Directional antenna technologies have made significant advancements in the last decade. These advances have opened the door to many exciting new design opportunities for wireless networks to enhance quality of service (QoS), performance, and network capacity. In this book, experts from around the world present the latest research and development in wireless networks with directional antennas. Their contributed chapters provide detailed coverage of the models, algorithms, protocols, and applications of wireless networks with various types of directional antennas operating at different frequency bands. Wireless Network Performance Enhancement via Directional Antennas: Models, Protocols, and Systems identifies several interesting research problems in this important field, providing an opportunity to learn about solid solutions to these issues. It also looks at a number of practical hardware designs for the deployment of next-generation antennas, as well as efficient network protocols for exploitation of directional communications. The book is organized into six sections: Directional Antennas - covers the hardware design of different types of antennas Directional MAC - focuses on the principles of designing medium access control (MAC) protocols for directional networks Millimeter Wave - explores different design aspects of millimeter wave (mm-Wave) systems, which operate in higher-frequency bands (such as 60 GHz) MIMO - explains how to establish a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system and describes how it operates in a cognitive radio network Advanced Topics - looks at additional topics such as beamforming in cognitive radio networks, multicast algorithm development, network topology management for connectivity, and sensor network lifetime issues Applications - illustrates some important applications, such as military networks and airborne networking, that benefit from directional networking designs With this book, researchers and engineers will be well-equipped to advance the research and development in this important field. If you're new to this field, you will find this book to be a valuable reference on basic directional networking principles, engineering design, and challenges.

Requiring no advanced knowledge of wave propagation, An Introduction to Metamaterials and Waves in Composites focuses on theoretical aspects of metamaterials, periodic composites, and layered composites. The book gives novices a platform from which they can start exploring the subject in more detail. After introducing concepts related to elasticity, acoustics, and electrodynamics in media, the text presents plane wave solutions to the equations that describe elastic, acoustic, and electromagnetic waves. It examines the plane wave expansion of sources as well as scattering from curved interfaces, specifically spheres and cylinders. The author then covers electrodynamic, acoustic, and elastodynamic metamaterials. He also describes examples of transformations, aspects of acoustic cloaking, and applications of pentamode materials to acoustic cloaking. With a focus on periodic composites, the text uses the Bloch-Floquet theorem to find the effective behavior of composites in the quasistatic limit, presents the quasistatic equations of elastodynamic and electromagnetic waves, and investigates Brillouin zones and band gaps in periodic structures. The final chapter discusses wave propagation in smoothly varying layered media, anisotropic density of a periodic layered medium, and quasistatic homogenization of laminates. This book provides a launch pad for research into elastic and acoustic metamaterials. Many of the ideas presented have yet to be realized experimentally-the book encourages readers to explore these ideas and bring them to technological maturity.

This book describes the processes of radio propagation and analyzes the equations that enable estimation of media. It explores propagation processes and related phenomena including absorption, refraction, reflection, and scattering. It also analyzes how knowledge of radiowave properties allows accurate estimations of media via inverse problems. The text examines the empirical methods that interpret remote sensing data, and how they are applied in the creation of useful approximation models. The authors also describe the operational principles of microwave devices used in remote sensing, and provide insight into the stabilizing a priori information that greatly increases the accuracy of remote sensing solutions.

Now ubiquitous in public discussions about cutting-edge science and technology, nanoscience has generated many advances and inventions, from the development of new quantum mechanical methods to far-reaching applications in electronics and medical diagnostics. Ushering in the next technological era, Fundamentals of Picoscience focuses on the instrumentation and experiments emerging at the picometer scale. One picometer is the length of a trillionth of a meter. Compared to a human cell of typically ten microns, this is roughly ten million times smaller. In this state-of-the-art book, international scientists and researchers at the forefront of the field present the materials and methods used at the picoscale. They address the key challenges in developing new instrumentation and techniques to visualize and measure structures at this sub-nanometer level. With numerous figures, the book will help you: Understand how picoscience is an extension of nanoscience Determine which experimental technique to use in your research Connect basic studies to the development of next-generation picoelectronic devices The book covers various approaches for detecting, characterizing, and imaging at the picoscale. It then presents picoscale methods ranging from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to spectroscopic approaches at sub-nanometer spatial and energy resolutions. It also covers novel picoscale structures and picometer positioning systems. The book concludes with picoscale device applications, including single molecule electronics and optical computers. Introductions in each chapter explain basic concepts, define technical terms, and give context to the main material.

