Bringing together researchers from twenty-five countries, Narrow Gap Semiconductors: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Narrow Gap Semiconductors discusses the recent advances and discoveries in the science and technology of narrow gap semiconductors (NGS). In particular, it explores the latest findings in the fundamental physics of narrow gap materials and quantum heterostructures as well as device physics, including mid- and far-infrared lasers, detectors, and spintronic devices. This volume forms a solid presentation in several important areas of NGS research, including materials, growth and characterization, fundamental physical phenomena, and devices and applications. It examines the novel material of InAs and its related alloys, heterostructures, and nanostructures as well as more traditional NGS materials such as InSb, PbTe, and HgCdTe. Several chapters cover carbon nanotubes and spintronics, along with spin-orbit coupling, nonparabolicity, and large g-factors. The book also deals with the physics and applications of low-energy phenomena at the infrared and terahertz ranges. Continuing the high-quality tradition of this series, Narrow Gap Semiconductors covers all aspects of NGS to offer an authoritative, well-balanced perspective of this evolving field.

Noise theory is continuing to gain momentum as a leading topic. Developments in the field are proving increasingly important to the electronics engineer or researcher specialising in communications and microwave engineering. This text provides a comprehensive overview of noise theory in linear and nonlinear circuits and serves as a practical guide for engineers designing circuits where noise is a significant factor. Features include:

• A practical approach to the design of noise circuits
• Graphical representations of noise quantities
• Definition of all noise quantities for both active and passive circuits
• Formulae for the conversion of different sets of noise parameters
• Equations derived for the overall noise parameters of embedded noisy networks
• Determination of Volterra transfer functions of nonlinear multi-port networks containing multi-dimensional nonlinearities
• Analysis of noise theory in nonlinear networks based on the multi-port Volterra-series approach

This monograph deals with the theoretical aspects of the circuit modelling of high-frequency electromagnetic structures using the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. It covers from closed structures to open-boundary waveguides and circuit structures. The first part of the book discusses the construction of transmission line models for waveguide structures. Then the incidence of external electromagnetic waves on high-frequency structures is studied, and finally the concepts derived in the earlier parts of the book are generalized to reciprocal and non-reciprocal anisotropic, bi-isotropic, and bi-anisotropic materials. The techniques developed in each section are illustrated by numerical examples.

Morgan explores how progressive techniques, in the creation of sophisticated reflectionless filter topologies, can optimize filter responses and emphasises real-world applications and implementations. His book offers an insight into classical and Gaussian absorptive filters, diplexers, directional and hybrid-coupled filters. It presents tools for the creation of advance topology and focuses on passive microwave networks, multiplexers, two-port, filter transfer functions and transmission lines. This includes up/down converters, multiplier chains, broadband amplifiers, slope equalizers, and time domain applications.

This book outlines, with the help of several specific examples, the important role played by absorption spectroscopy in the investigation of deep-level centers introduced in semiconductors and insulators like diamond, silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide by high-energy irradiation, residual impurities, and defects produced during crystal growth. It also describes the crucial role played by vibrational spectroscopy to determine the atomic structure and symmetry of complexes associated with light impurities like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, and as a tool for quantitative analysis of these elements in the materials.

Resource allocation is an important issue in wireless communication networks. In recent decades, cognitive radio-based networks have garnered increased attention and have been well studied to overcome the problem of spectrum scarcity in future wireless communications systems. Many new challenges in resource allocation appear in cognitive radio-based networks. This book focuses on effective resource allocation solutions in several important cognitive radio-based networks, including opportunistic spectrum access networks, cooperative sensing networks, cellular networks, high-speed vehicle networks, and smart grids. Cognitive radio networks are composed of cognitive, spectrum-agile devices capable of changing their configuration on the fly based on the spectral environment. This capability makes it possible to design flexible and dynamic spectrum access strategies with the purpose of opportunistically reusing portions of the spectrum temporarily vacated by licensed primary users. Different cognitive radio-based networks focus on different network resources, such as transmission slots, sensing nodes, transmission power, white space, and sensing channels. This book introduces several innovative resource allocation schemes for different cognitive radio-based networks according to their network characteristics: Opportunistic spectrum access networks - Introduces a probabilistic slot allocation scheme to effectively allocate the transmission slots to secondary users to maximize throughput Cooperative sensing networks - Introduces a new adaptive collaboration sensing scheme in which the resources of secondary users are effectively utilized to sense the channels for efficient acquisition of spectrum opportunities Cellular networks - Introduces a framework of cognitive radio-assisted cooperation for downlink transmissions to allocate transmission modes, relay stations, and transmission power/sub-channels to secondary users to maximize throughput High-speed vehicle networks - Introduces schemes to maximize the utilized TV white space through effective allocation of white space resources to secondary users Smart grids - Introduces effective sensing channel allocation strategies for acquiring enough available spectrum channels for communications between utility and electricity consumers

