The "EPCglobal Architecture Framework" is currently the most accepted technical approach to the Internet of Things and provides a solid foundation for building Business-to-Business information networks based on unique identifications of 'things'. Lately, the vision of the Internet of Things has been extended to a more holistic approach that integrates sensors as well as actuators and includes non-business stakeholders. A detailed look at the current state of the art in
research concerning cost and benefit estimations is provided and the limits of Cost Benefit Sharing for RFID-based IT-infrastructures are explained. In this work a market driven evaluation based on sales potential of information is developed. Simple technical means for aggregation of micro values to a billable amount are discussed. The requirements for electronic billing infrastructure are defined and a matching e-billing solutions for an evaluation scenario is presented, providing a technical infrastructure to evaluate and bill product-related information in a future Internet of Things, based on an extended EPCglobal Architecture. Further opportunities and threats are discussed to provide an overview of its future potential. As a result it will contribute to the sustainable success of the Internet of Things itself.

Nanophotonics, a novel optical technology, utilizes the local interaction between nanometric particles via optical near fields. The optical near fields are the elementary surface excitations on nanometric particles, i.e. dressed photons that carry material energy. Of the variety of qualitative innovations in optical technology realized by nanophotonics, this books focuses on fabrication. To fabricate nano-scale photonic devices with nanometer-scale controllability in size and position, we developed a self-assembly method for size- and position-controlled ultra-long nanodot chains using a novel effect of near-field optical desorption. A novel deposition and etching scheme under nonresonant conditions is also demonstrated and its origin is reviewed.

Analog Circuit Design contains the contribution of 18 tutorials of the 20th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Each part discusses a specific to-date topic on new and valuable design ideas in the area of analog circuit design. Each part is presented by six experts in that field and state of the art information is shared and overviewed. This book is number 20 in this successful series of Analog Circuit Design, providing valuable information and excellent overviews of: Topic 1 : Low Voltage Low Power, chairman: Andrea Baschirotto Topic 2 : Short Range Wireless Front-Ends, chairman: Arthur van Roermund Topic 3 : Power Management and DC-DC, chairman : Michiel Steyaert. Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog circuit designers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest development in the field. The tutorial coverage also makes it suitable for use in an advanced design course.

Introduces the theory of multi-port signals and systems with a focus on vector-valued signal transmission Provides an introduction to the fundamentals, implementation and applications of MIMO techniques An excellent guide for advanced students, practicing engineers and researchers working on multi-port electrical circuits, RF networks and wireless communications

The field of organic and printed electronics is well established in terms of academic, scientific, and technological research but is still an emerging one in terms of mass industrial applications such as OLED displays and lighting and organic photovoltaics. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to organic and printed electronics, their fundamental aspects, core technologies, and applications, and it is the first book of its kind specifically designed to address students in their final undergraduate or beginning graduate studies, as well as engineers interested in approaching this field.

This volume provides a discussion of the challenges and perspectives of electromagnetics and network theory and their microwave applications in all aspects. It collects the most interesting contribution of the symposium dedicated to Professor Peter Russer held in October 2009 in Munich.

The growing commercial market of Microwave/ Millimeter wave industry over the past decade has led to the explosion of interests and opportunities for the design and development of microwave components.The design of most microwave components requires the use of commercially available electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools for their analysis. In the design process, the simulations are carried out by varying the design parameters until the desired response is obtained. The optimization of design parameters by manual searching is a cumbersome and time consuming process. Soft computing methods such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) have been widely used by EM researchers for microwave design since last decade. The aim of these methods is to tolerate imprecision, uncertainty, and approximation to achieve robust and low cost solution in a small time frame. Modeling and optimization are essential parts and powerful tools for the microwave/millimeter wave design. This book deals with the development and use of soft computing methods for tackling challenging design problems in the microwave/millimeter wave domain. The aim in the development of these methods is to obtain the design in small time frame while improving the accuracy of the design for a wide range of applications. To achieve this goal, a few diverse design problems of microwave field, representing varied challenges in the design, such as different microstrip antennas, microwave filters, a microstrip-via and also some critical high power components such as nonlinear tapers and RF-windows are considered as case-study design problems. Different design methodologies are developed for these applications. The presents soft computing methods, their review for microwave/millimeter wave design problems and specific case-study problems to infuse better insight and understanding of the subject.

