This book provides up-to-date information on the application of nano-sized materials in energy devices. A brief overview on the properties of nano-sized materials introduces the readers to the basics of the application of such materials in energy devices. Among the energy devices covered include third generation solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. The book places emphasis on the optical, electrical, morphological, surface, and spectroscopic properties of the materials. It contains both experimental as well as theoretical aspects for different types of nano-sized materials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, thin film, etc.

A fresh and innovative technology is currently being recognized as a viable replacement for batteries. Research in the field of supercapacitors, as well as in the area of ceramic materials and their application to supercapacitor development, has spawned Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications. Featuring key contributions from well-established experts, this book highlights the field of high-energy and power storage devices, and considers the potential of nanostructured ceramic oxides for supercapacitors. It explores the role of different ceramic oxide systems and their surface nano-architecture in governing the efficacy of a supercapacitor, and presents a detailed understanding of the basic design and science associated with nanostructured ceramic oxide-based supercapacitors. It examines the history and development of this promising energy system, covering the fundamentals, science, and problems associated with this swiftly emerging field. The book also looks extensively into different measurement techniques that can evaluate the performance of this device. Presents an overview of a given field with examples chosen primarily for their educational purpose Provides exhaustive references at the end of each chapter Fits the background of various science and engineering disciplines Contains detailed mathematical analyses Each chapter includes several simple, well-illustrated equations and schematic diagrams to augment the research topics and help the reader grasp the subject. Background theories and techniques are introduced early on, leading to the evolution of the field of nanostructured ceramic oxide--based supercapacitors. Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications chronicles significant strides in device development, and benefits seniors and graduate students studying physics, electrical and computer engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.

Due to its physical, chemical, and material properties, graphene has been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally since it was first synthesized in 2004. This book explores in detail the most up-to-date research in graphene-related systems, including few-layer graphene, sliding bilayer graphene, rippled graphene, carbon nanotubes, and adatom-doped graphene, among others. It focuses on the structure-, stacking-, layer-, orbital-, spin- and adatom-dependent essential properties, in which single- and multi-orbital chemical bondings can account for diverse phenomena. Geometric and Electronic Properties of Graphene-Related Systems: Chemical Bonding Schemes is excellent for graduate students and researchers, but understandable to undergraduates. The detailed theoretical framework developed in this book can be used in the future characterization of emergent materials.

Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War II is a coherent account of the history of radar in the second World War. Although many books have been written on the early days of radar and its role in the war, this book is by far the most comprehensive, covering ground, air, and sea operations in all theatres of World War II. The author manages to synthesize a vast amount of material in a highly readable, informative, and enjoyable way. Of special interest is extensive new material about the development and use of radar by Germany, Japan, Russia, and Great British. The story is told without undue technical complexity, so that the book is accessible to specialists and nonspecialists alike.

The Institute of Physics Conference Series is a leading International medium for the rapid publication of proceedings of major conferences and symposia reviewing new developments in physics and related areas. Volumes in the series comprise original refereed papers and are regarded as standard referee works. As such, they are an essential part of major libration collections worldwide. The twelfth conference on the Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials (MSM) was held at the University of Oxford, 25-29 March 2001. MSM conferences focus on recent international advances in semiconductor studies carried out by all forms of microscopy. The event was organized with scientific sponsorship by the Royal Microscopical Society, The Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics and the Materials Research Society. With the continual shrinking of electronic device dimensions and accompanying enhancement in device performance, the understanding of semiconductor microscopic properties at the nanoscale (and even at the atomic scale) is increasingly critical for further progress to be achieved. This conference proceedings provides an overview of the latest instrumentation, analysis techniques and state-of-the-art advances in semiconducting materials science for solid state physicists, chemists, and materials scientists.

