toxic substances in food, air, and water with brevity, thereby continuing to serve as an updated introductory text for toxicology students and for those involved in allied sciences that require a background in toxicology. The new edition, which now becomes an edited work with contributions from experts around the globe, features four new chapters and a number of existing chapters that have been updated and expanded, notably those on mechanisms of toxic effects, conventional toxicity studies, the cardiovascular system, and risk assessment and regulatory toxicology.

The book consists of four parts (Part I–Part IV) that provide guidance on principles of toxicology and testing procedures for toxicities as well as a concise, yet detailed, mechanism of both target organ and nontarget organ toxicities. The book is rounded off with a final section (Part IV) on the toxic effects of chemicals and risk assessment, giving toxicologists, both students and practicing professionals, the necessary tools to enhance their practice. This edition includes new chapters on Clinical Toxicology, Systems Toxicology, Chemicals and Children, and Toxicology of Reproductive Systems, providing the essentials of these topics in the same style as the other chapters in the book. With separate subject and chemical indexes, this is a useful, quick shelf reference for everyone working in toxicology today.

Table of Contents

PART I: General Principles of Toxicology. History of Toxicology. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants. Metabolism of Toxicants. Toxic Effects (Mechanisms of Toxic Effects). Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects. Conventional Toxicity Studies. Systems Toxicology. PART II: Testing Procedures for Nontarget Organ Toxicities. Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. Developmental Toxicology. Lactation. PART III: Target Organs and Systems. Toxicology of the Liver. Toxicology of the Kidney. Toxicology of the Immune System. Respiratory System Inhalation Toxicology. Toxicology of the Skin. Toxicology of the Eye. Toxicology of the Nervous System. Cardiovascular System. Toxicology of Reproductive Systems. Toxicology of the Endocrine System. PART IV: Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants. Toxicity of Pesticides. Nanotoxicology. Toxicity of Metals. Environmental Pollutants. Occupational Toxicology. Chemicals and Children. Clinical Toxicology. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology.

Not a day goes by that humans aren't exposed to toxins in our environment - be it at home, in the car, or workplace. But what about those toxic places and items that aren't marked? Why are we warned about some toxic spaces' substances and not others? The essays in Inevitably Toxic consider the exposure of bodies in the United States, Canada and Japan to radiation, industrial waste, and pesticides. Research shows that appeals to uncertainty have led to social inaction even when evidence, e.g. the link between carbon emissions and global warming, stares us in the face. In some cases, influential scientists, engineers and doctors have deliberately "manufactured doubt" and uncertainty but as the essays in this collection show, there is often no deliberate deception. We tend to think that if we can't see contamination and experts deem it safe, then we are okay. Yet, having knowledge about the uncertainty behind expert claims can awaken us from a false sense of security and alert us to decisions and practices that may in fact cause harm.

This book delineates how systems biology, pharmacogenomic, and behavioral approaches, as applied to neurodevelopmental toxicology, provide a structure to arrange information in a biological model. The text reviews and discusses approaches that can be used as effective tools to dissect mechanisms underlying pharmacological and toxicological phenomena associated with the exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants during development. The book intends to elaborate functional outcomes of component-to-component relationships using rodent and nonhuman primate in vitro and in vivo models that allow for the directional and quantitative description of the complete organism in response to environmental perturbations. In addition, attention has also been directed to some of the more recent methodologies, including genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, applied in the evolutionary neurobiological field.

The first book to cover this fast developing field, Masked Mycotoxins in Food will provide a full overview of the issues relating to the toxicology of masked mycotoxins present in food products. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring chemicals produced by moulds that can grow on crops and foodstuffs. Masked mycotoxins are modified mycotoxins, due to this modification many cannot be detected using standard analytical techniques, for example HPLC and ELISA, and further research is needed to understand the health risks and threats from these modified compounds.Masked mycotoxin research is an area of toxicological research that has gained significant interest and momentum in recent years. The aim of this book is to provide a full picture of the topic, from the masked mycotoxin formation in plants to their catabolic fate in humans. The book also provides new insights and will highlight possible gaps in the knowledge base of this relatively new area. Edited and written by World renowned experts working within the field, this book is of interest to toxicologists and biochemists, but also food scientists and agricultural researchers working in industry and academia.

This book illustrates the chemistry, toxicology, and health effects of arsenic using novel modeling techniques, case studies, experimental data, and future perspectives. Covers exposure sources, health risks, and mechanisms of one of the most toxic minerals in the world Helps readers understand potential health effects of arsenic, using population studies, mammalian and invertebrate models, and pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic models Discusses outcomes, epidemiology, real-life examples, and modes of action for arsenic-induced diseases, like lung cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, and immunotoxicity Acts as a reference for toxicologists, environmental chemists, and risk assessors and includes up-to-date, novel modeling techniques for scientists Includes future perspectives on special topics, like extrapolation from experimental models to human exposures, biomarkers for phenotypic anchoring, and pathology of chronic exposure