This book presents new concepts for a next generation of PV. Among these concepts are: Multijunction solar cells, multiple excitation solar cells (or how to take benefit of high energy photons for the creation of more than one electron hole-pair), intermediate band solar cells (or how to take advantage of below band-gap energy photons) and related technologies (for quantum dots, nitrides, thin films), advanced light management approaches (plasmonics). Written by world-class experts in next generation photovoltaics this book is an essential reference guide accessible to both beginners and experts working with solar cell technology. The book deeply analyzes the current state-of-the-art of the new photovoltaic approaches and outlines the implementation paths of these advanced devices. Topics addressed range from the fundamentals to the description of state-of-the-art of the new types of solar cells.

This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

Transformation electromagnetics is a systematic design technique for optical and electromagnetic devices that enables novel wave-material interaction properties. The associated metamaterials technology for designing and realizing optical and electromagnetic devices can control the behavior of light and electromagnetic waves in ways that have not been conventionally possible. The technique is credited with numerous novel device designs, most notably the invisibility cloaks, perfect lenses and a host of other remarkable devices. Transformation Electromagnetics and Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications presents a comprehensive treatment of the rapidly growing area of transformation electromagnetics and related metamaterial technology with contributions on the subject provided by a collection of leading experts from around the world. On the theoretical side, the following questions will be addressed: "Where does transformation electromagnetics come from?," "What are the general material properties for different classes of coordinate transformations?," "What are the limitations and challenges of device realizations?," and "What theoretical tools are available to make the coordinate transformation-based designs more amenable to fabrication using currently available techniques?" The comprehensive theoretical treatment will be complemented by device designs and/or realizations in various frequency regimes and applications including acoustic, radio frequency, terahertz, infrared, and the visible spectrum. The applications encompass invisibility cloaks, gradient-index lenses in the microwave and optical regimes, negative-index superlenses for sub-wavelength resolution focusing, flat lenses that produce highly collimated beams from an embedded antenna or optical source, beam concentrators, polarization rotators and splitters, perfect electromagnetic absorbers, and many others. This book will serve as the authoritative reference for students and researchers alike to the fast-evolving and exciting research area of transformation electromagnetics/optics, its application to the design of revolutionary new devices, and their associated metamaterial realizations.

This monograph solely presents the Fowler-Nordheim field emission (FNFE) from semiconductors and their nanostructures. The materials considered are quantum confined non-linear optical, III-V, II-VI, Ge, Te, carbon nanotubes, PtSb2, stressed materials, Bismuth, GaP, Gallium Antimonide, II-V, Bi2Te3, III-V, II-VI, IV-VI and HgTe/CdTe superlattices with graded interfaces and effective mass superlattices under magnetic quantization and quantum wires of the aforementioned superlattices. The FNFE in opto-electronic materials and their quantum confined counterparts is studied in the presence of light waves and intense electric fields on the basis of newly formulated electron dispersion laws that control the studies of such quantum effect devices. The importance of band gap measurements in opto-electronic materials in the presence of external fields is discussed from this perspective. This monograph contains 200 open research problems which form the very core and are useful for Ph. D students and researchers. The book can also serve as a basis for a graduate course on field emission from solids.

Cooperation in Wireless Networks: Principles and Applications covers the underlying principles of cooperative techniques as well as several applications demonstrating the use of such techniques in practical systems. The book is written in a collaborative manner by several authors from Asia, America, and Europe. This book puts into one volume a comprehensive and technically rich appraisal of the wireless communications scene from a cooperation point of view.

Terahertz (THz) radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation in a frequency int- val from 0.3 to 10 THz (1 mm-30 ?m wavelength), is the next frontier in science and technology. This band occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic sp- trum between the infrared and microwave bands. Basic research, new initiatives, and developments in advanced sensing and imaging technology with regard to the THz band remain unexplored compared to the relatively well-developed science and technology in the microwave and optical frequencies. Historically, THz technologies were used mainly within the astronomy c- munity for studying the background of cosmic far-infrared radiation, and by the laser-fusion community for the diagnostics of plasmas. Since the ?rst demonstration of THz wave time-domain spectroscopy in the late 1980s, there has been a series of signi?cant advances (particularly in recent years) as more intense THz sources and higher sensitivity detectors provide new opportunities for understanding the basic science in the THz frequency range.