Radiophysical and Geomagnetic Effects of Rocket Burn and Launch in the Near-the-Earth Environment describes experimental and theoretical studies on the effects of rocket burns and launchings on the near-the-Earth environment and geomagnetic fields. It illuminates the main geophysical and radiophysical effects on the ionosphere and magnetosphere surrounding the Earth that accompany rocket or cosmic apparatus burns and launchings from 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers. The book analyzes the disturbances of plasma and the ambient magnetic and electric fields in the near-Earth environment from rocket burns and launchings from Russia, Kazakhstan, the United States, China, France, and other global space centers. Describing the radiophysical effects of rocket burn and launching in the middle and upper ionosphere, it focuses on the ecological consequences of space exploration-detailing methods for eliminating the harmful effects of space exploration. Measurements for the studies presented in the book were carried out using numerous radiophysical methods and techniques, including HF Doppler radar, incoherent and coherent scatter radar systems, microwave radar, magnetometer, and optical instrumentation and spectroscopy. The book analyzes the effects of rocket burns and launchings from 1975 to 2010 in worldwide launch campaigns. This book is an ideal reference for scientists in geophysics and radiophysics, specialists in rocket launching, and ecologists. It is also suitable as a fundamental handbook for graduate and postgraduate students taking physics and cosmic sciences courses at the university level.

Recent research has brought the application of microwaves from the classical fields of heating, communication, and generation of plasma discharges into the generation of compact plasmas that can be used for applications such as FIB and small plasma thrusters. However, these new applications bring with them a new set of challenges. With coverage ranging from the basics to new and emerging applications, Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams discusses how compact high-density microwave plasmas with dimensions smaller than the geometrical cutoff dimension can be generated and utilized for providing focused ion beams of various elements. Starting with the fundamentals of the cutoff problem for wave propagation in waveguides and plasma diagnostics, the author goes on to explain in detail the plasma production by microwaves in a compact geometry and narrow tubes. He then thoroughly discusses wave interaction with bounded plasmas and provides a deeper understanding of the physics. The book concludes with an up-to-date account of recent research on pulsed microwaves and the application of compact microwave plasmas for multi-element FIB. It provides a consolidated and unified description of the emerging areas in plasma science and technology utilizing wave-based plasma sources based on the author's own work and experience. The book will be useful not only to established researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those interested in applying these ideas to various current and new applications.

III-V semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Because of their wide applications in a variety of devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. This new book covers all known information about phase relations in ternary systems based on III-V semiconductors. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists.

Compared to traditional electrical filaments, arc lamps, and fluorescent lamps, solid-state lighting offers higher efficiency, reliability, and environmentally friendly technology. LED / solid-state lighting is poised to take over conventional lighting due to cost savings there is pretty much no debate about this. In response to the recent activity in this field, Fundamentals of Solid-State Lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and Their Applications in Illumination and Displays covers a range of solid-state devices, technologies, and materials used for lighting and displays. It also examines auxiliary but critical requirements of efficient applications, such as modeling, thermal management, reliability, and smart lighting. The book discusses performance metrics of LEDs such as efficiency, efficacy, current voltage characteristics, optical parameters like spectral distribution, color temperature, and beam angle before moving on to luminescence theory, injection luminescence, radiative and non-radiative recombination mechanisms, recombination rates, carrier lifetimes, and related topics. This lays down the groundwork for understanding LED operation. The book then discusses energy gaps, light emission, semiconductor material, special equipment, and laboratory facilities. It also covers production and applications of high-brightness LEDs (HBLEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs). LEDs represent the landmark development in lighting since the invention of electric lighting, allowing us to create unique, low-energy lighting solutions, not to talk about their minor maintenance expenses. The rapid strides of LED lighting technology over the last few years have changed the dynamics of the global lighting market, and LEDs are expected to be the mainstream light source in the near future. In a nutshell, the book traces the advances in LEDs, OLEDs, and their applications, and presents an up-to-date and analytical perspective of the scenario for audiences of differen

