Advanced communication scenarios demand the development of new systemswhere antenna theory, channel propagation and communication models are seen from a common perspective as a way to understand and optimize the system as a whole. In this context, a comprehensive multiantenna formulation for multiple-input multiple-output systems is presented with a special emphasis on the connection of the electromagnetic and communication principles. Starting from the capacity for amultiantenna system, the book reviews radiation, propagation, and communicationmechanisms, paying particular attention to the vectorial, directional, and timefrequency characteristics of the wireless communication equation for low- and high-scattering environments. Based on the previous concepts, different space-time methods for diversity and multiplexing applications are discussed, multiantenna modeling is studied, and specific tools are introduced to analyze the antenna coupling mechanisms and formulate appropriate decorrelation techniques.Miniaturization techniques for closely spaced antennas are studied, and its fundamental limits and optimization strategies are reviewed. Finally, different practical multiantenna topologies for new communication applications are presented, and its main parameters discussed. A relevant feature is a collection of synthesis exercises that review the main topics of the book and introduces state-of-the art system architectures and parameters, facilitating its use either as a text book or as a support tool for multiantenna systems design. Table of Contents: Principles of Multiantenna Communication Systems / The Radio Channel for MIMO Communication Systems / Coding Theory for MIMO Communication Systems / Antenna Modeling for MIMO Communication Systems / Design of MPAs for MIMO Communication Systems / Design Examples and Performance Analysis of Different MPAs / References / List of Acronyms / List of Symbols / Operators and Mathematical Symbols

This book provides a brief overview of the popular Finite Element Method (FEM) and its hybrid versions for electromagnetics with applications to radar scattering, antennas and arrays, guided structures, microwave components, frequency selective surfaces, periodic media, and RF materials characterizations and related topics. It starts by presenting concepts based on Hilbert and Sobolev spaces as well as Curl and Divergence spaces for generating matrices, useful in all engineering simulation methods. It then proceeds to present applications of the finite element and finite element-boundary integral methods for scattering and radiation. Applications to periodic media, metamaterials and bandgap structures are also included. The hybrid volume integral equation method for high contrast dielectrics and is presented for the first time. Another unique feature of the book is the inclusion of design optimization techniques and their integration within commercial numerical analysis packages for shape and material design. To aid the reader with the method's utility, an entire chapter is devoted to two-dimensional problems. The book can be considered as an update on the latest developments since the publication of our earlier book (Finite Element Method for Electromagnetics, IEEE Press, 1998). The latter is certainly complementary companion to this one.

This book presents a new global optimization technique using Taguchi's method and its applications in electromagnetics and antenna engineering. Compared with traditional optimization techniques, Taguchi's optimization method is easy to implement and very efficient in reaching optimum solutions. Taguchi's optimization method is developed based on the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which offers a systematic and efficient way to select design parameters. The book illustrates the basic implementation procedure of Taguchi's optimization method and discusses various advanced techniques for performance improvement. In addition, the integration of Taguchi's optimization method with commercial electromagnetics software is introduced in the book. The proposed optimization method is used in various linear antenna arrays, microstrip filters, and ultra-wideband antenna designs. Successful examples include linear antenna array with a null controlled pattern, linear antenna array with a sector beam, linear antenna array with reduced side lobe levels, microstrip band stop filter, microstrip band pass filter, coplanar waveguide band stop filter, coplanar ultra-wide band antenna, and ultra-wide band antenna with band notch feature. Satisfactory results obtained from the design process demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed Taguchi's optimization method. Contents: Introduction / Orthagonal Arrays / Taguchi's Optimization Method / Linear Antenna Array Designs / Planar Filter Designs / Ultra-wide Band (UWB) Antenna Designs / OA-PSO Method / Conclusions