Nitride Phosphors and Solid-State Lighting provides an in-depth introduction to the crystal chemistry, synthesis, luminescence, and applications of phosphor materials for solid-state lighting, mainly focusing on new nitride phosphors. Drawing on their extensive experimental work, the authors offer a multidisciplinary study of phosphor materials that encompasses materials science, inorganic chemistry, solid-state chemistry, solid-state physics, optical spectroscopy, crystal field theory, and computational materials science. The book begins with an introduction to the principles, semiconductor/phosphor materials, and characterizations of solid-state lighting and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It then discusses the optical and luminescence processes occurring in optically active centers of solid materials and presents the photoluminescence properties of traditional phosphors for white LEDs, including garnets, aluminates, silicates, sulfides, oxysulfides, phosphates, and scheelites. The remainder of the text focuses on newly developed nitride phosphors. The authors describe the crystal chemistry of general nitride compounds, the crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of new nitride phosphors, and synthetic methods for preparing nitride phosphors. They detail the structural analysis of nitride phosphors and present experimental and computational results of typical nitride phosphors. The authors also examine key issues, such as excitation and emission spectra, thermal quenching, and quantum efficiency. The final chapter explores applications of nitride phosphors in white LEDs for general lighting and LCD backlight purposes. Covering novel luminescent materials, this book brings you up to date on the evolving field of solid-state lighting. It illustrates the fundamentals, synthesis, properties, and applications of the latest nitride phosphor materials.

Through their application in energy-efficient and environmentally friendly devices, zinc oxide (ZnO) and related classes of wide gap semiconductors, including GaN and SiC, are revolutionizing numerous areas, from lighting, energy conversion, photovoltaics, and communications to biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. With an emphasis on engineering and materials science, Handbook of Zinc Oxide and Related Materials provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of various technological aspects of ZnO. Volume Two focuses on devices and nanostructures created from ZnO and similar materials. The book covers various nanostructures, synthesis/creation strategies, device behavior, and state-of-the-art applications in electronics and optoelectronics. It also provides useful information on the device and nanoscale process and examines the fabrication of LEDs, LDs, photodetectors, and nanodevices. Covering key properties and important technologies of ZnO-based devices and nanoengineering, the handbook highlights the potential of this wide gap semiconductor. It also illustrates the remaining challenging issues in nanomaterial preparation and device fabrication for R&D in the twenty-first century.

Simulation is integral to the successful design of modern radar systems, and there is arguably no better software for this purpose than MATLAB. But software and the ability to use it does not guarantee success. One must also: OE Understand radar operations and design philosophy OE Know how to select the radar parameters to meet the design requirements OE Be able to perform detailed trade-off analysis in the context of radar sizing, modes of operation, frequency selection, waveforms, and signal processing OE Develop loss and error budgets associated with the design MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design teaches all of this and provides the M-files and hands-on simulation experience needed to design and analyze radar systems. Part I forms a comprehensive description of radar systems, their analysis, and the design process. The authors' unique approach involves a design case study introduced in Chapter 1 and followed throughout the text. As the treatment progresses, the complexity increases and the case study requirements are adjusted accordingly. Part II presents a series of chapters-some authored by other experts in the field-on specialized radar topics important to a full understanding of radar systems design and analysis. A comprehensive set of MATLAB programs and functions support both parts of the book and are available for download from the CRC Press Web site.

