Coherence, entanglement, and interference arise from quantum superposition, the most distinctive and puzzling feature of quantum physics. Silverman, whose extensive experimental and theoretical work has helped elucidate these processes, presents a clear and engaging discussion of the role of quantum superposition in diverse quantum phenomena such as the wavelike nature of particle propagation, indistinguishability of identical particles, nonlocal interactions of correlated particles, topological effects of magnetic fields, and chiral asymmetry in nature. He also examines how macroscopic quantum coherence may be able to extricate physics from its most challenging quandary, the collapse of a massive degenerate star to a singularity in space in which the laws of physics break down.

Explained by a physicist with a concern for clarity and experimental achievability, the extraordinary nature of quantum superposition will fascinate the reader not only for its apparent strangeness, but also for its comprehensibility.

Magnetic materials can support propagating waves of magnetization; since these are oscillations in the magnetostatic properties of the material, they are called magnetostatic waves (sometimes magnons or magnetic polarons ). Under the proper circumstances these waves can exhibit, either dispersive or nondispersive, isotropic or anisotropic propagation, nonreciprocity, frequency-selective nonlinearities, soliton propagation, and chaotic behavior. This rich variety of behavior has led to a number of proposed applications in microwave and optical signal processing.

This book begins by introducing magnetism and discusses magnetic properties of materials, magnetic moments of atoms and ions, and the elements important to magnetism. It then goes on to cover magnetic susceptibilities, electromagnetic waves in anisotropic dispersive media, magnetostatic modes, and propagation characteristics and excitation of magnetostatic waves among other topics. There are problems at the end of each chapter, many of which serve to expand or explain the material in the text. The bibliographies for each chapter give an entry to the research literature. Spin Waves: Theory and Applications serves not only as an introduction to an active area of research, but also as a reference for workers in the field."

During the past ten years, there has been intensive development in theoretical and experimental research of solitons in periodic media. This book provides a unique and informative account of the state-of-the-art in the field. The volume opens with a review of the existence of robust solitary pulses in systems built as a periodic concatenation of very different elements. Among the most famous examples of this type of systems are the dispersion management in fiber-optic telecommunication links, and (more recently) photonic crystals. A number of other systems belonging to the same broad class of spatially periodic strongly inhomogeneous media (such as the split-step and tandem models) have recently been identified in nonlinear optics, and transmission of solitary pulses in them was investigated in detail. Similar soliton dynamics occurs in temporal-domain counterparts of such systems, where they are subject to strong time-periodic modulation (for instance, the Feshbach-resonance management in Bose-Einstein condensates). Basis results obtained for all these systems are reviewed in the book. This timely work will serve as a useful resource for the soliton community.

The approach adopted in Digital Synthesizers and Transmitters for Software Radio will provide an understanding of key areas in the field of digital synthesizers and transmitters. It is easy to include different digital techniques in the digital synthesizers and transmitters by using digital signal processing methods, because the signal is in digital form. By programming the digital synthesizers and transmitters, adaptive channel bandwidths, modulation formats, frequency hopping and data rates are easily achieved. Techniques such as digital predistortion for power amplifier linearization, digital compensation methods for analog I/Q modulator nonlinearities and digital power control and ramping are presented in this book. The flexibility of the digital synthesizers and transmitters makes them ideal as signal generators for software radio. Software radios represent a major change in the design paradigm for radios in which a large portion of the functionality is implemented through programmable signal processing devices, giving the radio the ability to change its operating parameters to accommodate new features and capabilities. A software radio approach reduces the content of radio frequency (RF) and other analog components of traditional radios and emphasizes digital signal processing to enhance overall transmitter flexibility. Software radios are emerging in commercial and military infrastructure.

Presentation of background material of wireless communications, traffic modeling and traffic engineering techniques.