Computational Electronics is devoted to state of the art numerical techniques and physical models used in the simulation of semiconductor devices from a semi-classical perspective. Computational electronics, as a part of the general Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) field, has become increasingly important as the cost of semiconductor manufacturing has grown exponentially, with a concurrent need to reduce the time from design to manufacture. The motivation for this volume is the need within the modeling and simulation community for a comprehensive text which spans basic drift-diffusion modeling, through energy balance and hydrodynamic models, and finally particle based simulation. One unique feature of this book is a specific focus on numerical examples, particularly the use of commercially available software in the TCAD community. The concept for this book originated from a first year graduate course on computational electronics, taught now for several years, in the Electrical Engineering Department at Arizona State University. Numerous exercises and projects were derived from this course and have been included. The prerequisite knowledge is a fundamental understanding of basic semiconductor physics, the physical models for various device technologies such as pndiodes, bipolar junction transistors, and field effect transistors.

Support Vector Machines (SVM) were introduced in the early 90's as a novel nonlinear solution for classification and regression tasks. These techniques have been proved to have superior performances in a large variety of real world applications due to their generalization abilities and robustness against noise and interferences. This book introduces a set of novel techniques based on SVM that are applied to antenna array processing and electromagnetics. In particular, it introduces methods for linear and nonlinear beamforming and parameter design for arrays and electromagnetic applications.

This series lecture is an introduction to the finite element method with applications in electromagnetics. The finite element method is a numerical method that is used to solve boundary-value problems characterized by a partial differential equation and a set of boundary conditions. The geometrical domain of a boundary-value problem is discretized using sub-domain elements, called the finite elements, and the differential equation is applied to a single element after it is brought to a "weak" integro-differential form. A set of shape functions is used to represent the primary unknown variable in the element domain. A set of linear equations is obtained for each element in the discretized domain. A global matrix system is formed after the assembly of all elements. This lecture is divided into two chapters. Chapter 1 describes one-dimensional boundary-value problems with applications to electrostatic problems described by the Poisson's equation. The accuracy of the finite element method is evaluated for linear and higher order elements by computing the numerical error based on two different definitions. Chapter 2 describes two-dimensional boundary-value problems in the areas of electrostatics and electrodynamics (time-harmonic problems). For the second category, an absorbing boundary condition was imposed at the exterior boundary to simulate undisturbed wave propagation toward infinity. Computations of the numerical error were performed in order to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method in solving electromagnetic problems. Both chapters are accompanied by a number of Matlab codes which can be used by the reader to solve one- and two-dimensional boundary-value problems. These codes can be downloaded from the publisher's URL: www.morganclaypool.com/page/polycarpou This lecture is written primarily for the nonexpert engineer or the undergraduate or graduate student who wants to learn, for the first time, the finite element method with applications to electromagnetics. It is also targeted for research engineers who have knowledge of other numerical techniques and want to familiarize themselves with the finite element method. The lecture begins with the basics of the method, including formulating a boundary-value problem using a weighted-residual method and the Galerkin approach, and continues with imposing all three types of boundary conditions including absorbing boundary conditions. Another important topic of emphasis is the development of shape functions including those of higher order. In simple words, this series lecture provides the reader with all information necessary for someone to apply successfully the finite element method to one- and two-dimensional boundary-value problems in electromagnetics. It is suitable for newcomers in the field of finite elements in electromagnetics.

This book is the first of two volumes which have been created to provide an understanding of the basic principles and applications of electromagnetic fields for electrical engineering students. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 1: Internal Behavior of Lumped Elements focuses upon the DC and low-frequency behavior of electromagnetic fields within lumped elements. The properties of electromagnetic fields provide the basis for predicting the terminal characteristics of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The properties of magnetic circuits are included as well. For slightly higher frequencies for which the lumped elements are a significant fraction of a wavelength in size the second volume of this set, Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 2: Quasistatics and Waves, examines how the low-frequency models of lumped elements are modified to include parasitic elements. Upon completion of understanding the two volumes of this book, students will have gained the necessary knowledge to progress to advanced studies of electromagnetics.