Basics of Distributed and Cooperative Radio and Non-Radio Based Geolocation provides a detailed overview of geolocation technologies. The book covers the basic principles of geolocation, including ranging techniques to localization technologies, fingerprinting and localization in wireless sensor networks. This book also examines the latest algorithms and techniques such as Kalman Filtering, Gauss-Newton Filtering and Particle Filtering.

This book discusses the practical aspects of electrical and thermal modeling of packages. In addition, processing concerns for plastic packaged GaAs parts are also covered. The book emphasizes low cost industry standard packages. However, the principles involved translate well to other categories of packages. Digital issues such as crosstalk are well documented in other books and are therefore not covered in detail in this text. The principles for generation of equivalent circuit package models applies to both digital and analog parts. Digital designers and packaging engineers should still find this text useful. Subtleties often overlooked by standard methods of modeling packages for digital applications are considered and will become more important to the digital packaging engineer as frequencies continue to increase. It is hoped this book will be useful to both microwave and digital integrated circuit (Ie) designers as well as packaging engineers. In the past these disciplines were distinct. Packaging engineers typically were concerned with only materials and mechanical issues of the package. As long as there was an electrical connection made from the die to the external pin, packaging engineers had the freedom to do anything they wanted between these two points. At high frequency the issues change. Packaging engineers now have to work with die level designers to either create a package that performs well at high frequencies or to use readily available low cost packages that happen to meet the needs of the application.

As the theoretical foundations of multiple-antenna techniques evolve and as these multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques become essential for providing high data rates in wireless systems, there is a growing need to understand the performance limits of MIMO in practical networks. To address this need, "MIMO Communication for Cellular Networks "presents a systematic description of MIMO technology classes and a framework for MIMO system design that takes into account the essential physical-layer features of practical cellular networks.

In contrast to works that focus on the theoretical performance of abstract MIMO channels, "MIMO Communication for Cellular Networks "emphasizes the practical performance of realistic MIMO systems. A unified set of system simulation results highlights relative performance gains of different MIMO techniques and provides insights into how best to use multiple antennas in cellular networks under various conditions.

"MIMO Communication for Cellular Networks" describes single-user, multiuser, network MIMO technologies and system-level aspects of cellular networks, including channel modeling, resource scheduling, interference mitigation, and simulation methodologies. The key concepts are presented with sufficient generality to be applied to a wide range of wireless systems, including those based on cellular standards such as LTE, LTE-Advanced, WiMAX, and WiMAX2. The book is intended for use by graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers interested in the physical-layer design of state-of-the-art wireless systems.

Khaled Fazel Stefan Kaiser Radio System Design DoCoMo Euro-Labs Marconi Communications Landsberger Strasse 312 D-71522 Backnang, Germany D-80687 Munich, Germany The field of multi-carrier and spread spectrum communications has became an important research topic with increasing number of research activities [1]. Especially in the last two years, beside deep system analysis of various multiple access schemes, new standardization activities in the framework of beyond 3G (B3G) concepts have been initiated. Multi-carrier transmission is considered to be a potential candidate to fulfil the requirements of the next generation system. The two important requirements of B3G/4G can be summarized as: i) much higher data rate for cellular mobile radio and ii) a unique physical layer specification for indoor/hot spot and outdoor/cellular applications, including fixed wireless access (FWA) schemes. The activities within the 3GPP and WiMAX fora are examples of such trends (see Fig. 1). IEEE 802 ETSI WAN UMTS, EDGE 3GPP (GSM) HiperMAN & IEEE 802. 16 WiMAX MAN HiperAccess WirelessMAN HiperLAN/2 IEEE 802. 11 LAN WiFi RLAN WirelessLAN IEEE 802. 15 PAN Bluetooth BRAN Figure 1 Beyond 3G: Worldwide Standardization Activities xii Editorial Introduction The WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access [2]) vision is to provide broadband wireless access with its primary goal to promote IEEE 802. 16a-e and ETSI-BRAN standards through interoperability testing and certification. In the first step the broadband access to the so-called last mile applications with fixed positioned terminals is envisaged.

Today's wireless services have come a long way since the roll out of the conventional voice-centric cellular systems. The demand for wireless access in voice and high rate data multi-media applications has been increasing. New generation wireless communication systems are aimed at accommodating this demand through better resource management and improved transmission technologies. This book discusses the cognitive radio, software defined radio, and adaptive radio concepts from several perspectives.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to video traces and their use in networking research. After first providing the basics of digital video and video coding, the book introduces video traces, covering the metrics captured in the traces, the trace generation, as well as the statistical characteristics of the video characterized in the traces.