Provides descriptions of upcoming features such as IP multimedia subsystems, multimedia broadcast/multicast services and Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) for 3G networks

Including problems at the end of each chapter

Written for lecturers, graduate students and system designers

On June 1St 2004 the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Technische Universitat Miinchen bestowed the degree of the doctor honoris causa to Leopold B. Felsen, for extraordinary achievements in the theory of electromag netic fields. On this occasion on June 1St and 2nd 2004 at the Technische Universitat Miinchen a symposium on "Fields, Networks, Computational Methods, and Systems: A Modern View of Engineering Electrodynamics" in honor of Leopold B. Felsen was organized. The symposium topic focused on an important area of Leopold Felsen research interests and, as the title emphasizes, on a modern view of applied Electro dynamics. While the fundamental physical laws of electrodynamics are well known, research in this field is experiencing a steady continuous growth. The problem -solving approaches of, say, twenty years ago may seem now fairly obsolete since considerable progress has been made in the meantime. In this monograph we collect samples of present day state of the art in dealing with electromagnetic fields, their network theory representation, their computation and, finally, on system applications. The network formulation of field problems can improve the problem formulation and also contribute to the solution methodology. Network theory systematic approaches for circuit analysis are based on the separation of the circuit into the connection circuit and the circuit elements. Many applications in science and technology rely on computations of the electromagnetic field in either man-made or natural complex structures."

The first radio links, wireless telegraphy, were established at the beginnings of the twentieth century by Marconi, who drew upon the theory developed by Maxwell and upon the experimental researches conducted by Hertz. In France, such renown scientists, mathematicians, physicists and experimenters as Poincare, Blondel and the General Ferrie played a crucial role in the development of radiocommunications, more particularly through theoretical and experimental researches which contributed to a better understanding of the different propagation media. Following the Second World War, the researchers and engineers of the newly created Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications (CNET), among whom may be mentioned Jean Voge, Francois du Castel, Andre Spizzichino or Lucien Boithias, made decisive contributions to the understanding of the propagation of radio waves, in particular in the context of their application to telecommunications. Although the CNET has now become France Telecom Recherche & Developpement, the present book is in keeping with this approach, which has been going on for more than half a century. By providing the reader with some of the most recent researches in this field, Herve Sizun offers here an essential complement to the work by Lucien Boithias Radiowave Propagation, first published in 1983 in the Collection Technique et Scientifique des Telecommunications, and published in an English version in 1987 by McGraw- Hill."

Analog Circuit Design contains in total 18 tutorials. They reflect the contributions of 6 experts in each of the three fields covered by the three chapters mentioned in the subtitle, as presented at the 15th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design (AACD) held in Maastricht, April 2006.

This book is number 15 in this successful series of Analog Circuit Design, providing valuable information and excellent overviews of analog circuit design and related CAD, mainly in the fields of basic analog modules, mixed-signal electronics, AD and DA converters, RF systems, and automotive electronics.

Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog circuit designers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial coverage also makes it suitable for use in an advanced design course.

This is one of the first books on the emerging research topic of digital compensation of RF imperfections. The book presents a new multidisciplinary vision on the design of wireless communication systems. In this approach the imperfections of the RF front-ends are accepted and digital signal processing algorithms are designed to suppress their impact on system performance. The book focuses on multiple-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO OFDM).

The high scienti?c interest in coherent X-ray light sources has stimulated world-wide e?orts in developing X-ray lasers. In this book a particularly promising approach is described, the free-electron laser (FEL), which is p- sued worldwide and holds the promise to deliver ultra-bright X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration. Other types of X-ray lasers are not discussed nor do we try a comparison of the relative virtues and drawbacks of di?erent concepts. The book has an introductory character and is written in the style of a universitytextbookforthemanynewcomerstothe?eldoffree-electronlasers, graduate students as well as accelerator physicists, engineers and technicians; it is not intended to be a scienti?c monograph for the experts in the ?eld. Building on lectures by one of us (J. R.) at the CERN Accelerator School, and motivated by the positive response to a series of seminars on "FEL t- ory for pedestrians," given by P. S. within the framework of the Academic Training Program at DESY, we have aimed at presenting the theory of the low-gainandthehigh-gainFELinaclearandconcisemathematicallanguage. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the di?erential equations descr- ing the FEL dynamics. Although we have tried our best to be "simple," the mathematical derivations are certainly not always as simple as one would like them to be. However, we are not aware of any easier approach to the FEL theory. Some of the more involved calculations are put into the appendices.