Delivering the best possible solution for phase noise and output power efficiency in oscillators
This complete and thorough analysis of microwave oscillators investigates all aspects of design, with particular emphasis on operating conditions, choice of resonators and transistors, phase noise, and output power. It covers both bipolar transistors and FETs. Following the authors' guidance, readers learn how to design microwave oscillators and VCOs that can be tuned over a very wide frequency range, yet have good phase noise, are low cost, and are small in size. All the essential topics in oscillator design and development are covered, including:
* Device and resonator technology
* Study of noise sources
* Analysis methods
* Design, calculation, and optimization methodologies
* Practical design of single and coupled oscillators
While most of the current literature in the field concentrates on classic design strategies based on measurements, simulation, and optimization of output power and phase noise, this text offers a unique approach that focuses on the complete understanding of the design process. The material demonstrates important design rules starting with the selection of best oscillator topology, choice of transistors, and complete phase noise analysis that leads to optimum performance of all relevant oscillator features. Also included are CMOS oscillators, which recently have become important in cellular applications. For readers interested in specialized applications and topics, a full chapter provides all the necessary references.
The contents of the text fall into two major categories:
* Chapters 1 through 9 deal with a very detailed and expanded single resonator oscillator, including a thorough treatment of both nonlinear analysis and phase noise
* Chapters 10 and 11 use the knowledge obtained and apply it to multiple coupled oscillators (synchronized oscillators)
This text is partially based on research sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the United States Army and conducted by Synergy Microwave Corporation. With the wealth of information provided for the analysis and practical design of single and synchronized low-noise microwave oscillators, it is recommended reading for all RF microwave engineers. In addition, the text's comprehensive, step-by-step approach makes it an excellent graduate-level textbook.

Rectenna Solar Cells discusses antenna-coupled diode solar cells, an emerging technology that has the potential to provide ultra-high efficiency, low-cost solar energy conversion. This book will provide an overview of solar rectennas, and provide thorough descriptions of the two main components: the diode, and the optical antenna. The editors discuss the science, design, modeling, and manufacturing of the antennas coupled with the diodes. The book will provide concepts to understanding the challenges, fabrication technologies, and materials required to develop rectenna structures. Written by experts in their specialized fields.

Fiber sensing technologies have enabled both fundamental studies and a wide spectrum of applications in every aspect of life. This book highlights the recent advancement in fiber sensing technologies based on newly developed sensing mechanisms, advanced fiber structures, and functional materials. In particular, the integration of functional materials with different electrical, optical, thermal, or mechanical properties into a single fiber offers a wealth of new opportunities in sensing. The book covers the major developments in novel fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, soft glasses, and carbon materials, as well as the sensing applications based on both single fiber and multi-dimensional fiber arrays for temperature, light, strain, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, hazardous chemicals, gases, and physiological signals.

Methods and types of devices used for measuring humidity use different measurement principles, materials and varying configurations, making it difficult to compare capabilities. Data presented provides detailed information on types of humidity sensors accompanied by an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses, allowing for comparison and selection of the best method for specific applications. The first volume focuses on devices based on optical principles of measurement, the second volume focuses on electronic and electrical devices. Numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity-sensitive materials and sensing structures are described throughout. The second volume is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. The third volume offers an analysis on various humidity sensitive materials and sensor technologies used in the fabrication of humidity sensors and methods acceptable for their testing.

Optoelectronic devices are now ubiquitous in our daily lives, from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in many household appliances to solar cells for energy. This handbook shows how we can probe the underlying and highly complex physical processes using modern mathematical models and numerical simulation for optoelectronic device design, analysis, and performance optimization. It reflects the wide availability of powerful computers and advanced commercial software, which have opened the door for non-specialists to perform sophisticated modeling and simulation tasks. The chapters comprise the know-how of more than a hundred experts from all over the world. The handbook is an ideal starting point for beginners but also gives experienced researchers the opportunity to renew and broaden their knowledge in this expanding field.

