Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) stores and retrieves data using devices called RFID tags: objects attached to or incorporated into a product, animal or person which communicate with an RFID reader or interrogator. This book proposes a linear two-port model for an N-stage modified-Greinacher full wave rectifier, predicting the overall conversion efficiency at low power levels where the diodes are operating near their threshold voltage. Included is an experimental procedure to measure how impedance modulation in the tag affects the signal at the reader, and a useful tool for choosing the most appropriate impedances.

Heterogeneous wireless networking, which is sometimes referred to as the fourth-generation (4G) wireless, is a new frontier in the future wireless communications technology and there has been a growing interest on this topic among researchers and engineers in both academia and industry. This book will include a set of research and survey articles featuring the recent advances in theory and applications of heterogeneous wireless networking technology for the next generation (e.g., fourth generation) wireless communications systems. With the rapid growth in the number of wireless applications, services and devices, using a single wireless technology such as a second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) wireless system would not be efficient to deliver high speed data rate and quality-of-service (QoS) support to mobile users in a seamless way. Fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are devised with the vision of heterogeneity in which a mobile user/device will be able to connect to multiple wireless networks (e.g., WLAN, cellular, WMAN) simultaneously. This book intends to provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art of protocols and architectures for heterogeneous wireless networking. The contributed articles will cover both the theoretical concepts and system-level implementation issues related to design, analysis, and optimization of architectures and protocols for heterogeneous wireless access networks.

The editors and authors present a wealth of knowledge regarding the most relevant aspects in the field of MOS transistor modeling. The first chapter lays out the 2/3D process and device simulations as an effective tool for a better understanding of the internal behavior of semiconductor structures and this with a focus on high-voltage MOSFET devices. Subsequently, the mainstream developments of both the PSP and the EKV models are discussed in detail. These physics-based MOSFET models are compared to the measurement-based models which are frequently used in RF applications. The comparison includes an overview of the relevant empirical models and measurement techniques. The following chapters include SOI-specific aspects, modeling enhancement of small geometry MOSFET devices and a survey of quantum effects in devices and circuits. Finally, an explanation of hardware description languages such as VHDL-AMS and Verilog-A is offered and shows the possibilities of the practical implementation and standardization of the different modeling methodologies found in the preceding chapters.

The variety of subjects and the high quality of content of this volume make it a reference document for researchers and users of MOSFET devices and models. The book can be recommended to everyone who is involved in compact model developments, numerical TCAD modeling, parameter extraction, space-level simulation or model standardization. The book will appeal equally to PhD students who want to understand the ins and outs of MOSFETs as well as to modeling designers working in the analog and high-frequency areas.

Highly Sensitive Optical Receivers primarily treats the circuit design of optical receivers with external photodiodes. Continuous-mode and burst-mode receivers are compared. The monograph first summarizes the basics of III/V photodetectors, transistor and noise models, bit-error rate, sensitivity and analog circuit design, thus enabling readers to understand the circuits described in the main part of the book. In order to cover the topic comprehensively, detailed descriptions of receivers for optical data communication in general and, in particular, optical burst-mode receivers in deep-sub-um CMOS are presented. Numerous detailed and elaborate illustrations facilitate better understanding. "

Mechanical engineering, and engineering discipline born of the needs of the industrial revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face profound issues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among others. The Mechanical Engineering Series is a series featuring graduate texts and research monographs intended to address the need for information in contemporary areas of mechanical engineering. The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that covers a broad range of c- centrations important to mechanical engineering graduate education and research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of series editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the series editors are listed on page vi of this volume. The areas of concentration are applied mechanics, biomechanics, computational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of materials, processing, thermal science, and tribology. Preface This book is based on my experience with the control systems of antennas and radiotelescopes. Overwhelmingly, it is based on experience with the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas. It includes modeling the antennas, developing control algorithms, eld testing, system identi cation, performance evaluation, and 1 troubleshooting. My previous book emphasized the theoretical aspects of antenna control engineering, while this one describes the application part of the antenna control engineering.

Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, Advanced Applications - Bragg Gratings and Distributed Sensors, builds upon the foundations of the subject in the preceding four volumes of this series, concentrating as they do upon both applications and the technology of advanced optical fiber sensors. Previous volumes have covered the fundamentals of the field, devices and systems and chemical and environmental monitoring. This volume deals with a range of highly topical sensor devices and commercial systems, with considerable emphasis upon one of the most important areas, Bragg gratings in fibers, their fabrication and applications in advanced sensor systems and the principles and use of distributed fiber optic sensors. The volume is well illustrated and referenced, pointing to hundreds of key publications accessible in the open literature. It draws upon a group of authors with an international reputation for their work in the area, carefully edited into a coherent and logical text by the editors, based on their considerable experience in the field. This book series will provide an invaluable source for researchers, engineers and advanced students in the field of optical fibers, optoelectronics and measurement and sensing.