The deployment of high-order modulation formats in optical fiber transmission systems is presently seen as a promising way of increasing spectral efficiency and of making better use of the capacity of currently existing fiber infrastructure. Catering to this interest, this book presents possible ways of generating and detecting optical signals with high-order phase and quadrature amplitude modulation and characterizes their system and transmission properties.

Several implementation options for high-order modulation optical transmitters are possible. Their optical and electrical parts are described and their individual signal properties are discussed. Receiver concepts with direct detection, homodyne differential detection and homodyne synchronous detection are illustrated, starting with optical frontends and ending with concrete data recovery. The description of transmitters and receivers provided in the first part of the book not only helps to demonstrate their functioning, but also allows their complexity and practicability to be estimated and compared.

To advance understanding of the system and transmission behavior of high-order modulation formats for optical fiber transmission, various system parameters such as noise performances, optimal receiver filter bandwidths, required laser linewidths and the chromatic dispersion and self phase modulation tolerances of a wide range of modulation formats are highlighted in the second part of the book, considering different line codes and many transmitter and receiver configurations. Currently, the determination of attainable transmission distances for multi-span long-haul transmission using high-order modulation formats represents an exciting field of research. Recent results in this area are also covered by this book.

This monograph is intended for students and researchers in the field of optical communications, as well as for system designers who want to learn about the properties and complexity of optical systems employing high-order modulation.

This book is devoted to physical bases of magnetoelectronic millimetric waves. Magnetoelectronic represents a direction on a joint of physics of the magnetic phenomenainmagnetoarrangedenvironments, radiophysicsofwaveandoscilla- ? toryprocessesinlayeredscreenedbigirotropic(tensorsdielectric ? andmagnetic ? ? penetrabilities) structures, semi-conductor microelectronics and circuitry. The millimetric range gives the certain speci?city to researches. It, ?rst of all: losses andtheirgrowthwithfrequencyinspendingscreensandthemetallizedcoverings, dielectrics, semi-conductor layers, ferrite, increase in effective internal magnetic ?elds and ?elds bias, reduction of the geometrical sizes of coverings, structures andtougheningofadmissionsbymanufacturingandtheassembly, newmethodsof diagnosticsof?lmstructuresofferrite, includingnotdestroying. Promotionofresearcheswasspenttoamillimetricrangeindirections: - Developmentsofmethodsofthetheoreticalanalysisforstudyingpropertiesof varioustypesofconverters; - Developmentofvariouskindsandtypesofconverters; - Development of methods of researches of properties of waves at excitation, receptionanddistributioninlayeredstructuresofvariouskinds; - Carryingoutofexperimentalresearches; - Developmentofmethodsandmeansofnotdestroyingcontrolofparametersof ?lmstructuresofferrite; - Developmentoperatedmagnetoelectronicstructuresanddevicesoflowandhigh levelsofcapacity. In such order the theoretical and experimental material received is stated in thebook.Theseriouscontributiontoseparateresearcheshavebrought: thesenior scienti?cemployee, Dr.LepestkinA.N.(experiment, physicalmodelling);thes- enti?cemployee, Dr.MostovojA.A.(thetheory, physicalmodelling);theyounger scienti?c employee, Dr. Beginin E.N. (programming, calculations, experiments, laboratorybreadboardmodels). The basic sections of the book were read to students of physical faculty of the Saratov State University by it. In a special course "Magnetoelectronics of v vi Foreword microwaveandextremelyhighfrequencies"alsowereaccompaniedbyN.G.Cher- shevskogoincorrespondinglaboratoryinstallations, developedincourseanddegree worksofstudents. The second part of the book - "Heteromagnetic microelectronics (magne- electronics of the active devices)" which is in a stage of a writing and dev- opment of a problem, is devoted to a new direction on creation of multipurpose operated microdevices, the microsystems which are carrying out ?nished fu- tionson formationof variouskindsand spectra of signals in transistor-magnetic, ferrite-semi-conductorstructures(strengthenings, generation, mixture, parametrical effects, multiplication, division, frequencymodulation, magnetosensitivemodes).

