Porous Semiconductors: Optical Properties and Applications provides an examination of porous semiconductor materials. Beginning with a description of the basic electrochemistry of porous semiconductors and the different kinds of porous semiconductor materials that can be fabricated, the book moves on to describe the fabrication processes used in the production of porous semiconductor optical components. Concluding the text, a number of optical components based on porous semiconductor materials are discussed in depth.

Porous Semiconductors: Optical Properties and Applications provides a thorough grounding in the design, fabrication and theory behind the optical applications of porous semiconductor materials for graduate and undergraduate students interested in optics, photonics, MEMS, and material science. The book is also a valuable reference for scientists, researchers, and engineers in the field of optics and materials science.

Internet traffic is increasing by at least 200% per year and this is the first book to report on the current state-of-the-art of packet-switching architectures. The book to covers the subject in a comprehensive survey and presents contributions from the leading researchers in industry and universities. A mix of theoretical and practical material makes this book an essential reference for researchers in academia as well as industrial engineers.

"Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology - A Practical Engineering Guide" deals with all the most important digital television, sound radio and multimedia standards such as MPEG, DVB, DVD, DAB, ATSC, T-DMB, DMB-T, DRM and ISDB-T. The book provides an in-depth look at these subjects in terms of practical experience. In addition it contains chapters on the basics of technologies such as analog television, digital modulation, COFDM or mathematical transformations between time and frequency domains. The attention in the respective field under discussion is focussed on aspects of measuring techniques and of measuring practice, in each case consolidating the knowledge imparted with numerous practical examples. This book is directed primarily at the specialist working in the field, on transmitters and transmission equipment, network planning, studio technology, playout centers and multiplex center technology and in the development departments for entertainment electronics or TV test engineering. Since the intire field of electrical communications technology is traversed in a wide arc, those who are students in this field are not excluded either. The third edition of this well established reference work includes the new formats MPEG-4 und IPTV, and it already gives an outlook to the newest standards like DVB-SH and DVB-T2.

Wireless technology and handheld devices are dramatically changing the degrees of interaction throughout the world, further creating a ubiquitous network society. The emergence of advanced wireless telecommunication technologies and devices in today's society has increased accuracy and access rate, all of which are increasingly essential as the volume of information handled by users expands at an accelerated pace. The requirement for mobility leads to increasing pressure for applications and wireless systems to revolve around the concept of continuous communication with anyone, anywhere, and anytime. With the wireless technology and devices come ?exibility in network design and quicker deployment time. Over the past decades, numerous wireless telecommu- cation topics have received increasing attention from industry professionals, a- demics, and government agencies. Among these topics are the wireless Internet; multimedia; 3G/4G wireless networks and systems; mobile and wireless network security; wireless network modeling, algorithms, and simulation; satellite based s- tems; 802.11x; RFID; and broadband wireless access.

Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods, and Equipment offers a unified approach to fundamental aspects of Automated Radio Monitoring (ARM). The authors discuss the development, modeling, design, and manufacture of ARM systems. Data from established and recent research are presented and recommendations are made on methods and approaches for solving common problems in ARM. The authors also provide classification and detailed descriptions of modern high-efficient hardware-software ARM equipment, including the equipment for detection, radio direction-finding, parameters measurement and their analysis, and the identification and localization of the electromagnetic field sources. Examples of ARM equipment structure, applications, and software are provided to manage a variety of complicated interference environment in the industrial centers, inside of the buildings, and in the open terrain. This book provides a reference for professionals and researchers interested in deploying ARM technology as a tool for solving problems from radio frequency spectrum usage control.

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of "optics" but more from the perspective of an engineering field within "optoelectronics.

This book is concerned with remote sensing based on the technology of imaging radar. It assumes no prior knowledge of radar on the part of the reader, commencing with a treatment of the essential concepts of microwave imaging and progressing through to the development of multipolarisation and interferometric radar, modes which underpin contemporary applications of the technology. The use of radar for imaging the earth's surface and its resources is not recent. Aircraft-based microwave systems were operating in the 1960s, ahead of optical systems that image in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. Optical remote sensing was given a strong impetus with the launch of the first of the Landsat series of satellites in the mid 1970s. Although the Seasat satellite launched in the same era (1978) carried an imaging radar, it operated only for about 12 months and there were not nearly so many microwave systems as optical platforms in service during the 1980s. As a result, the remote sensing community globally tended to develop strongly around optical imaging until Shuttle missions in the early to mid 1980s and free-flying imaging radar satellites in the early to mid 1990s became available, along with several sophisticated aircraft platforms. Since then, and particularly with the unique capabilities and flexibility of imaging radar, there has been an enormous surge of interest in microwave imaging technology. Unlike optical imaging, understanding the theoretical underpinnings of imaging radar can be challenging, particularly when new to the field.