There are wide-ranging implications in information security beyond national defense. Securing our information has implications for virtually all aspects of our lives, including protecting the privacy of our ?nancial transactions and medical records, facilitating all operations of government, maintaining the integrity of national borders, securing important facilities, ensuring the safety of our food and commercial products, protecting the safety of our aviation system-even safeguarding the integrity of our very identity against theft. Information security is a vital element in all of these activities, particularly as information collection and distribution become ever more connected through electronic information delivery systems and commerce. This book encompasses results of research investigation and technologies that can be used to secure, protect, verify, and authenticate objects and inf- mation from theft, counterfeiting, and manipulation by unauthorized persons and agencies. The book has drawn on the diverse expertise in optical sciences and engineering, digital image processing, imaging systems, information p- cessing, mathematical algorithms, quantum optics, computer-based infor- tion systems, sensors, detectors, and biometrics to report novel technologies that can be applied to information-security issues. The book is unique because it has diverse contributions from the ?eld of optics, which is a new emerging technology for security, and digital techniques that are very accessible and can be interfaced with optics to produce highly e?ective security systems.

I have written this book to ?ll a void between theory and practice, a void that Iperceivedwhileconductingmyownresearchanddevelopmentofcomponents and instruments over the last ?ve years. In the chapters that follow I have pulled materials from the technical and patent literature that are relevant to the understanding and practice of polarization optics in telecommuni- tions, material that is often known by the respective experts in industry and academia but is rarely if ever found in one place. By bringing this material intoonemonograph, andbyapplyingasingleformalismthroughout, Ihopeto create a "base level" upon which future research and development can grow. Polarization optics in telecommunications is an ever-evolving ?eld. Each yearsigni?cantadvancementsaremade, punctuatedbyimportantdiscoveries. The references upon which this book is based are only a snap-shot in time. Areasthatremainunresolvedatthetimeofpublicationmayverywellbecl- i?ed in the years to come. Moreover, the focus of the ?eld changes in time: for instance, there have been few passive nonreciprocal component advancements reported in the last few years, but PMD and PDL advancement continues with only modest abatement.

The book addresses the role of repeaters in the CDMA network, their interaction with the network and the needed integrative design and optimization of the repeater-embedded network. The approach of the book is to develop functional comprehension of the complex radio network, and affinity to the factors dominating the Radio Resource Utilization. Simple models are developed, and field-measured case studies complement the analysis.

In the past few years we have written and edited several books in the area of acousticandspeechsignalprocessing. Thereasonbehindthisendeavoristhat there were almost no books available in the literature when we ?rst started while there was (and still is) a real need to publish manuscripts summarizing the most useful ideas, concepts, results, and state-of-the-art algorithms in this important area of research. According to all the feedback we have received so far, we can say that we were right in doing this. Recently, several other researchers have followed us in this journey and have published interesting books with their own visions and perspectives. The idea of writing a book on Microphone Array Signal Processing comes from discussions we have had with many colleagues and friends. As a c- sequence of these discussions, we came up with the conclusion that, again, there is an urgent need for a monograph that carefully explains the theory and implementation of microphone arrays. While there are many manuscripts on antenna arrays from a narrowband perspective (narrowband signals and narrowband processing), the literature is quite scarce when it comes to s- sor arrays explained from a truly broadband perspective. Many algorithms for speech applications were simply borrowed from narrowband antenna - rays. However, a direct application of narrowband ideas to broadband speech processing may not be necessarily appropriate and can lead to many m- understandings.

This is an introduction to noise, describing fundamental noise sources and basic circuit analysis, discussing characterization of low-frequency noise and offering practical advice that bridges concepts of noise theory and modelling, characterization, CMOS technology and circuits. The text offers the latest research, reviewing the most recent publications and conference presentations. The book concludes with an introduction to noise in analog/RF circuits and describes how low-frequency noise can affect these circuits.

This book provides the proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS 2007), 7-9 May 2007, held in Herrsching, Germany. The book aims to edit the ensemble of the newest contributions and research results in this new field. The book presents comprehensive state-of-the-art articles about multi-carrier spread spectrum techniques, and discusses multi-carrier spread spectrum techniques.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest technology developments in the field of Mobile Communications. It focuses on the fundamentals of mobile communications technology and systems, including the history and service evolution of mobile communications and environments. Further to this, CDMA technology including spread spectrum, orthogonal and PN codes are introduced. Other important aspects are included.