Praise for prior editions "an excellent treatise of thin film coatings, explaining how to produce all sorts of different filters selected according to the function they are required to play... an indispensable text for every filter manufacturer and user and an excellent guide for students." Contemporary Physics "essential reading for all those involved in the design, manufacture, and application of optical coatings" Materials World "a must-have addition to the library of any optical thin-film theorist or practitioner" SVC News This book is quite simply the Bible for the field of optical thin films. It gives the most complete introduction to thin film optical coatings addressed to manufacturers and users alike. This fifth edition offers a complete update on current design, manufacture, performance, and applications. New topics include absorbers and coherent perfect absorbers, photonic crystals, and metamaterials for optical coating. The author has also made substantial additions on scattering, composite materials, wire grid polarizers, laser damage, and applications. H. Angus Macleod is President of Thin Film Center Inc., in Tucson, Arizona, and Professor Emeritus of Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. His professional honors include a Gold Medal from SPIE, the Esther Hoffman Beller Medal from the Optical Society of America, and the Nathaniel H. Sugerman Memorial Award from the Society of Vacuum Coaters.

Advanced Electromagnetic Computation with MATLAB (R) discusses commercial electromagnetic software, widely used in the industry. Algorithms of Finite Differences, Moment method, Finite Element method and Finite Difference Time Domain method are illustrated. Hand-computed simple examples and MATLAB-coded examples are used to explain the concepts behind the algorithms. Case studies of practical examples from transmission lines, waveguides, and electrostatic problems are given so students are able to develop the code and solve the problems. Two new chapters including advanced methods based on perturbation techniques and three dimensional finite element examples from radiation scattering are included.

Optoelectronic devices are now ubiquitous in our daily lives, from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in many household appliances to solar cells for energy. This handbook shows how we can probe the underlying and highly complex physical processes using modern mathematical models and numerical simulation for optoelectronic device design, analysis, and performance optimization. It reflects the wide availability of powerful computers and advanced commercial software, which have opened the door for non-specialists to perform sophisticated modeling and simulation tasks. The chapters comprise the know-how of more than a hundred experts from all over the world. The handbook is an ideal starting point for beginners but also gives experienced researchers the opportunity to renew and broaden their knowledge in this expanding field.

Conjugated Objects: Development, Synthesis, and Application contains 17 chapters written by young researchers and contains current trends in pi-conjugated systems for application in broad research areas such as design of unique pi-conjugation, catalysts, self-assembly, charge transfer complexes, liquid crystals, supramolecules, and nanostructures by using conjugated small and/or macro-objects organically or electrochemically. The book can be used as a textbook of basic learning by undergraduate and graduate students of chemistry, electrical and electronics engineering, and materials science and by supramolecular researchers in nanotechnology and biotechnology.

This book offers unique coverage of the mechanical properties of nano- and micro-dispersed magnetic fluids. Magnetic fluids are artificially created materials that do not exist in the nature. Researchers developing materials and devices are keenly interested in their "mutually exclusive" properties including fluidity, compressibility, and the ability to magnetize up to saturation in relatively small magnetic fields. Applications of micro- and nanodispersed magnetic fluids include magnetic-seals, magnetically operated grease in friction units and supports, separators of non-magnetic materials, oil skimmers and separators, sensors of acceleration and angle, and gap fillers in loudspeakers.

Flow batteries have received attention in large-scale energy storage due to their flexible design, high safety, high energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. In recent years, they have been rapidly developed and tested in a variety of scales that prove their feasibility and advantages of use. As energy becomes a global focus, it is important to consider flow battery systems. This book offers a detailed introduction to the function of different kinds of redox flow batteries, including vanadium flow batteries, as well as the electrochemical processes for their development, materials and components, applications, and near future prospects. Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications will give readers a full understanding of flow batteries from fundamentals to commercial applications.

Broadband RF and Microwave Amplifiers provides extensive coverage of broadband radio frequency (RF) and microwave power amplifier design, including well-known historical and recent novel schematic configurations, theoretical approaches, circuit simulation results, and practical implementation strategies. The text begins by introducing two-port networks to illustrate the behavior of linear and nonlinear circuits, explaining the basic principles of power amplifier design, and discussing impedance matching and broadband power amplifier design using lumped and distributed parameters. The book then: Shows how dissipative or lossy gain-compensation-matching circuits can offer an important trade-off between power gain, reflection coefficient, and operating frequency bandwidth Describes the design of broadband RF and microwave amplifiers using real frequency techniques (RFTs), supplying numerous examples based on the MATLAB (R) programming process Examines Class-E power amplifiers, Doherty amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers, microwave gallium arsenide field-effect transistor (GaAs FET)-distributed amplifiers, and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) amplifiers for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications Broadband RF and Microwave Amplifiers combines theoretical analysis with practical design to create a solid foundation for innovative ideas and circuit design techniques.