This book presents a method that allows the use of multiresolution principles in a time domain electromagnetic modeling technique that is applicable to general structures. The multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) technique, as it is often called, is presented for general basis functions. Additional techniques that are presented here allow the modeling of complex structures using a subcell representation that permits the modeling discrete electromagnetic effects at individual equivalent grid points. This is accomplished by transforming the application of the effects at individual points in the grid into the wavelet domain. In this work, the MRTD technique is derived for a general wavelet basis using a relatively compact vector notation that both makes the technique easier to understand and illustrates the differences between MRTD basis functions. In addition, techniques such as the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) for arbitrary wavelet resolution and non-uniform gridding are presented. Using these techniques, any structure that can be simulated in Yee-FDTD can be modeled with in MRTD.

This book presents a step-by-step discussion of the 3D integration approach for the development of compact system-on-package (SOP) front-ends.Various examples of fully-integrated passive building blocks (cavity/microstip filters, duplexers, antennas), as well as a multilayer ceramic (LTCC) V-band transceiver front-end midule demonstrate the revolutionary effects of this approach in RF/Wireless packaging and multifunctional miniaturization. Designs covered are based on novel ideas and are presented for the first time for millimeterwave (60GHz) ultrabroadband wireless modules. Table of Contents: Introduction / Background on Technologies for Millimeter-Wave Passive Front-Ends / Three-Dimensional Packaging in Multilayer Organic Substrates / Microstrip-Type Integrated Passives / Cavity-Type Integrated Passives / Three-Dimensional Antenna Architectures / Fully Integrated Three-Dimensional Passive Front-Ends / References

This publication provides a comprehensive and systematically organized coverage of higher order finite-difference time-domain or FDTD schemes, demonstrating their potential role as a powerful modeling tool in computational electromagnetics. Special emphasis is drawn on the analysis of contemporary waveguide and antenna structures. Acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in the evolution of the original Yee's algorithm, the higher order FDTD operators remain the subject of an ongoing scientific research. Among their indisputable merits, one can distinguish the enhanced levels of accuracy even for coarse grid resolutions, the fast convergence rates, and the adjustable stability. In fact, as the fabrication standards of modern systems get stricter, it is apparent that such properties become very appealing for the accomplishment of elaborate and credible designs.

As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. Smart antenna systems are capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is a promise for an effective solution to the present wireless systems' problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed high-data-rate transmission. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader a broad view of the system aspects of smart antennas. In fact, smart antenna systems comprise several critical areas such as individual antenna array design, signal processing algorithms, space-time processing, wireless channel modeling and coding, and network performance. In this book we include an overview of smart antenna concepts, introduce some of the areas that impact smart antennas, and examine the influence of interaction and integration of these areas to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In addition, the general principles and major benefits of using space-time processing are introduced, especially employing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques.

This book presents the topic in electromagnetics known as Transmission-Line Modeling or Matrix method-TLM. While it is written for engineering students at graduate and advanced undergraduate levels, it is also highly suitable for specialists in computational electromagnetics working in industry, who wish to become familiar with the topic. The main method of implementation of TLM is via the time-domain differential equations, however, this can also be via the frequency-domain differential equations. The emphasis in this book is on the time-domain TLM. Physical concepts are emphasized here before embarking onto mathematical development in order to provide simple, straightforward suggestions for the development of models that can then be readily programmed for further computations. Sections with strong mathematical flavors have been included where there are clear methodological advantages forming the basis for developing practical modeling tools. The book can be read at different depths depending on the background of the reader, and can be consulted as and when the need arises.