High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology describes high-speed photodiodes in standard CMOS technology which allow monolithic integration of optical receivers for short-haul communication. For short haul communication the cost aspect is important, and therefore it is desirable that the optical receiver can be integrated in the same CMOS technology as the rest of the system. If this is possible then ultimately a singe-chip system including optical inputs becomes feasible, eliminating EMC and crosstalk problems, while data rate can be extremely high.

The problem of photodiodes in standard CMOS technology it that they have very limited bandwidth, allowing data rates up to only 50Mbit per second. High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology first analyzes the photodiode behaviour and compares existing solutions to enhance the speed. After this, the book introduces a new and robust electronic equalizer technique that makes data rates of 3Gb/s possible, without changing the manufacturing technology. The application of this technique can be found in short haul fibre communication, optical printed circuit boards, but also photodiodes for laser disks.

This book is intended for students and professionals who are interested in the field of digital signal processing of delta-sigma modulated sequences. The overall focus is on the development of algorithms and circuits for linear, non-linear, and mixed mode processing of delta-sigma modulated pulse streams. The material presented here is directly relevant to applications in digital communication, DSP, instrumentation, and control.

Since the advent of optical communications, a greattechnological effort has been devoted to the exploitation of the huge bandwidth of optical fibers. Sta- ing from a few Mb/s single channel systems, a fast and constant technological development has led to the actual 10 Gb/s per channel dense wavelength - vision multiplexing (DWDM) systems, with dozens of channels on a single fiber. Transmitters and receivers are now ready for 40 Gb/s, whereas hundreds of channels can be simultaneously amplified by optical amplifiers. Nevertheless, despite such a pace in technological progress, optical c- munications are still in a primitive stage if compared, for instance, to radio communications: the widely spread on-off keying (OOK) modulation format is equivalent to the rough amplitude modulation (AM) format, whereas the DWDM technique is nothing more than the optical version of the frequency - vision multiplexing (FDM) technique. Moreover, adaptive equalization, ch- nel coding or maximum likelihood detection are still considered something "exotic" in the optical world. This is mainly due to the favourable char- teristics of the fiber optic channel (large bandwidth, low attenuation, channel stability, ...), which so far allowed us to use very simple transmission and detection techniques.

The Essence of Dielectric Waveguides provides an overview of the fundamental behavior of guided waves, essential to finding and interpreting the results of electromagnetic waveguide problems. Clearly and concisely written as well as brilliantly organized, this volume includes a detailed description of the fundamentals of electromagnetics, as well as a new discussion on boundary conditions and attenuation. It also covers the propagation characteristics of guided waves along classical canonical dielectric structures planar, circular cylindrical, rectangular and elliptical waveguides. What 's more, the authors have included extensive coverage of inhomogeneous structures and approximate methods, as well as several powerful numerical approaches specifically applicable to dielectric waveguides.

A complete and rigorous treatment of design principles for modern antennas, including chapters on signal theory and signal processing antennas, radar and polarimetry.

Contains significant new material on antennas for mobile communications to supply a complete picture of antennas for modern radiocommunications applications.

Revision of a classic reference on ferrite technology

Includes fundamentals as well as applications

Covers new areas such as nanoferrites, new high frequency power supply materials, magnetoresistive ferrites for magnetic recording

Lectori Salutem! This is another book - among the myriads - dealing with wireless communications. The reader might be aware: this topic is really among bestsellers in technology - bestsellers in technology itself and that in technical literature. Communications is one of the leading techniques in information society and mobile/wireless communications is one among the (maybe not more than two with optics the second) leading techniques in communications. Development of wireless communications was and is really spec- cular in the last decade of the 20th and first decade of the 21st century. Such topics as MIMO, wireless networking, security in the technological field, new business models in the service providing field, various applications in the users' side, to mention a few only, were undergoing an unprecedented evolution. So it is not surprising that the number of conferences and the number of books in this field grows and grows, in a nearly unbounded way.

The high scienti?c interest in coherent X-ray light sources has stimulated world-wide e?orts in developing X-ray lasers. In this book a particularly promising approach is described, the free-electron laser (FEL), which is p- sued worldwide and holds the promise to deliver ultra-bright X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration. Other types of X-ray lasers are not discussed nor do we try a comparison of the relative virtues and drawbacks of di?erent concepts. The book has an introductory character and is written in the style of a universitytextbookforthemanynewcomerstothe?eldoffree-electronlasers, graduate students as well as accelerator physicists, engineers and technicians; it is not intended to be a scienti?c monograph for the experts in the ?eld. Building on lectures by one of us (J. R.) at the CERN Accelerator School, and motivated by the positive response to a series of seminars on "FEL t- ory for pedestrians," given by P. S. within the framework of the Academic Training Program at DESY, we have aimed at presenting the theory of the low-gainandthehigh-gainFELinaclearandconcisemathematicallanguage. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the di?erential equations descr- ing the FEL dynamics. Although we have tried our best to be "simple," the mathematical derivations are certainly not always as simple as one would like them to be. However, we are not aware of any easier approach to the FEL theory. Some of the more involved calculations are put into the appendices.