Delay- and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are networks subject to arbitrarily long-lived disruptions in connectivity and therefore cannot guarantee end-to-end connectivity at all times. Consequently DTNs called for novel core networking protocols since most existing Internet protocols rely on the network's ability to maintain end-to-end communication between participating nodes. This book presents the fundamental principles that underline DTNs. It explains the state-of-the-art on DTNs, their architecture, protocols, and applications. It also explores DTN's future technological trends and applications. Its main goal is to serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners.

This book describes the fascinating recent advances made concerning the chaos, stability and instability of semiconductor lasers, and discusses their applications and future prospects in detail. It emphasizes the dynamics in semiconductor lasers by optical and electronic feedback, optical injection, and injection current modulation. Applications of semiconductor laser chaos, control and noise, and semiconductor lasers are also demonstrated. Semiconductor lasers with new structures, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and broad-area semiconductor lasers, are intriguing and promising devices. Current topics include fast physical number generation using chaotic semiconductor lasers for secure communication, development of chaos, quantum-dot semiconductor lasers and quantum-cascade semiconductor lasers, and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. This fourth edition has been significantly expanded to reflect the latest developments. The fundamental theory of laser chaos and the chaotic dynamics in semiconductor lasers are discussed, but also for example the method of self-mixing interferometry in quantum-cascade lasers, which is indispensable in practical applications. Further, this edition covers chaos synchronization between two lasers and the application to secure optical communications. Another new topic is the consistency and synchronization property of many coupled semiconductor lasers in connection with the analogy of the dynamics between synaptic neurons and chaotic semiconductor lasers, which are compatible nonlinear dynamic elements. In particular, zero-lag synchronization between distant neurons plays a crucial role for information processing in the brain. Lastly, the book presents an application of the consistency and synchronization property in chaotic semiconductor lasers, namely a type of neuro-inspired information processing referred to as reservoir computing.

This book presents an unconventional approach for implementing chipless radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems and related sensors. Contrary to most state-of-the-art chipless-RFID systems, the proposed approach is based on time domain and the tags are read through near field. The book discusses different aspects of these chipless-RFID systems, including tag and reader design, strategies to enhance the data density and capacity, tag programming and erasing, tag implementation in plastic and paper substrates, and synchronous tag reading, among others. A tolerance analysis and validation of the different systems, as well as prospective applications, are also included. The book also offers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in chipless-RFID technology, including a comparative analysis, which is extended also to chip-based RFID systems. Readers are expected to be familiar with RF/microwave engineering technology. Besides master's and postgraduate students, the book is intended for researchers in the field of radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology, and may be of interest for engineers working in the areas of wireless communications, automatic identification, security, authentication, microwave and wireless sensors, as well as those dealing with internet of things (IoT) and smart systems.

This book consists of contributions given in honor of Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer. Space and time discretizing time domain methods for electromagnetic full-wave simulation have emerged as key numerical methods in computational electromagnetics. Time domain methods are versatile and can be applied to the solution of a wide range of electromagnetic field problems. Computing the response of an electromagnetic structure to an impulsive excitation localized in space and time provides a comprehensive characterization of the electromagnetic properties of the structure in a wide frequency range. The most important methods are the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) methods.

The contributions represent the state of the art in dealing with time domain methods in modern engineering electrodynamics for electromagnetic modeling in general, the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method, the application of network concepts to electromagnetic field modeling, circuit and system applications and, finally, with broadband devices, systems and measurement techniques.

