This book highlights the fundamental principles of optical fiber technology required for understanding modern high-capacity lightwave telecom networks. Such networks have become an indispensable part of society with applications ranging from simple web browsing to critical healthcare diagnosis and cloud computing. Since users expect these services to always be available, careful engineering is required in all technologies ranging from component development to network operations. To achieve this understanding, this book first presents a comprehensive treatment of various optical fiber structures and diverse photonic components used in optical fiber networks. Following this discussion are the fundamental design principles of digital and analog optical fiber transmission links. The concluding chapters present the architectures and performance characteristics of optical networks.

This book discusses the development of radio-wave tomography methods as a means of remote non-destructive testing, diagnostics of the internal structure of semi-transparent media, and reconstruction of the shapes of opaque objects based on multi-angle sounding. It describes physical-mathematical models of systems designed to reconstruct images of hidden objects, based on tomographic processing of multi-angle remote measurements of scattered radio and acoustic (ultrasonic) wave radiation.

This book includes both theoretical and practical aspects within optics, photonics and lasers. The book provides new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields of this book are Optical scattering, plasmas technologies and simulation, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical fiber sensing and monitoring, image detection and Imaging solid state lasers and fiber lasers, and optical amplifiers. A wide range of optical materials is covered, from semiconductor based optical materials, optical crystals and optical glasses.

This comprehensive two semester textbook, now in its 4th edition, continues to provide students with a thorough theoretical understanding of electromagnetic field relations while also providing numerous practical applications. The topics follow a tested pattern familiar to the previous edition, each with a brief, introductory chapter followed by a chapter with extensive treatment, 10 to 30 applications, examples and exercises, and problems and summaries. There is new emphasis on problems, examples and applications based on energy harvesting and renewable energy; additional information on sensing and actuation, new material on issues in energy, power, electronics, and measurements, and an emphasis on aspects of electromagnetics relevant to digital electronics and wireless communication. The author adds and revises problems to emphasize the use of tools such as Matlab; new advanced problems for higher level students; a discussion of symbolic and numerical integration; additional examples with each chapter; and new online material including experiments and review questions. The book is an undergraduate textbook at the upper division level, intended for required classes in electromagnetics. It is written in simple terms with all details of derivations included and all steps in solutions listed. It requires little beyond basic calculus and can be used for self-study. Features hundreds of examples and exercises, many new or revised for every topic in the book. Includes over 650 end-of-chapter problems, many of them new or revised, mostly based on applications or simplified applications. Includes a suite of online demonstration software including a computerized Smith Chart.

This book presents the emerging regime of zero refractive index photonics, involving metamaterials that exhibit effectively zero refractive index. Metamaterials are artificial structures whose optical properties can be tailored at will. With metamaterials, intriguing and spellbinding phenomena like negative refraction and electromagnetic cloaking could be realized, which otherwise seem unnatural or straight out of science fiction. Zero index metamaterials are also seen as a means of boosting nonlinear properties and are believed to have strong prospects for being useful in nonlinear optical applications. In summary, this book highlights almost everything currently available on zero index metamaterials and is useful for professionally interested and motivated readers.

An introduction to the most relevant theoretical and algorithmic aspects of modern microwave imaging approaches

Microwave imaging--a technique used in sensing a given scene by means of interrogating microwaves--has recently proven its usefulness in providing excellent diagnostic capabilities in several areas, including civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering.

"Microwave Imaging" offers comprehensive descriptions of the most important techniques so far proposed for short-range microwave imaging--including reconstruction procedures and imaging systems and apparatus--enabling the reader to use microwaves for diagnostic purposes in a wide range of applications. This hands-on resource features:

A review of the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem formulation, written from an engineering perspective and with notations

The most effective reconstruction techniques based on diffracted waves, including time- and frequency-domain methods, as well as deterministic and stochastic space-domain procedures

Currently proposed imaging apparatus, aimed at fast and accurate measurements of the scattered field data

Insight on near field probes, microwave axial tomographs, and microwave cameras and scanners

A discussion of practical applications with detailed descriptions and discussions of several specific examples (e.g., materials evaluation, crack detection, inspection of civil and industrial structures, subsurface detection, and medical applications)

A look at emerging techniques and future trends

"Microwave Imaging" is a practical resource for engineers, scientists, researchers, and professors in the fields of civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering.

This two-volume set consists of "Principles of Electromagnetic Waves and Materials, Second Edition" and "Advanced Electromagnetic Computation, Second Edition". Volume I takes an integrative approach to the subject of electromagnetics by supplementing quintessential "old school" information and methods with MATLAB (R) software. Volume II consists of advanced electromagnetic computation which focuses on Algorithms of Finite Differences, Moment Method, Finite Element method and Finite Difference Time Domain method. Hand-computed simple examples and MATLAB-coded simple examples with only a few elements are used to explain the concepts behind the algorithms. Four new chapters are included.