A large international conference on Advances in Communication Technologies and EngineeringSciencewasheldinHongKong, March19-21,2008, undertheInter- tional MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2008). The IMECS 2008 is organized by the International Association of Engineers (IAENG). IAENG is a non-pro t international association for the engineers and the computer scientists, whichwasfoundoriginallyin 1968andhasbeenundergoingrapidexp- sions in recent few years. The IMECS conferences serve as good platforms for the engineering community to meet with each other and to exchange ideas. The conf- ences have also stroke a balance between theoretical and application development. The conference committees have been formed with over two hundred committee members who are mainly research center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors, and research scientists from over30 countries.The conferencesare truly international meetings with a high level of participation from many countries. The response that we have received for the congress is excellent. There have been more than ve hundred manuscript submissions for the IMECS 2008. All submitted - pers have gone through the peer review process and the overall acceptance rate is 56.03%. Thisvolumecontainsrevisedandextendedresearcharticleswrittenbyprominent researchers participating in the conference. Topics covered include communi- tions theory, communications protocols, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, electronics, power engineering, controlengineering, signal p- cessing, and industrial applications. The book will offer the states of arts of trem- dousadvancesin communicationsystems and engineeringscience and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working with/on communication technologies and engineering s

Optical communication networks have played and will continue to play a prominent role in the development and deployment of communication network infrastructures. New optical systems and protocols will enable next generation optical networks to meet the diverse requirements from a wide range of new applications and services. Optical networks have evolved to become more flexible, intelligent and reliable. New optical switching architectures, technologies, and sophisticated control and management protocols have already enabled optical networks to be used not only in the core but also the metropolitan and access networks. The widespread deployment of optical communication networks will continue to have a big impact on our future lifestyle. Current Research Progress of Optical Networks is aimed to provide an overview on recent research progresses in optical networking with proposed solutions, survey and tutorials on various issues and topics in optical network technologies and services.

The idea for this manual was created by the author and Birgit Hannemann (now Professor at the University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany) as an internal catalogue of results of several years of investigations at the Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. At this base supplying investigations and the elabo- tion of the manuscript were supported by the Stiftung Industrieforschung, Bonn, Germany. In the course of this the coworkers of the author Eva Gartner, Steffi Kronert and Cornelia Kowol were directly involved. All the SEM pictures result from preparations performed at the Centre of - crotechnologies at the Chemnitz University of Technology (Head: Prof. Thomas Gessner). The author and his coworkers wish to express their thanks to Wolfgang Brauer (mask design), Norbert Zichner (processes), Iris Hobelt (SEM pictures) and the student Karin Preissler (manuscript layout support). In particular thanks are due to the Stiftung Industrieforschung for the financial support and to the Springer V- lag for the edition of this manual."

The striking feature of this book is its coverage of the upper GHz domain. However, the latest technologies, applications and broad range of circuits are discussed. Design examples are provided including cookbook-like optimization strategies. This state-of-the-art book is valuable for researchers as well as for engineers in industry. Furthermore, the book serves as fruitful basis for lectures in the area of IC design.

This book introduces turbo error correcting concept in a simple language, including a general theory and the algorithms for decoding turbo-like code. It presents a unified framework for the design and analysis of turbo codes and LDPC codes and their decoding algorithms.