This book discusses the development of Fano-based techniques and reveals the characteristic properties of various wave processes by studying interference phenomena. It explains that the interaction of discrete (localized) states with a continuum of propagation modes leads to Fano interference effects in transmission, and explores novel coherent effects such as bound states in the continuum accompanied by collapse of Fano resonance. Originating in atomic physics, Fano resonances have become one of the most appealing phenomena of wave scattering in optics, microwaves, and terahertz techniques. The generation of extremely strong and confined fields at a deep subwavelength scale, far beyond the diffraction limit, plays a central role in modern plasmonics, magnonics, and in photonic and metamaterial structures. Fano resonance effects take advantage of the coupling of these bound states with a continuum of radiative electromagnetic waves. With their unique physical properties and unusual combination of classical and quantum structures, Fano resonances have an application potential in a wide range of fields, from telecommunication to ultrasensitive biosensing, medical instrumentation and data storage. Including contributions by international experts and covering the essential aspects of Fano-resonance effects, including theory, modeling and design, proven and potential applications in practical devices, fabrication, characterization and measurement, this book enables readers to acquire the multifaceted understanding required for these multidisciplinary challenges.

Due to its physical, chemical, and material properties, graphene has been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally since it was first synthesized in 2004. This book explores in detail the most up-to-date research in graphene-related systems, including few-layer graphene, sliding bilayer graphene, rippled graphene, carbon nanotubes, and adatom-doped graphene, among others. It focuses on the structure-, stacking-, layer-, orbital-, spin- and adatom-dependent essential properties, in which single- and multi-orbital chemical bondings can account for diverse phenomena. Geometric and Electronic Properties of Graphene-Related Systems: Chemical Bonding Schemes is excellent for graduate students and researchers, but understandable to undergraduates. The detailed theoretical framework developed in this book can be used in the future characterization of emergent materials.

This reference book concentrates on microstructuring surfaces of optical materials with directed fluxes of off-electrode plasma generated by high-voltage gas discharge and developing methods and equipment related to this technique. It covers theoretical and experimental studies on the electrical and physical properties of high-voltage gas discharges used to generate plasma outside an electrode gap. A new class of methods and devices that makes it possible to implement a series of processes for fabricating diffraction microstructures on large format wafers is also discussed.

Semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles are the building blocks of the next generation of electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices. Covering this rapidly developing and interdisciplinary field, the book examines in detail the physical properties and device applications of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. It begins with a review of the synthesis and characterization of various semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles and goes on to discuss in detail their optical, light emission, and electrical properties. It then illustrates some exciting applications of nanoelectronic devices (memristors and single-electron devices) and optoelectronic devices (UV detectors, quantum dot lasers, and solar cells), as well as other applications (gas sensors and metallic nanopastes for power electronics packaging). Focuses on a new class of materials that exhibit fascinating physical properties and have many exciting device applications. Presents an overview of synthesis strategies and characterization techniques for various semiconductor nanocrystal and metal nanoparticles. Examines in detail the optical/optoelectronic properties, light emission properties, and electrical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles. Reviews applications in nanoelectronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices.

This book focuses primarily on senior undergraduates and graduates in Electromagnetics Waves and Materials courses. The book takes an integrative approach to the subject of electromagnetics by supplementing quintessential "old school" information and methods with instruction in the use of new commercial software such as MATLAB. Homework problems, PowerPoint slides, an instructor's manual, a solutions manual, MATLAB downloads, quizzes, and suggested examination problems are included. Revised throughout, this new edition includes two key new chapters on artificial electromagnetic materials and electromagnetics of moving media.

Advanced Electromagnetic Computation with MATLAB (R) discusses commercial electromagnetic software, widely used in the industry. Algorithms of Finite Differences, Moment method, Finite Element method and Finite Difference Time Domain method are illustrated. Hand-computed simple examples and MATLAB-coded examples are used to explain the concepts behind the algorithms. Case studies of practical examples from transmission lines, waveguides, and electrostatic problems are given so students are able to develop the code and solve the problems. Two new chapters including advanced methods based on perturbation techniques and three dimensional finite element examples from radiation scattering are included.

This volume is an integrated work with a full exposition of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, and the Gor'kov treatment of superconductivity. It discusses the fundamental experiments on macroscopic quantum phenomena and the Josephson effect.

Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1991emphasizes current results on the materials, characterization, and device aspects of a broad range of semiconductor materials, particularly the III-V compounds and alloys. The book is a valuable reference for researchers in physics, materials science, and electronics and electrical engineering who work on III-V compounds.

Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers emphasizes potential industrial applications of conducting polymers. The papers presented discuss the basic physics and chemistry of conducting polymers, followed by an in-depth examination of applications. The book is ideal for researchers in polymer physics, electronics, optics, and semiconductor physics.