This book provides an overview on nanostructured thermoelectric materials and devices, covering fundamental concepts, synthesis techniques, device contacts and stability, and potential applications, especially in waste heat recovery and solar energy conversion. The contents focus on thermoelectric devices made from nanomaterials with high thermoelectric efficiency for use in large scale to generate megawatts electricity. Covers the latest discoveries, methods, technologies in materials, contacts, modules, and systems for thermoelectricity. Addresses practical details of how to improve the efficiency and power output of a generator by optimizing contacts and electrical conductivity. Gives tips on how to realize a realistic and usable device or module with attention to large scale industry synthesis and product development. Prof. Zhifeng Ren is M. D. Anderson Professor in the Department of Physics and the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston. Prof. Yucheng Lan is an associate professor in Morgan State University. Prof. Qinyong Zhang is a professor in the Center for Advanced Materials and Energy at Xihua University of China.

Dosimetry refers to the calculation and assessment of the radiation dose received by the human body. The proposed book will place emphasis on the existence of physical and biophysical dosimetry. It will be discussed for the proper description and evaluation of the signal at the power generation system. It will cover in detail 10 different parameters of EMF (electromagnetism) exposure such as amplitude, frequency, vector, time of exposure, orientation, etc. In most published papers, these parameters are not well defined.

This book presents the latest theory, developments, and applications related to high resolution materials-penetrating sensor systems. An international team of expert researchers explains the problems and solutions for developing new techniques and applications. Subject areas include ultrawideband (UWB) signals propagation and scattering, materials-penetrating radar techniques for small object detection and imaging, biolocation using holographic techniques, tomography, medical applications, nondestructive testing methods, electronic warfare principles, through-the-wall radar propagation effects, and target identification through measuring the target return signal spectrum changes.

This book will discuss how glass and glass ceramic interact with light, both transiently and permanently. Ways that light permanently alter the properties of glass and glass ceramic like the color, refractive index, and mechanical and chemical behaviors will be included. Each photochromatic phenomenon will be discussed in detail from the physical and chemical origin to the method fabrication and ultimately to their utilization.

There are continuous efforts focussed on improving road traffic safety worldwide. Numerous vehicle safety features have been invented and standardized over the past decades. Particularly interesting are the driver assistance systems, since these can considerably reduce the number of accidents by supporting drivers' perception of their surroundings. Many driver assistance features rely on radar-based sensors. Nowadays the commercially available automotive front-end sensors are comprised of discrete components, thus making the radar modules highly-priced and suitable for integration only in premium class vehicles. Realization of low-cost radar fro- end circuits would enable their implementation in inexpensive economy cars, c- siderably contributing to traffic safety. Cost reduction requires high-level integration of the microwave front-end c- cuitry, specifically analog and digital circuit blocks co-located on a single chip. - cent developments of silicon-based technologies, e.g. CMOS and SiGe:C bipolar, make them suitable for realization of microwave sensors. Additionally, these te- nologies offer the necessary integration capability. However, the required output power and temperature stability, necessary for automotive radar sensor products, have not yet been achieved in standard digital CMOS technologies. On the other hand, SiGe bipolar technology offers excellent high-frequency characteristics and necessary output power for automotive applications, but has lower potential for - alization of digital blocks than CMOS.

"Integrates principles of electromagnetics, dielectrics, heat and moisture transfer, packaging, solid mechanics, fluid flow, food chemistry, and microbiology to provide a comprehensive overview of microwave processing in a single accessible source."

Containing more than 300 equations and nearly 500 drawings, photographs, and micrographs, this reference surveys key areas such as optical measurements and in-line calibration methods. It describes cleanroom-based measurement technology used during the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits and covers model-based, critical dimension, overlay, acoustic film thickness, dopant dose, junction depth, and electrical measurements; particle and defect detection; and flatness following chemical mechanical polishing. Providing examples of well-developed metrology capability, the book focuses on metrology for lithography, transistor, capacitor, and on-chip interconnect process technologies.