This book explains and demonstrates with an exhaustive set of design examples, how common types of radio frequency(RF) amplifiers (classes A, B, AB, C, D, E, F, G and H) can be designed, and then have their performance characteristics evaluated and optimized with SPICE. The author demonstrates the transient analysis features of SPICE, along with industry-standard load- and source-pull techniques to simulate the steady-state, long-term time-domain behavior of any test RF amplifier.* Describes methods for designing and evaluating/optimizing the performance characteristics of an RF amplifier that circumvent the issues involved with existing, traditional methods and don't require expensive, high-end software tools;* Includes C language executables for each RF amplifier type, eliminating errors that might creep in while computing passive component (capacitor, inductor, resistor) values for a given RF amplifier type;* Demonstrates industry-standard load- and source-pull schemes that can be included easily in text SPICE netlists, allowing accurate calculation of impedance matching and impedance values at the input and output ports of the test RF amplifier, eliminating messy, error-prone S parameter based calculations.

This textbook presents all the mathematical and physical concepts needed to visualize and understand representation surfaces, providing readers with a reliable and intuitive understanding of the behavior and properties of anisotropic materials, and a sound grasp of the directionality of material properties. They will learn how to extract quantitative information from representation surfaces, which encode tremendous amounts of information in a very concise way, making them especially useful in understanding higher order tensorial material properties (piezoelectric moduli, elastic compliance and rigidity, etc.) and in the design of applications based on these materials. Readers will also learn from scratch concepts on crystallography, symmetry and Cartesian tensors, which are essential for understanding anisotropic materials, their design and application. The book describes how to apply representation surfaces to a diverse range of material properties, making it a valuable resource for material scientists, mechanical engineers, and solid state physicists, as well as advanced undergraduates in Materials Science, Solid State Physics, Electronics, Optics, Mechanical Engineering, Composites and Polymer Science. Moreover, the book includes a wealth of worked-out examples, problems and exercises to help further understanding.

This book discusses methods for measuring the water surface backscattering signature and estimating the near-surface wind vector over water using airborne radars, in addition to their standard application. Airborne FMCW demonstrator system, Doppler navigation system, airborne weather radar, airborne radar altimeter, and airborne precipitation radar are analyzed in order to be used for that purpose. The radars functionality is enhanced for their operation in a scatterometer mode. A circle flight and/or a rectilinear flight of an aircraft over the water surface is considered depending on the radar design features to perform measurements of the azimuth normalized radar cross section curve of the water surface and/or the near-surface wind speed and direction. Flight recommendations to perform measurements along with algorithms for measuring the water surface backscattering signature and for retrieval of the wind speed and direction over water are presented.

This book first provides readers with an introduction to the underlying physics and state-of-the-art application of photon counting detectors for X-ray imaging. The authors explain that a photon-counting imaging detector can realize quantitative analysis because the detector can derive X-ray attenuation information based on the analysis of intensity changes of individual X-ray. To realize this analysis, it is important to consider the physics of an object and detector material. In this book, the authors introduce a novel analytical procedure to create quantitative X-ray images for medical diagnosis.

This textbook details the architecture of a digital coherent optical system and describes its main digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. The authors first show how the combination of advanced modulation techniques, DSP and coherent detection has led to significant gains in capacity and ease of operation. The authors follow the path of the information from its generation in the transmitter, to propagation through the fiber and processing by the DSP algorithms in the receiver. The work summarizes academic results and presents them in a didactic way to students and practitioners working on the area of optical communications. A full suite of classroom materials is included for easy integration into a curriculum, containing theoretic and simulation problems, and off-the-shelf Matlab/Octave functions.

Multiconductor transmission lines form the basic building blocks of microwave and millimetre-wave integrated circuits, and are omnipresent in digital systems. The early chapters of this book give a detailed account of the way in which self-consistent CAD circuit models for such coupled lines, carrying either TEM or hybrid modes, can be obtained from a full-wave solution of Maxwell's equations. Most of the knowledge in the field is covered, including the latest advances for lossy lines. Subsequent chapters discuss the full-wave integral equation solution for basic transmission structures on MMICs, PCBs, and Multiwire (R) and Microwire (R) boards with the method of moments. For thin coupled microstrips and striplines the proposed space domain solution offers an alternative for the classical spectral domain approach. This book is the first to handle the full-wave analysis of discrete wire structures and of lossy polygonal conductors. The modal propogation constants and all (coupling) impedances necessary to construct a circuit model are determined.