Doped by isovalent or heterovalent foreign impurities, II-VI semiconductor compounds enable control of optical and electronic properties, making them ideal in detectors, solar cells, and other precise device applications. Quaternary alloys allow a simultaneous adjustment of band gap and lattice constant, increasing radiant efficiency at a wide range of wavelengths. Quaternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductors consolidates data pertaining to diagrams of quaternary systems based on these semiconductor compounds. The book illustrates up-to-date experimental and theoretical information about phase relations based on II-VI semiconductor systems with four components. It critically evaluates many industrially significant systems presented in two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases. The author classifies all materials according to the periodic groups of their constituent atoms and additional components in the order of their group number. Each quaternary database description contains brief information on the diagram type, possible phase transformations and physical-chemical interactions of the components, thermodynamic characteristics, and methods for equilibrium investigation and sample preparation. Most of the phase diagrams are in their original form. For those with varying published data, the text includes several versions for comparison. This book provides invaluable data for technologists and researchers involved in developing and manufacturing II-VI semiconductors at industrial and national laboratories. It is also suitable for phase relations researchers, inorganic chemists, and semiconductor physicists as well as graduate students in materials science and engineering. Check out the companion books: Ternary Alloys Based on II-VI Semiconductor Compounds and

The Finite-Difference Time-domain (FDTD) method allows you to compute electromagnetic interaction for complex problem geometries with ease. The simplicity of the approach coupled with its far-reaching usefulness, create the powerful, popular method presented in The Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Electromagnetics. This volume offers timeless applications and formulations you can use to treat virtually any material type and geometry. The Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Electromagnetics explores the mathematical foundations of FDTD, including stability, outer radiation boundary conditions, and different coordinate systems. It covers derivations of FDTD for use with PEC, metal, lossy dielectrics, gyrotropic materials, and anisotropic materials. A number of applications are completely worked out with numerous figures to illustrate the results. It also includes a printed FORTRAN 77 version of the code that implements the technique in three dimensions for lossy dielectric materials. There are many methods for analyzing electromagnetic interactions for problem geometries. With The Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Electromagnetics, you will learn the simplest, most useful of these methods, from the basics through to the practical applications.

Antenna Theory and Microstrip Antennas offers a uniquely balanced analysis of antenna fundamentals and microstrip antennas. Concise and readable, it provides theoretical background, application materials, and details of recent progress. Exploring several effective design approaches, this book covers a wide scope, making it an ideal hands-on resource for professionals seeking a refresher in the fundamentals. It also provides the basic grounding in antenna essentials that is required for those new to the field. The book's primary focus is on introducing practical techniques that will enable users to make optimal use of powerful commercial software packages and computational electromagnetics used in full wave analysis and antenna design. Going beyond particular numerical computations to teach broader concepts, the author systematically presents the all-important spectral domain approach to analyzing microstrip structures including antennas. In addition to a discussion of near-field measurement and the high-frequency method, this book also covers: Elementary linear sources, including Huygen's planar element, and analysis and synthesis of the discrete and continuous arrays formed by these elementary sources The digital beam-forming antenna and smart antenna Cavity mode theory and related issues, including the design of irregularly shaped patches and the analysis of mutual coupling Based on much of the author's own internationally published research, and honed by his years of teaching experience, this text is designed to bring students, engineers, and technicians up to speed as efficiently as possible. This text purposefully emphasizes principles and includes carefully selected sample problems to ease the process of understanding the often intimidating area of antenna technology. Paying close attention to this text, you will be able to confid

In chapters culled from the popular and critically acclaimed Electromagnetic Compatibility Handbook, Electrostatic Discharge provides a tightly focused, convenient, and affordable reference for those interested primarily in this subset of topics. Author Kenneth L. Kaiser demystifies electrostatic discharge and explains the source and limitations of the approximations, guidelines, models, and rules-of-thumb used in this field. The material is presented in a unique question-and-answer format that gets straight to the heart of each topic. The book includes numerous examples and uses Mathcad to generate all of the figures and many solutions to equations. In many cases, the entire Mathcad program is provided.