Continuing miniaturization of electronic devices, together with the quickly growing number of nanotechnological applications, demands a profound understanding of the underlying physics. Most of the fundamental problems of modern condensed matter physics involve various aspects of quantum transport and fluctuation phenomena at the nanoscale. In nanostructures, electrons are usually confined to a limited volume and interact with each other and lattice ions, simultaneously suffering multiple scattering events on impurities, barriers, surface imperfections, and other defects. Electron interaction with other degrees of freedom generally yields two major consequences, quantum dissipation and quantum decoherence. In other words, electrons can lose their energy and ability for quantum interference even at very low temperatures. These two different, but related, processes are at the heart of all quantum phenomena discussed in this book. This book presents copious details to facilitate the understanding of the basic physics behind a result and the learning to technically reproduce the result without delving into extra literature. The book subtly balances the description of theoretical methods and techniques and the display of the rich landscape of the physical phenomena that can be accessed by these methods. It is useful for a broad readership ranging from master's and PhD students to postdocs and senior researchers.

Fills a Prominent Gap in a Significant Area of Intermetallics Presenting a comprehensive overview of structural intermetallics (the most important class of intermetallics), Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites is a reference written with the beginning student as well as the practicing professional in mind. Utilizing the author's more than two decades of experience working on silicides and teaching a course on advanced materials, this text addresses the fundamental aspects related to structure, mechanical behavior, and the oxidation resistance of selected intermetallics and their composites. In addition to covering the structure and properties of selected intermetallics, the text places special emphasis on composite intermetallics and specifically focuses on select aluminides and silicides. It reviews existing literature on select structural silicides and aluminides, considers possible applications on the basis of the attractive properties of aluminides and silicides, and also factors in future directions of research. Fundamental aspects include thermodynamic principles, phase diagrams and crystal structures, processing methods, deformation and fracture mechanisms of ordered intermetallics, and oxidation behavior with mechanisms for protection against environmental degradation. Comprising nine chapters, this text: Explores the state-of-the-art accomplishments in this area Considers further research related to the topic Examines further innovations applying these materials An up-to-date introduction to structural intermetallics, Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites helps readers grasp the complexities of the structure of intermetallics and their effect on various physical and mechanical properties. It also highlights the recent state of development in the field.

In 1995, James D. Taylor's Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems introduced engineers to the theory behind a promising new concept for remote sensing. Since then, the field has undergone enormous growth with new applications realized and more applications conceptualized at a remarkable pace. However, understanding ultra-wideband (UWB) radar requires a new philosophical approach. Concepts such as radar cross section will have new meanings as range resolution becomes smaller than the target.

Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology is a guide to the future of radar by an international team of experts. They present the problems, solutions, and examples of UWB radar remote sensing. Chapters discuss the theory and ideas for future systems development, and show the potential capabilities. The writers present concepts such as the differences between UWB and conventional radars, improving over-resolved target detection, receivers and waveforms, micropower systems, high power switching, and bistatic radar polarimetry.

Finding comparable information elsewhere might require consulting hundreds of other books, technical journals, and symposium proceedings. Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology offers a unique opportunity to explore the theory, applications, and technology of UWB radar within a single source.

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The latest research results and important topics driving the development of microstrip and printed antennas

Keeping abreast of current research topics and results in a field as dynamic as microstrip and printed antennas is a challenge for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers alike—theoretical and experimental advances since 1989 have quickly outdated existing literature on the subject. This invaluable reference provides the latest information on conventional antenna topics, comprehensive accounts of new research topics, updated research results, and summaries of future trends.

Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas is a comprehensive, up-to-date presentation of the research that is propelling these antennas into an ever-widening array of applications, including potential uses in radar and communication systems. Featuring contributions by leading researchers and supplemented with extensive illustrations, this book:

• Covers recent advances in probe-fed and aperture-coupled microstrip antennas, microstrip arrays, and dual and circularly polarized planar antennas
• Examines the development of CAD formulas for the rectangular patch
• Explores the potential for multifunction printed antennas, new high-temperature superconducting materials, active microstrip antennas, and tapered slot printed antennas
• Discusses the finite-difference time-domain method of analysis
• Examines competing dielectric resonator antenna technology
• Includes design data and an extensive bibliography