Laser heterodyning is now a widespread optical technique, based on interference of two waves with slightly different frequencies within the sensitive area of a photo-detector. Its unique feature preserving phase information about optical wave in the electrical signal of the photo-detector finds numerous applications in various domains of applied optics and optoelectronics: in spectroscopy, polarimetry, radiometry, laser radars and lidars, microscopy and other areas. The reader may be surprised by the variety of disciplines that this book covers and satisfied by detailed explanation of the phenomena. Very well illustrated, this book will be helpful for researches, postgraduates and students, working in applied optics."

The advances in the theory of diffraction gratings and the applications of these results certainly determine the progress in several areas of applied science and engineering. The polarization converters, phase shifters and filters, quantum and solid-state oscillators, open quasi optical dispersive resonators and power compressors, slow-wave structures and patter forming systems, accelerators and spectrometer; that is still far from being a complete list of devices exploiting the amazing ability of periodic structures to perform controlled frequency, spatial, and polarization selection of signals.

Diffraction gratings used to be and still are one of the most popular objects of analysis in electromagnetic theory. The further development of the theory of diffraction gratings, in spite of considerable achievements, is still very important presently. The requirements of applied optics and microwave engineering present the theory of diffraction gratings with many new problems which force us to search for new methods and tools for their resolution. Just in such way there appeared recently new fields, connected with the analysis, synthesis and definition of equivalent parameters of artificial materials layers and coatings, having periodic structure and possessing features, which can be found in natural materials only in extraordinary or exceptional situations.

In this book the authors present results of the electromagnetic theory of diffraction gratings that may constitute the base of further development of this theory which can meet the challenges provided by the most recent requirements of fundamental and applied science.

The following issues will be considered in the book

• Authentic methods of analytical regularization, that perfectly match the requirements of analysis of resonant scattering of electromagnetic waves by gratings;
• Spectral theory of gratings, providing a reliable foundation for the analysis of spatial frequency transformations of electromagnetic fields occurring in open periodic resonators and waveguides;
• Parametric Fourier method and C-method, that are oriented towards the efficient numerical analysis of transformation properties of fields in the case of arbitrary profile periodic boundary between dielectric media and multilayered conformal arrays;
• Rigorous methods for analysis of transient processes and time-spatial transformations of electromagnetic waves in resonant situations, based on development and incorporation in standard numerical routines of FDTD of so called explicit absorbing boundary conditions;
• New approaches to the solution of homogenization problems the key problem arising in construction of metamaterials and meta surfaces;
• New physical results about the resonance scattering of pulse and monochromatic waves by periodic structures, including structures with chiral or left-handed materials;
• Methods and the results of the solutions of several actual applied problems of analysis and synthesis of pattern creating gratings, power compressors, resonance radiators of high capacity short radio pulses, open electromagnetic structures for the systems of resonant quasi optics and absorbing coatings.

This book considers problems of optimization arising in the design of electromagnetic radiators and receivers, presenting a systematic general theory applicable to a wide class of structures. The theory is illustrated with examples, and indications of how the results can be applied to more complicated structures. The final chapter introduces techniques from multicriteria optimization in antenna design. References to mathematics and engineering literature guide readers through the necessary mathematical background.

This book is subdivided into three main Parts. The common spirit in these parts is to provide, at the beginning of each, a comprehensive introduction into the subject treated, followed by specific aspects pertaining to the modelling and/or measuring particularities arlsmg from the investigation of photonic devices for telecommunications. Some of the devices treated here can be considered as widely known and well established. Others are rather new and their potential for applications is not yet fully exploited. The methods to model and measure photonic in this book and the comparison of results obtained devices and structures outlined by applying such methods are likely to interest both the engineer investigating the of a device in a system and the engineer looking for new ways to explore behaviour the possibilities offered by emerging devices. Many authors have contributed to this book. There are two main reasons for this. in photonic device research, modelling First, the book addresses two broad fields and measurements, for which a vast knowledge exists in many research groups that was not integrated in a book before. Second, a significant number of laboratories decided to closely co-operate in order to gain additional information on merits and drawbacks of their own methods for simulation and experimentation of devices as compared to the methods used by their colleagues in other laboratories. The outcome are new aspects and approaches that would not have been investigated in the absence of a framework for a co-operative programme.