A major focus is on high speed turbo decoding, which targets applications with data rates of several hundred million bits per second (Mbps).

This book presents the developments and potential applications of Meta-Smith charts, which can be applied to practical and useful transmission line problems (e.g., metamaterial transmission lines and nonreciprocal transmission lines). These problems are beyond the capability of the standard Smith chart to be applied effectively. As any RF engineer is aware, a key property of the Smith chart is the insight it provides, even in very complex design processes. Like the Smith chart, Meta-Smith charts provide a useful way of visualizing transmission line phenomena. They provide useful physical insight, and they can also assist in solving related problems effectively. This book can be used as a companion guide in studying Microwave Engineering for senior undergraduate students as well as for graduate students. It is also recommended for researchers in the RF community, especially those working with periodic transmission line structures and metamaterial transmission lines. Problems are also provided at the end of each chapter for readers to gain a better understanding of material presented in this book. Table of Contents: Essential Transmission Line Theory / Theory of CCITLs / Theory of BCITLs / Meta-Smith Charts for CCITLs and BCITLs / Applications of Meta-Smith Charts

Mformation about a material can be gathered from its interaction with electromagnetic waves. The information may be stored in the amplitude, the phase, the polarisation, the angular distribution of energy transportation or the spectral characteristics. When re trieved from the wave, certain material properties may thus be determined indirectly. Compared on the one hand to direct material analysis, an indirect method requires calibration and is prone to interference from undesired sources. On the other hand, however, it permits the determination of features inaccessible by direct methods, such as non-destructive material interrogation, high measurement speed, or deep penetration depth. However, being a physical method, the use of electromagnetic waves is still handicapped by the lack of acceptance by many chemists, who are used to applying direct approaches. Historically, the first application of electromagnetic wave interaction with mat ter involved measurement of amplitude changes at a single frequency caused by material properties, and it is still used today by some systems. This approach was soon supplemented by single frequency phase measurements, in order to avoid distortions through amplitude instabilities or parasitic reflections. Such single pa rameter measurements of course require dependence only on one variable in the measured process and sufficient stability of all other ancillary conditions. If that is not the case, the single parameter measurement fails."

There has continuously been a massive growth of Internet traffic for these years despite the "bubble burst" in year 2000. As the telecom market is gradually picking up, it would be a consensus in telecom and data-com industries that the CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) to rebuild the network infrastructure to cope with this traffic growth would be imminent, while the OPEX (Operational Expenditures) has to be within a tight constraint. Therefore, the newly built 2r DEGREES-century network has to fully evolve from voice-oriented legacy networks, not only by increasing the transmission capacity of WDM links but also by introducing switching technologies in optical domain to provide full-connectivity to support a wide variety of services. This book stems from the technical contributions presented at the Optical Networks and Technology Conference (OpNeTec), inaugurated this year 2004 in Pisa, Italy, and collects innovations of optical network technologies toward the 2V DEGREES century network. High-quality recent research results on optical networks and related technologies are presented, including IP over WDM integration, burst and packet switchings, control and managements, operation, metro- and access networks, and components and devices in the perspective of network application. An effort has been made throughout the conference, hopefully reflected at least partially in this book, to bring together researchers, scientists, and engineers working both academia and industries to discuss the relative impact of networks on technologies and vice versa, with a vision of the fut

On May 16th 2007 the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Te- nology of the Technische Universitat .. Munchen .. bestowed the degree of the doctor honoris causa to Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer for Extraordinary achievements in the theory of electromagnetic elds. On this special occasion a symposium on Time Domain Methods in Modern Engineering Electrodynamics has been held in honor of P- fessor Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer at the Technische Universitat .. Munchen .. on May 16 and 17, 2007. The symposium topic was focused on the main area of research of Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer, the time domain methods in computational electromagnetics especially the transmission line matrix method and its applications. The transm- sion line matrix method has been developed and rst published by Johns and Beurle in 1971. In the past 20 years Wolfgang Hoefer has given exemplary contributions to the development of the transmission line method. Space and time discretizing time domain methods have emerged as key nume- cal methods in computational electromagnetics. Time domain methods are versatile and can be applied to the solution of wide range of electromagnetic eld pr- lems. Computing the response of an electromagnetic structure to an impulsive - citation localized in space and time provides a comprehensive characterization of the electromagnetic properties of the structure in a wide frequency range. The most important methods are the nite difference time domain and the transmission line matrix methods.