This monograph is a comprehensive presentation of state-of-the-art methodologies that can dramatically enhance the efficiency of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique, the most popular electromagnetic field solver of the time-domain form of Maxwell's equations. These methodologies are aimed at optimally tailoring the computational resources needed for the wideband simulation of microwave and optical structures to their geometry, as well as the nature of the field solutions they support. That is achieved by the development of robust "adaptive meshing" approaches, which amount to varying the total number of unknown field quantities in the course of the simulation to adapt to temporally or spatially localized field features. While mesh adaptation is an extremely desirable FDTD feature, known to reduce simulation times by orders of magnitude, it is not always robust. The specific techniques presented in this book are characterized by stability and robustness. Therefore, they are excellent computer analysis and design (CAD) tools. The book starts by introducing the FDTD technique, along with challenges related to its application to the analysis of real-life microwave and optical structures. It then proceeds to developing an adaptive mesh refinement method based on the use of multiresolution analysis and, more specifically, the Haar wavelet basis. Furthermore, a new method to embed a moving adaptive mesh in FDTD, the dynamically adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) FDTD technique, is introduced and explained in detail. To highlight the properties of the theoretical tools developed in the text, a number of applications are presented, including: Microwave integrated circuits (microstrip filters, couplers, spiral inductors, cavities). Optical power splitters, Y-junctions, and couplers Optical ring resonators Nonlinear optical waveguides. Building on first principles of time-domain electromagnetic simulations, this book presents advanced concepts and cutting-edge modeling techniques in an intuitive way for programmers, engineers, and graduate students. It is designed to provide a solid reference for highly efficient time-domain solvers, employed in a wide range of exciting applications in microwave/millimeter-wave and optical engineering.

This book is the second of two volumes which have been created to provide an understanding of the basic principles and applications of electromagnetic fields for electrical engineering students. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 2: Quasistatics and Waves examines how the low-frequency models of lumped elements are modified to include parasitic elements. For even higher frequencies, wave behavior in space and on transmission lines is explained. Finally, the textbook concludes with details of transmission line properties and applications. Upon completion of this book and its companion Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 1: Internal Behavior of Lumped Elements, with a focus on the DC and low-frequency behavior of electromagnetic fields within lumped elements, students will have gained the necessary knowledge to progress to advanced studies of electromagnetics.

This book introduces the Mellin-transform method for the exact calculation of one-dimensional definite integrals, and illustrates the application if this method to electromagnetics problems. Once the basics have been mastered, one quickly realizes that the method is extremely powerful, often yielding closed-form expressions very difficult to come up with other methods or to deduce from the usual tables of integrals. Yet, as opposed to other methods, the present method is very straightforward to apply; it usually requires laborious calculations, but little ingenuity. Two functions, the generalized hypergeometric function and the Meijer G-function, are very much related to the Mellin-transform method and arise frequently when the method is applied. Because these functions can be automatically handled by modern numerical routines, they are now much more useful than they were in the past. The Mellin-transform method and the two aforementioned functions are discussed first. Then the method is applied in three examples to obtain results, which, at least in the antenna/electromagnetics literature, are believed to be new. In the first example, a closed-form expression, as a generalized hypergeometric function, is obtained for the power radiated by a constant-current circular-loop antenna. The second example concerns the admittance of a 2-D slot antenna. In both these examples, the exact closed-form expressions are applied to improve upon existing formulas in standard antenna textbooks. In the third example, a very simple expression for an integral arising in recent, unpublished studies of unbounded, biaxially anisotropic media is derived. Additional examples are also briefly discussed.