Organized as a mini-encyclopedia of infrared optoelectronic applications, this long awaited new edition of an industry standard updates and expands on the groundbreaking work of its predecessor. Pioneering experts, responsible for many advancements in the field, provide engineers with a fundamental understanding of semiconductor physics and the technical information needed to design infrared optoelectronic devices. Fully revised to reflect current developments in the field, Optoelectronics: Infrared-Visible-Ultraviolet Devices and Applications, Second Edition reviews relevant semiconductor fundamentals, including device physics, from an optoelectronic industry perspective. This easy-reading text provides a practical engineering introduction to optoelectronic LEDs and silicon sensor technology for the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Utilizing a practical and efficient engineering approach throughout, the text supplies design engineers and technical management with quick and uncluttered access to the technical information needed to design new systems.

The book proposed to the readers' attention represents an attempt to state and systematize extensive material of our experimental and theoretical investigations of heteromagnetic interactions in ferrite semiconductor structures of the active type carried out at the department of general physics, Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevskiyandin the Design of ceof critical technologies(DO CT) of SRI-Tantal Corp. of the Holding company "Tantal" in recent years. The novelty and complexity of the physical phenomena determined the high-technologychar- ter ofourinvestigationsat the jointof someleads- semiconductormicroelectronics, microcircuitry, radio engineering, radiophysics, physics of magnetic phenomena, magnetoelectronics. Accumulation of extensive theoretical and experimental material on mag- toelectronics of the microwave and EHF-ranges, investigations on bigyrotropic microelectronics in ferrite lms and structures on their basis, decisive experiments con rming the multifunctionality of interactions in ferrite semiconductor structures of the active type have determined the new lead being promising. The results of our physical investigations of multifunctional, multiparametric interactions in ferrite semiconductorstructures of the active type - (oscillators, c- verters, ampli ers, frequencysynthesizers, and sensors) in the radio-wave range are discussed in the book. Performance of such a great volume of investigations became possible by jo- ing the efforts of leading experts and scientists of Saratov State University, leading industrial enterprises of Russia in the spheres of semiconductor microelectr- ics manufacturing, development of microcontrollers, radioelectronic systems, and ferrites.

Green Energy Materials Handbook gives a systematic review of the development of reliable, low-cost, and high-performance green energy materials, covering mainstream computational and experimental studies as well as comprehensive literature on green energy materials, computational methods, experimental fabrication and characterization techniques, and recent progress in the field. This work presents complete experimental measurements and computational results as well as potential applications. Among green technologies, electrochemical and energy storage technologies are considered as the most practicable, environmentally friendly, and workable to make full use of renewable energy sources. This text includes 11 chapters on the field, devoted to 4 important topical areas: computational material design, energy conversion, ion transport, and electrode materials. This handbook is aimed at engineers, researchers, and those who work in the fields of materials science, chemistry, and physics. The systematic studies proposed in this book can greatly promote the basic and applied sciences.

This book deals with the Effective Electron Mass (EEM) in low dimensional semiconductors. The materials considered are quantum confined non-linear optical, III-V, II-VI, GaP, Ge, PtSb2, zero-gap, stressed, Bismuth, carbon nanotubes, GaSb, IV-VI, Te, II-V, Bi2Te3, Sb, III-V, II-VI, IV-VI semiconductors and quantized III-V, II-VI, IV-VI and HgTe/CdTe superlattices with graded interfaces and effective mass superlattices. The presence of intense electric field and the light waves change the band structure of optoelectronic semiconductors in fundamental ways, which have also been incorporated in the study of the EEM in quantized structures of optoelectronic compounds that control the studies of the quantum effect devices under strong fields. The importance of measurement of band gap in optoelectronic materials under strong electric field and external photo excitation has also been discussed in this context. The influence of crossed electric and quantizing magnetic fields on the EEM and the EEM in heavily doped semiconductors and their nanostructures is discussed. This book contains 200 open research problems which form the integral part of the text and are useful for both Ph. D aspirants and researchers in the fields of solid-state sciences, materials science, nanoscience and technology and allied fields in addition to the graduate courses in modern semiconductor nanostructures. The book is written for post graduate students, researchers and engineers, professionals in the fields of solid state sciences, materials science, nanoscience and technology, nanostructured materials and condensed matter physics.