High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology describes high-speed photodiodes in standard CMOS technology which allow monolithic integration of optical receivers for short-haul communication. For short haul communication the cost aspect is important, and therefore it is desirable that the optical receiver can be integrated in the same CMOS technology as the rest of the system. If this is possible then ultimately a singe-chip system including optical inputs becomes feasible, eliminating EMC and crosstalk problems, while data rate can be extremely high.

The problem of photodiodes in standard CMOS technology it that they have very limited bandwidth, allowing data rates up to only 50Mbit per second. High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology first analyzes the photodiode behaviour and compares existing solutions to enhance the speed. After this, the book introduces a new and robust electronic equalizer technique that makes data rates of 3Gb/s possible, without changing the manufacturing technology. The application of this technique can be found in short haul fibre communication, optical printed circuit boards, but also photodiodes for laser disks.

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) stores and retrieves data using devices called RFID tags: objects attached to or incorporated into a product, animal or person which communicate with an RFID reader or interrogator. This book proposes a linear two-port model for an N-stage modified-Greinacher full wave rectifier, predicting the overall conversion efficiency at low power levels where the diodes are operating near their threshold voltage. Included is an experimental procedure to measure how impedance modulation in the tag affects the signal at the reader, and a useful tool for choosing the most appropriate impedances.

Heterogeneous wireless networking, which is sometimes referred to as the fourth-generation (4G) wireless, is a new frontier in the future wireless communications technology and there has been a growing interest on this topic among researchers and engineers in both academia and industry. This book will include a set of research and survey articles featuring the recent advances in theory and applications of heterogeneous wireless networking technology for the next generation (e.g., fourth generation) wireless communications systems. With the rapid growth in the number of wireless applications, services and devices, using a single wireless technology such as a second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) wireless system would not be efficient to deliver high speed data rate and quality-of-service (QoS) support to mobile users in a seamless way. Fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are devised with the vision of heterogeneity in which a mobile user/device will be able to connect to multiple wireless networks (e.g., WLAN, cellular, WMAN) simultaneously. This book intends to provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art of protocols and architectures for heterogeneous wireless networking. The contributed articles will cover both the theoretical concepts and system-level implementation issues related to design, analysis, and optimization of architectures and protocols for heterogeneous wireless access networks.

The editors and authors present a wealth of knowledge regarding the most relevant aspects in the field of MOS transistor modeling. The first chapter lays out the 2/3D process and device simulations as an effective tool for a better understanding of the internal behavior of semiconductor structures and this with a focus on high-voltage MOSFET devices. Subsequently, the mainstream developments of both the PSP and the EKV models are discussed in detail. These physics-based MOSFET models are compared to the measurement-based models which are frequently used in RF applications. The comparison includes an overview of the relevant empirical models and measurement techniques. The following chapters include SOI-specific aspects, modeling enhancement of small geometry MOSFET devices and a survey of quantum effects in devices and circuits. Finally, an explanation of hardware description languages such as VHDL-AMS and Verilog-A is offered and shows the possibilities of the practical implementation and standardization of the different modeling methodologies found in the preceding chapters.

The variety of subjects and the high quality of content of this volume make it a reference document for researchers and users of MOSFET devices and models. The book can be recommended to everyone who is involved in compact model developments, numerical TCAD modeling, parameter extraction, space-level simulation or model standardization. The book will appeal equally to PhD students who want to understand the ins and outs of MOSFETs as well as to modeling designers working in the analog and high-frequency areas.