"Theory, Analysis and Design of RF Interferometric Sensors" presents the theory, analysis and design of RF interferometric sensors. RF interferometric sensors are attractive for various sensing applications that require every fine resolution and accuracy as well as fast speed. The book also presents two millimeter-wave interferometric sensors realized using RF integrated circuits. The developed millimeter-wave homodyne sensor shows sub-millimeter resolution in the order of 0.05 mm without correction for the non-linear phase response of the sensor's quadrature mixer. The designed millimeter-wave double-channel homodyne sensor provides a resolution of only 0.01 mm, or 1/840th of the operating wavelength, and can inherently suppress the non-linearity of the sensor's quadrature mixer. The experimental results of displacement and velocity measurement are presented as a way to demonstrate the sensing ability of the RF interferometry and to illustrate its many possible applications in sensing.
The book is succinct, yet the material is very much self-contained, enabling readers with an undergraduate background in electrical engineering or physics with some experiences or graduate courses in RF circuits to understand easily.

Millimeter-Wave Waveguides is a monograph devoted to open waveguides for millimeter wave applications. In the first chapters, general waveguide theory is presented (with the emphasis on millimeter wave applications). Next, the book systematically describes the results of both theoretical and experimental studies of rectangular dielectric rod waveguides with high dielectric permittivities. Simple and accurate methods for propagation constant calculations for isotropic as well as anisotropic dielectric waveguides are described. Both analytical and numerical approaches are covered. Different types of transitions have been simulated in order to find optimal configurations as well as optimal dimensions of dielectric waveguides for the frequency band of 75-110 GHz. Simple and effective design is presented. The experimental studies of dielectric waveguides show that Sapphire waveguide can be utilized for this frequency band as a very low-loss waveguide. Design of antennas with low return loss based on dielectric waveguides is also described.

Adaptive Antenna Arrays: Trends and Applications is a compilation of the works and insights of various key scientists and engineers who are involved in this area. Its contents address the current and future trends of scenarios for employing adaptive antenna arrays in communication systems. The complete spectrum of concepts and operations of adaptive antenna arrays are discussed. This book can serve as a quick reference for engineers, researchers, final year undergraduate and postgraduate students.

There has been a revived interest in Raman amplification due to the availability of high pump powers and improvements in small core size fibers. Two general categories of Raman amplifiers exist: distributed and discrete, also known as DRAs. They improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of the amplifier, allowing for longer amplifiers spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacings, and operation near the zero dispersion wavelength. DRAs are already becoming commonplace in most long-haul networks. Consequently, Raman amplifiers should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years. This edited monograph is written by leading experts in this area and is the first book entirely devoted to Raman amplification. Three sections include extensive background on Raman physics, descriptions of sub-systems and modules utilizing Raman technology, and a review of current state-of-the-art systems. Technologies presented include applications for long-haul and ultra-long-haul submarine, terrestrial, soliton, and high-speed systems. This book will be a resource for scientists and optical engineers in optoelectronics, fiber optics, telecommunication, and optical networks.

This edited monograph is written by leading experts in this area and is the first book entirely devoted to Raman amplification. Three sections include extensive background on Raman physics, descriptions of sub-systems and modules utilizing Raman technology, and a review of current state-of-the-art systems.

Survivable Optical WDM Networks investigates different approaches for designing and operating an optical network with the objectives that (1) more connections can be carried by a given network, leading to more revenue, and (2) connections can recover faster in case of failures, leading to better services. Different networks wavelength-routed WDM networks, wavelength-routed WDM networks with sub-wavelength granularity grooming, and data over next-generation SONET/SDH over WDM networks are covered. Different approaches are proposed to explore every aspect of a protection scheme such as:

(1) Protection granularity: a. At wavelength granularity. b. At sub-wavelength granularity

(2) Protection entity: a. Path protection. b. Sub-path protection. c. Segment protection.

(3) Routing: a. Single-path routing. b. Multi-path routing.

Tradeoffs between different objectives, e.g., resource efficiency vs. recovery time, are explored and practical approaches are proposed and analyzed."

Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) has become the tool to design any type of public security systems, in particular due to the strongly increased security demands for mobile systems. In this book, the authors show how TETRA can be strongly improved and these improvements will most probably be part of future TETRA standards. The areas examined include channel assignment and multiple access techniques, video transmission, wireless LAN integration, and the establishment of multiple wireless mesh networks. Since the requirements for these networks is security, the authors show that innovative techniques such as those based on chaotic signals can be used in order to maximize security.

The book is a vital reference point for researchers with ambition to find the general solution for modern problems of public safety.

Smart energy management, both at design time and at run time, is indispensable in modern radios. It requires a careful trade-off between the system s performance, and its power consumption. Moreover, the design has to be dynamically reconfigurable to optimally balance these parameters at run time, depending on the current operating conditions.

Energy Scalable Radio Design describes and applies an energy-driven design strategy to the design of an energy-efficient, highly scalable, pulsed UWB receiver, suitable for low data rate communication and sub-cm ranging. This book meticulously covers the different design steps and the adopted optimizations: System level air interface selection, architectural/algorithmic design space exploration, algorithmic refinement (acquisition, synchronization and ranging algorithms) and circuit level (RTL) implementation based on the FLEXmodule-concept. Measurement results demonstrate the effectiveness and necessity of the energy-driven design strategy."