This book offers the reader a practical guide to the control and characterization of laser diode beams. Laser diodes are the most widely used lasers, accounting for 50% of the global laser market. Correct handling of laser diode beams is the key to the successful use of laser diodes, and this requires an in-depth understanding of their unique properties. Following a short introduction to the working principles of laser diodes, the book describes the basics of laser diode beams and beam propagation, including Zemax modeling of a Gaussian beam propagating through a lens. The core of the book is concerned with laser diode beam manipulations: collimating and focusing, circularization and astigmatism correction, coupling into a single mode optical fiber, diffractive optics and beam shaping, and manipulation of multi transverse mode beams. The final chapter of the book covers beam characterization methods, describing the measurement of spatial and spectral properties, including wavelength and linewidth measurement techniques. The book is a significantly revised and expanded version of the title Laser Diode Beam Basics, Manipulations and Characterizations by the same author. New topics introduced in this volume include: laser diode types and working principles, non-paraxial Gaussian beam, Zemax modeling, numerical analysis of a laser diode beam, spectral property characterization methods, and power and energy characterization techniques. The book approaches the subject in a practical way with mathematical content kept to the minimum level required, making the book a convenient reference for laser diode users.

Michael Hrobak studied hybrid integrated front end modules for high frequency measurement equipment and especially for synthetic automatic test systems. Recent developments of innovative, critical millimeter-wave components like frequency multipliers, directional couplers, filters, triple balanced mixers and power detectors are illustrated by the author separately and in combination.

This first book on load-pull systems is intended for readers with a broad knowledge of high frequency transistor device characterization, nonlinear and linear microwave measurements, RF power amplifiers and transmitters. Load-Pull Techniques with Applications to Power Amplifier Design fulfills the demands of users, designers, and researchers both from industry and academia who have felt the need of a book on this topic. It presents a comprehensive reference spanning different load-pull measurement systems, waveform measurement and engineering systems, and associated calibration procedures for accurate large signal characterization. Besides, this book also provides in-depth practical considerations required in the realization and usage of load-pull and waveform engineering systems. In addition, it also provides procedure to design application specific load-pull setup and includes several case studies where the user can customize architecture of load-pull setups to meet any specific measurement requirements. Furthermore, the materials covered in this book can be part of a full semester graduate course on microwave device characterization and power amplifier design.

As technology matures, communication system operation regions shift from mic- wave and millimeter ranges to sub-millimeter ranges. However, device perf- mance at very high frequencies suffers drastically from the material de?ciencies. As a result, engineers and scientists are relentlessly in search for the new types of materials, and composites which will meet the device performance requirements and not present any de?ciencies due to material electrical and magnetic properties. Anisotropic and gyrotropic materials are the class of the materials which are very important in the development high performance microwave devices and new types composite layered structures. As a result, it is a need to understand the wave propagation and radiation characteristics of these materials to be able to realize them in practice. This book is intended to provide engineers and scientists the required skill set to design high frequency devices using anisotropic, and gyrotropic materials by providing them the theoretical background which is blended with the real world engineering application examples. It is the author's hope that this book will help to ?ll the gap in the area of applied electromagnetics for the design of microwave and millimeter wave devices using new types of materials. Each chapter in the book is designed to give the theory ?rst on the subject and solidify it with application examples given in the last chapter. The application examples for the radiation problems are given at the end of Chap. 5 and Chap. 6 for anisotropic and gyrotropic materials, respectively, after the theory section.

The PUILS series delivers up-to-date reviews of progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science, a newly emerging interdisciplinary research field spanning atomic and molecular physics, molecular science and optical science which has been stimulated by the recent developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each volume compiles peer-reviewed articles authored by researchers at the forefront of each their own subfields of UILS. Every chapter opens with an overview of the topics to be discussed, so that researchers unfamiliar to the subfield as well as graduate students can grasp the importance and attractions of the research topic at hand. These are followed by reports of cutting-edge discoveries. This eighth volume covers a broad range of topics from this interdisciplinary research field, focusing on molecules interacting with ultrashort and intense laser fields, advanced technologies for the characterization of ultrashort laser pulses and their applications, laser plasma formation and laser acceleration.