This book describes the recently-discovered artificially curved light beam known as the photonic hook. Self-bending of light, a long-time goal of optical scientists, was realized in 2007 with the Airy beam, followed by the first demonstration of the photonic hook by the authors of this book and their collaborators in 2015 and experimentally in 2019. The photonic hook has curvature less than the wavelength, along with other unique features described in this book that are not shared by Airy-like beams, and so deepens our understanding of light propagation. This book discusses the general principles of artificial near-field structured curved light and the full-wave simulations of the photonic hook along with their experimental confirmation. The book goes on to show how the photonic hook has implications for acoustic and surface plasmon waves and as well as applications in nanoparticle manipulation.

This unique handbook compiles and details cutting-edge research in nanomagnetism and its applications in spintronics, magnetoplasmonics, and nonlinear magneto-optics. Fundamental aspects of magnetism relevant to nanodevices and new spin-transfer torque random-access memory (STT-RAM), current-induced domain wall motion memory, and spin torque oscillators, as well as highly anisotropic materials and topics on magnetization damping are developed in detail in the book. New paradigms such as molecule-based magnets (MBMs), which are a promisingly adaptive class of solids poised to open new frontiers of exploration, are also covered. The relationship between magnetism and nonlinear optics and the new field of magnetoplasmonics is also developed in detail. The book also includes a thorough chapter on spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM), which enables studying magnetic phenomena on surfaces with real-space imaging and spectroscopy techniques down to the atomic level. All these topics are developed by an interdisciplinary team of leading experts in their pertinent fields. The book will certainly appeal to anyone involved in nanomagnetism and its application in spintronic nanodevices and nonlinear magneto-optics.

This book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as practicing engineers who are involved in design and analysis of radio frequency (RF) circuits. Detailed tutorials are included on all major topics required to understand fundamental principles behind both the main sub-circuits required to design an RF transceiver and the whole communication system. Starting with review of fundamental principles in electromagnetic (EM) transmission and signal propagation, through detailed practical analysis of RF amplifier, mixer, modulator, demodulator, and oscillator circuit topologies, all the way to the basic system communication theory behind the RF transceiver operation, this book systematically covers all relevant aspects in a way that is suitable for a single semester university level course. Offers readers a complete, self-sufficient tutorial style textbook; Includes all relevant topics required to study and design an RF receiver in a consistent, coherent way with appropriate depth for a one-semester course; The labs and the book chapters are synchronized throughout a 13-week semester so that the students first study each sub-circuit and the related theory in class, practice problems, work out design details and then build and test the sub-circuit in the lab, before moving onto the next chapter; Includes detailed derivations of all key equations related to new concepts.

This textbook, based on the authors' class-tested material, is accessible to students at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level in physics and engineering. While its primary function is didactic, this book's comprehensive choice of topics and its clear and authoritative synthesis of ideas make it a useful reference for researchers, device engineers, and course instructors who wish to consolidate their knowledge of this field. The book takes the semi-classical approach where light is treated as a wave in accordance with the classical Maxwell equations, while matter is governed by quantum theory. It begins by introducing the postulates and mathematical framework of quantum theory, followed by the formalism of the density matrix which allows the transition from microscopic (quantum) quantities to macroscopic (classical) ones. Consequently, the equations describing the reaction of matter to the electromagnetic field in the form of polarization, magnetization, and current are derived. These equations (together with the Maxwell equations) form the complete system of equations sufficient to model a wide class of problems surrounding linear and nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic fields with matter. The nonlinear character of the governing equations determines parameters of the steady-state mode of the quantum generator and is also demonstrated in harmonic generation via propagation of laser radiation in various media. The touchstone description of magnetic phenomena will be of interest to scientists who deal with applications of magneto-resonance phenomena in biology and medicine. Other advanced topics covered include electric dipole transitions, magnetic dipole transitions, plasma transitions, and the devices that can be based on these and other electro-optical and nonlinear-optical systems. This textbook features numerous exercises, some of which are investigatory and some of which require computational solutions.

This book covers the fundamental aspects of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers, and includes a wide range of material from laser physics fundamentals to state-of-the-art topics in this rapidly growing field of quantum electronics. This expanded and updated new edition includes substantial new material on nonlinear frequency conversion and Raman fiber lasers and amplifiers, as well as an expanded list of references inclusive of the recent literature in the field. Emphasis is placed on the nonlinear processes taking place in fiber lasers and amplifiers, their similarities, differences to, and their advantages over other solid-state lasers. The reader will learn the basic principles of solid-state physics and optical spectroscopy of laser active centers in fibers, the main operational laser regimes, and will receive practical recommendations and suggestions on fiber laser research, laser applications, and laser product development. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professional physicists and engineers who work with lasers in the optical and telecommunications field, as well as those in the chemical and biological industries.

Intended for students in the visual arts and for others with an interest in art, but with no prior knowledge of physics, this book presents the science behind what and how we see. The approach emphasises phenomena rather than mathematical theories and the joy of discovery rather than the drudgery of derivations. The text includes numerous problems, and suggestions for simple experiments, and also considers such questions as why the sky is blue, how mirrors and prisms affect the colour of light, how compact disks work, and what visual illusions can tell us about the nature of perception. It goes on to discuss such topics as the optics of the eye and camera, the different sources of light, photography and holography, colour in printing and painting, as well as computer imaging and processing.