While many articles have been written on microwave devices, a great majority of them are prepared for specialists dealing in specific aspects of microwave engineering. At the same time, material at a fundamental level in tutorial form is extremely limited, especially for stu dents who need to acquire basic knowledge in the field. Individuals seeking to gain a prelim inary understanding of microwave circuits are usually relegated with little success to the end less search from one reference source to another. For non-experts, sequential derivations of basic relations are rarely available and extremely difficult to locate. The purpose of this volume is to collect in one place the essential fundamental principles for a group of microwave devices. The chosen devices are those which form the basic modules found in practical microwave systems. Thus, these devices provide the crucial build ing blocks in common microwave systems, and their inherent characteristics are also the basis of some of the fundamental concepts in more complex devices. The material is presented in a continuous, self-contained manner. With the appropriate background, readers should be able to follow and understand the contents without the need for additional references.

Deployment of Rare Earth Materials in Microware Devices, RF Transmitters, and Laser Systems describes the deployment of rare earth materials that offer significant improvement in the RF performance, reliability, weight, and size of microwave devices, RF transmitters, and laser systems. RF components, microware transmitters, laser systems, and special timing devices are described, with an emphasis on improvement in the performance parameters.

The Fourier transform technique has been widely used in electrical engineer ing, which covers signal processing, communication, system control, electro magnetics, and optics. The Fourier transform-technique is particularly useful in electromagnetics and optics since it provides a convenient mathematical representation for wave scattering, diffraction, and propagation. Thus the Fourier transform technique has been long applied to the wave scattering problems that are often encountered in microwave antenna, radiation, diffrac tion, and electromagnetic interference. In order to u derstand wave scattering in general, it is necessary to solve the wave equation subject to the prescribed boundary conditions. The purpose of this monograph is to present rigorous so lutions to the boundary-value problems by solving the wave equation based on the Fourier transform. In this monograph the technique of separation of vari ables is used to solve the wave equation for canonical scattering geometries such as conducting waveguide structures and rectangular/circular apertures. The Fourier transform, mode-matching, and residue calculus techniques are applied to obtain simple, analytic, and rapidly-convergent series solutions. The residue calculus technique is particularly instrumental in converting the solutions into series representations that are efficient and amenable to nu merical analysis. We next summarize the steps of analysis method for the scattering problems considered in this book. 1. Divide the scattering domain into closed and open regions. 2. Represent the scattered fields in the closed and open regions in terms of the Fourier series and transform, respectively. 3."

This book summarizes the proceedings of the invited talks presented at the International Symposium of Physics and Application of Optical Solitons in Fibers held in Kyoto during November 14 to 17,1995. As a result of worldwide demand for ultra high bitrate transmissions and increased scientific interests from the soliton community, research on optical solitons in fibers has made a remarkable progress in recent years. In view of these trends, and with the support of the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Research Group for Optical Soliton Communications (ROSC), chaired by Akira Hasegawa, was established in Japan in April 1995 to promote collaboration and information exchange 'among communication service companies, industries and academic circles in the theory and application of optical solitons. This symposium was organized as a part of the ROSC activities. The symposium attracted enthusiastic response by worldwide researchers involved in this subject which has lead to the most intensive meeting that the editor ever attended. The reader will find the contents to be well-balanced among theory, experiment and technology. Although the evaluation of the contents shall naturally depend on the particular area of interest of the reader, the symposium has confirmed that the soliton based light wave transmission has achieved the best result in one channel, both in distance of transmission and in bitrate although in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems, NRZ transmission has yet better result.

Research into microwave radiation from the Earth s surface in the presence of vegetation canopies, as well as the development of algorithms for retrieval of soil and vegetation parameters from microwave radiometric measurements, have been actively conducted for the last thirty years by many scientific groups and organizations all over the world. The capability of the microwave radiometric method to determine soil moisture and vegetation biometric indices was revealed a quarter of a century ago by the author and many of his colleagues. In fact, soil moisture and vegetation covers play a key role in the hydrological cycle and in water and energy transfer on the border of land surface and atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Accomplishment of large international projects that include global monitoring of the hydrological state of land surface (EOS Aqua, SMOS, Hydros, and others) shows that microwave radiometry of soil and vegetation more and more has become an instrument of practical application and operational use. In this respect, a systematic account of questions concerning the microwave radiometry of the Earth s surface in the presence of vegetation canopies seems to be useful and is the main objective of the book."

This book introduces the concept of voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Detailed explanation is given of this promising new class of high resolution and low power ADCs, which use time quantization as opposed to traditional analog-based (i.e. voltage) ADCs.