This lecture explores the emerging area of reconfigurable antennas from basic concepts that provide insight into fundamental design approaches to advanced techniques and examples that offer important new capabilities for next-generation applications. Antennas are necessary and critical components of communication and radar systems, but sometimes their inability to adjust to new operating scenarios can limit system performance. Making antennas reconfigurable so that their behavior can adapt with changing system requirements or environmental conditions can ameliorate or eliminate these restrictions and provide additional levels of functionality for any system. For example, reconfigurable antennas on portable wireless devices can help to improve a noisy connection or redirect transmitted power to conserve battery life. In large phased arrays, reconfigurable antennas could be used to provide additional capabilities that may result in wider instantaneous frequency bandwidths, more extensive scan volumes, and radiation patterns with more desirable side lobe distributions. Written for individuals with a range of experience, from those with only limited prior knowledge of antennas to those working in the field today, this lecture provides both theoretical foundations and practical considerations for those who want to learn more about this exciting subject. Contents: Introduction / Definitions of Critical Parameters for Antenna Operation / Linkage Between Frequency Response and Radiation Characteristics: Implications for Reconfigurable Antennas / Methods for Achieving Frequency Response Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Polarization Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Compound Reconfigurable Antennas / Practical Issues for Implementing Reconfigurable Antennas / Conclusions and Directions for Future work

Scanning arrays present the radar or communications engineer with the ultimate in antenna flexibility. They also present a multitude of new opportunities and new challenges that need to be addressed. In order to describe the needs for scanned array development, this book begins with a brief discussion of the history that led to present array antennas. This text is a compact but comprehensive treatment of the scanned array, from the underlying basis for array pattern behavior to the engineering choices leading to successful design. The book describes the scanned array in terms of radiation from apertures and wire antennas and introduces the effects resulting directly from scanning, including beam broadening, impedance mismatch and gain reduction and pattern squint and those effects of array periodicity including grating and quantization lobes and array blindness. The text also presents the engineering tools for improving pattern control and array efficiency including lattice selection, subarrray technology and pattern synthesis. Equations and figurers quantify the phenomena being described and provide the reader with the tools to tradeoff various performance features. The discussions proceed beyond the introductory material and to the state of the art in modern array design. Contents: Basic Principles and Applications of Array Antennas / Element Coupling Effects in Array Antennas / Array Pattern Synthesis / Subarray Techniques for Limited Field of View and Wide Band Applications

In this work, an iterative approach using the finite difference frequency domain method is presented to solve the problem of scattering from large-scale electromagnetic structures. The idea of the proposed iterative approach is to divide one computational domain into smaller subregions and solve each subregion separately. Then the subregion solutions are combined iteratively to obtain a solution for the complete domain. As a result, a considerable reduction in the computation time and memory is achieved. This procedure is referred to as the iterative multiregion (IMR) technique. Different enhancement procedures are investigated and introduced toward the construction of this technique. These procedures are the following: 1) a hybrid technique combining the IMR technique and a method of moment technique is found to be efficient in producing accurate results with a remarkable computer memory saving; 2) the IMR technique is implemented on a parallel platform that led to a tremendous computational time saving; 3) together, the multigrid technique and the incomplete lower and upper preconditioner are used with the IMR technique to speed up the convergence rate of the final solution, which reduces the total computational time. Thus, the proposed iterative technique, in conjunction with the enhancement procedures, introduces a novel approach to solving large open-boundary electromagnetic problems including unconnected objects in an efficient and robust way. Contents: Basics of the FDFD Method / IMR Technique for Large-Scale Electromagnetic Scattering Problems: 3D Case / IMR Technique for Large-Scale Electromagnetic Scattering Problems: 2D Case / The IMR Algorithm Using a Hybrid FDFD and Method of Moments Technique / Parallelization of the Iterative Multiregion Technique / Combined Multigrid Technique and IMR Algorithm / Concluding Remarks / Appendices

This lecture presents the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) used to simulate free space when solving the Maxwell equations with such finite methods as the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method or the finite element method. The frequency domain and the time domain equations are derived for the different forms of PML media, namely the split PML, the CPML, the NPML, and the uniaxial PML, in the cases of PMLs matched to isotropic, anisotropic, and dispersive media. The implementation of the PML ABC in the FDTD method is presented in detail. Propagation and reflection of waves in the discretized FDTD space are derived and discussed, with a special emphasis on the problem of evanescent waves. The optimization of the PML ABC is addressed in two typical applications of the FDTD method: first, wave-structure interaction problems, and secondly, waveguide problems. Finally, a review of the literature on the application of the PML ABC to other numerical techniques of electromagnetics and to other partial differential equations of physics is provided. In addition, a software package for computing the actual reflection from a FDTD-PML is provided. It is available here.