Das zweibAndige Standardwerk behandelt Erzeugung, VerstArkung, Fortleitung, Ausstrahlung und Anwendung elektromagnetischer Signale A1/4ber den vollen Frequenzbereich, von einigen kHz bis zur optischen Nachrichtentechnik.
Band 1 geht auf Schwingkreise, HochfrequenzA1/4bertrager und -filter, Eigenschaften von Koaxialkabeln, Mikrostreifenleitungen, Koplanar- und Fin-Leitungen, Richtkoppler, Lichtwellenleiter, OberflAchenwellen-Filter, Hohlleiter, gyromagnetische Medien, Antennen sowie Quarzfilter ein. FA1/4r die 6. Auflage wurden an mehreren Stellen Aktualisierungen und A"nderungen vorgenommen.'

Selective Laser Melting (SLM), also referred to as Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), offers significant advantages for the manufacturing of complex, high-quality parts. However, its market share is still small compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Major drawbacks hindering an industrial ramp-up are low productivity, high part costs and issues with quality and reproducibility. Comprehensive research has been done to overcome these challenges, but little attention has been paid to addressing them by optimizing the laser beam profile. Therefore, the author examines the effect of the laser beam profile on the productivity and process stability through both numerical and experimental investigations. The results show clear advantages an optimized laser beam profile offers.

This textbook provides a sound foundation in physical optics by covering key concepts in a rigorous but accessible manner. Propagation of electromagnetic waves is examined from multiple perspectives, with explanation of which viewpoints and methods are best suited to different situations. After an introduction to the theory of electromagnetism, reflection, refraction, and dispersion, topics such as geometrical optics, interference, diffraction, coherence, laser beams, polarization, crystallography, and anisotropy are closely examined. Optical elements, including lenses, mirrors, prisms, classical and Fabry-Perot interferometers, resonant cavities, multilayer dielectric structures, interference and spatial filters, diffraction gratings, polarizers, and birefringent plates, are treated in depth. The coverage also encompasses such seldom-covered topics as modeling of general astigmatism via 4x4 matrices, FFT-based numerical methods, and bianisotropy, with a relativistic treatment of optical activity and the Faraday and Fresnel-Fizeau effects. Finally, the history of optics is discussed.

This textbook bridges the gap between university courses on electrodynamics and the knowledge needed to successfully address the problem of electrodynamics of metamaterials. It appeals to both experimentalists and theoreticians who are interested in the physical basics of metamaterials and plasmonics. Focusing on qualitative fundamental treatment as opposed to quantitative numerical treatment, it covers the phenomena of artificial magnetization at high frequencies, and discusses homogenization procedures and the basics of quantum dynamics in detail. By considering different phenomena it creates a self-consistent qualitative picture to explain most observable phenomena. This allows readers to develop a better understanding of the concepts, and helps to create a conceptual approach, which is especially important in educational contexts. This clearly written book includes problems and solutions for each chapter, which can be used for seminars and homework, as well as qualitative models that are helpful to students.

This book is focused on wireless infrastructure deployment in modern transportation markets, where the wireless infrastructure co-exists with the existing structure. It details the challenges this deployment may face and explores the mitigation measures to overcome the challenges. The book proposes a smart antenna structure to overcome airspace congestion, which improves the overall wireless performance and deployment cost. With the combination of practical know-how and theoretical estimation, this book provides insight on how the modern smart antenna techniques that support most cutting-edge wireless technology can be adopted into the existing infrastructure whilst minimising the distraction to the existing system. This book is suitable for industrial and academic researchers, practising engineers within the field of smart antennae, and wireless infrastructure designers and developers.

This book provides a systematic description and analysis of laser heat-mode lithography, addressing the basic principles, lithography system, manipulation of feature size, grayscale lithography, resist thin films, and pattern transfer, while also presenting typical experimental results and applications. It introduces laser heat-mode lithography, where the resist thin films are essentially an opto-thermal response to the laser beam with changeable wavelength and are not sensitive to laser wavelength. Laser heat-mode lithography techniques greatly simplify production procedures because they require neither a particular light source nor a particular environment; further, there are no pre-baking and post-baking steps required for organic photoresists. The pattern feature size can be either larger or smaller than the laser spot by adjusting the writing strategy. The lithographic feature size can also be arbitrarily tuned from nanoscale to micrometer without changing the laser spot size. Lastly, the line edge roughness can be controlled at a very low value because the etching process is a process of breaking bonds among atoms. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for all advanced undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the fields of nanofabrication, lithography techniques and systems, phase change materials, etc.