The idea for this manual was created by the author and Birgit Hannemann (now Professor at the University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany) as an internal catalogue of results of several years of investigations at the Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. At this base supplying investigations and the elabo- tion of the manuscript were supported by the Stiftung Industrieforschung, Bonn, Germany. In the course of this the coworkers of the author Eva Gartner, Steffi Kronert and Cornelia Kowol were directly involved. All the SEM pictures result from preparations performed at the Centre of - crotechnologies at the Chemnitz University of Technology (Head: Prof. Thomas Gessner). The author and his coworkers wish to express their thanks to Wolfgang Brauer (mask design), Norbert Zichner (processes), Iris Hobelt (SEM pictures) and the student Karin Preissler (manuscript layout support). In particular thanks are due to the Stiftung Industrieforschung for the financial support and to the Springer V- lag for the edition of this manual."

NFC geht aus der Kombination von kontaktloser Smart Card Identifikation und RFReader Technologie hervor. Es handelt sich um eine systematische Weiterentwicklung von RFID, die vor allem auf den Endverbrauchermarkt abzielt.

Das Buch NFC-Near Field Communication ist das Standardwerk zur NFCTechnologie. Es bietet einen umfassenden Aoeberblick A1/4ber Anwendungen und Technik des gesamten Themengebietes. FA1/4r Praxis und Ausbildung kann es sowohl als EinfA1/4hrung sowie als Grundlagen- und Nachschlagswerk dienen.

Ziel des Buches ist es, einen umfassenden Aoeberblick A1/4ber Grundlagen, Technik und Anwendungsszenarien von NFC zu gegeben. Hierzu wird zu Beginn NFC der klassischen RFID Technologie gegenA1/4bergestellt und Unterscheidungsmerkmale erArtert. Neben physikalischen Grundlagen der Aoebertragungstechnik wird auch detailliert auf die Protokolle fA1/4r die unterschiedlichen Operationsmodi eingegangen. Im Buch wird auch auf der aktuelle Stand der Normung von NFC diskutiert. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt von NFC - die Sicherheitsthematik - findet in einem gesonderten Kapitel ihren Niederschlag. Auch zahlreiche Anwendungen, die einen praxisnahen Einblick in die Umsetzung der Technologie geben, werden erlAutert (z.B. Smart Poster, Zahlungsverkehr, Zutritt). Ein Aoeberblick A1/4ber Hersteller und EndgerAte sowie Gremien und Institute, die sich mit NFC beschAftigen, findet sich im Anhang.

The Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is the most pervasive block in electronic systems. With the advent of powerful digital signal processing and digital communication techniques, ADCs are fast becoming critical components for system's performance and flexibility. Knowing accurately all the parameters that characterise their dynamic behaviour is crucial, on one hand to select the most adequate ADC architecture and characteristics for each end application, and on the other hand, to understand how they affect performance bottlenecks in the signal processing chain.

Dynamic Characterisation of Analogue-to-Digital Converters presents a state of the art overview of the methods and procedures employed for characterising ADCs' dynamic performance behaviour using sinusoidal stimuli. The three classical methods - histogram, sine wave fitting, and spectral analysis - are thoroughly described, and new approaches are proposed to circumvent some of their limitations.

This is a must-have compendium, which can be used by both academics and test professionals to understand the fundamental mathematics underlining the algorithms of ADC testing, and as an handbook to help the engineer in the most important and critical details for their implementation.

There has continuously been a massive growth of Internet traffic for these years despite the "bubble burst" in year 2000. As the telecom market is gradually picking up, it would be a consensus in telecom and data-com industries that the CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) to rebuild the network infrastructure to cope with this traffic growth would be imminent, while the OPEX (Operational Expenditures) has to be within a tight constraint. Therefore, the newly built 2r DEGREES-century network has to fully evolve from voice-oriented legacy networks, not only by increasing the transmission capacity of WDM links but also by introducing switching technologies in optical domain to provide full-connectivity to support a wide variety of services. This book stems from the technical contributions presented at the Optical Networks and Technology Conference (OpNeTec), inaugurated this year 2004 in Pisa, Italy, and collects innovations of optical network technologies toward the 2V DEGREES century network. High-quality recent research results on optical networks and related technologies are presented, including IP over WDM integration, burst and packet switchings, control and managements, operation, metro- and access networks, and components and devices in the perspective of network application. An effort has been made throughout the conference, hopefully reflected at least partially in this book, to bring together researchers, scientists, and engineers working both academia and industries to discuss the relative impact of networks on technologies and vice versa, with a vision of the fut