One of the main objectives of this lecture is to summarize the results of recent research activities of the authors on the subject of implanted antennas for medical wireless communication systems. It is anticipated that ever sophisticated medical devices will be implanted inside the human body for medical telemetry and telemedicine. To establish effective and efficient wireless links with these devices, it is pivotal to give special attention to the antenna designs that are required to be low profile, small, safe and cost effective. In this book, it is demonstrated how advanced electromagnetic numerical techniques can be utilized to design these antennas inside as realistic human body environment as possible. Also it is shown how simplified models can assist the initial designs of these antennas in an efficient manner.

Ulrich Turke introduces innovative models and algorithms for the evaluation of WCDMA/UMTS network performance. He establishes an advanced snapshot analysis method which allows the efficient and accurate analysis of large radio networks. The author develops two statistical evaluation methods which furnish quick approximations of relevant results from snapshot simulations. Finally, he discusses the application of these methods to automatic network optimization. The majority of the developed strategies are successfully applied in a commercial radio network planning and optimization tool.

The safety of vehicle traffic depends on how well automotive lighting supports the visual perception of the driver. This book explains the fundamentals of visual perception, like e.g. physiology of eye and brain, as well as those of automotive lighting technology, like e.g. design of headlamps and signal lights. It is an interdisciplinary approach to a rapidly evolving field of science and technology written by a team of authors who are experts in their fields.

Discusses process variation, model accuracy, design flow and many other practical engineering, reliability and manufacturing issues

Gives a good overview for a person who is not an expert in modeling and simulation, enabling them to extract the necessary information to competently use modeling and simulation programs

Written for engineering students and product design engineers

Electromagnetic metamaterials-from fundamental physics to advanced engineering applications
This book presents an original generalized transmission line approach associated with non-resonant structures that exhibit larger bandwidths, lower loss, and higher design flexibility. It is based on the novel concept of composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line metamaterials (MMs), which has led to the development of novel guided-wave, radiated-wave, and refracted-wave devices and structures.
The authors introduced this powerful new concept and are therefore able to offer readers deep insight into the fundamental physics needed to fully grasp the technology. Moreover, they provide a host of practical engineering applications.
The book begins with an introductory chapter that places resonant type and transmission line metamaterials in historical perspective. The next six chapters give readers a solid foundation in the fundamentals and practical applications:
* Fundamentals of LH MMs describes the fundamental physics and exotic properties of left-handed metamaterials
* TL Theory of MMs establishes the foundations of CRLH structures in three progressive steps: ideal transmission line, LC network, and real distributed structure
* Two-Dimensional MMs develops both a transmission matrix method and a transmission line method to address the problem of finite-size 2D metamaterials excited by arbitrary sources
* Guided-Wave Applications and Radiated-Wave Applications present a number of groundbreaking applications developed by the authors
* The Future of MMs sets forth an expert view on future challenges and prospects
This engineering approach to metamaterials paves the way for a new generation of microwave and photonic devices and structures. It is recommended for electrical engineers, as well as physicists and optical engineers, with an interest in practical negative refractive index structures and materials.

The book focuses on the practical aspects of computational electrodynamics. A short review of electromagnetic field theory and an illustrative introduction to basic concepts of numerical methods provide the mathematical and physical background. The main part the book guides the reader step-by-step through the modelling process: from the initial "what question shall the model answer?," through the setting up of a computer model by creating geometry, boundary conditions, sources, to post processing, validation, and optimization. A number of antenna and filter examples demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of different numerical methods. So the book provides a realistic view on the capabilities and limits of state-of-the-art 3D-field simulators and on how to apply this knowledge efficiently to EM analysis and designing of RF applications in modern communication systems.