Through a biophysical approach, Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine provides state-of-the-art knowledge on both the biological and therapeutic effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs). The reader is guided through explanations of general problems related to the benefits and hazards of EMFs, step-by-step engineering processes, and basic results obtained from laboratory and clinical trials. Basic biological mechanisms reviewed by several authors lead to an understanding of the effects of EMFs on microcirculation as well as on immune and anti-inflammatory responses. Based upon investigational mechanisms for achieving potential health benefits, various EMF medical applications used around the world are presented. These include the frequent use of EMFs in wound healing and cartilage/bone repair as well as use of EMFs in pain control and inhibition of cancer growth. Final chapters cover the potential of using the novel biophysical methods of electroporation and nanoelectroporation in electrochemotherapy, gene therapy, and nonthermal ablation. Also covered is the treatment of tendon injuries in animals and humans. This book is an invaluable tool for scientists, clinicians, and medical and engineering students.

In recent years the availability of techniques and the asking of basic and technological questions has led to an international explosion of activity in the study of solid surfaces. Originally published in Reports in Progress in Physics, Electronic Properties of Surfaces reflects the modern knowledge in this field, presenting critical appraisals of progress in surface science. The book should be particularly valuable for researchers new to this field.

Low-visibility antennas have many attractive features, such as being low-profile, flexible, lightweight, small-volume, and low-cost. Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems provides explicit guidelines for the development of these antennas. Offering valuable insight into emerging antenna technologies, the book: Introduces the fundamental theory of electromagnetics and antennas with few integral and differential equations, improving accessibility while providing sufficient mathematical detail Presents state-of-the-art advancements in microstrip, millimeter (mm) wave microstrip, wearable, wearable tunable printed, wideband wearable meta-material, and fractal printed antennas Discusses microwave integrated circuits (MICs), monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems delivers a comprehensive and cutting-edge study of the design and application of low-visibility antennas, complete with design considerations, computed and measured results, and an extensive exploration of radio frequency and antenna measurements.

Modern transceiver systems require diversified design aspects as various radio and sensor applications have emerged. Choosing the right architecture and understanding interference and linearity issues are important for multi-standard cellular transceivers and software-defined radios. A millimeter-wave complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transceiver design for multi-Gb/s data transmission is another challenging area. Energy-efficient short-range radios for body area networks and sensor networks have recently received great attention. To meet different design requirements, gaining good system perspectives is important. Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects offers an in-depth look at integrated circuit (IC) design for modern transceiver circuits and wireless systems. Ranging in scope from system perspectives to practical circuit design for emerging wireless applications, this cutting-edge book: Provides system design considerations in modern transceiver design Covers both systems and circuits for the millimeter-wave transceiver design Introduces four energy-efficient short-range radios for biomedical and wireless connectivity applications Emphasizes key building blocks in modern transceivers and transmitters, including frequency synthesizers and digital-intensive phase modulators Featuring contributions from renowned international experts in industry and academia, Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects makes an ideal reference for engineers and researchers in the area of wireless systems and circuits.

Introduction to PCM Telemetering Systems, Third Edition summarizes the techniques and terminology used in sending data and control information between users and the instruments that collect and process the data. Fully revised, it gives an overall systems introduction to the relevant topics in three primary areas: system interfaces; data transport, timing, and synchronization; and data transmission techniques. Integrating relevant information about the process at all levels from the user interface down to the transmission channel, this will also include how designers apply relevant industry and government standards at each level in this process. Homework problems are included at the end of each chapter.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is one of the most prevalent threats to electronic components. In an ESD event, a finite amount of charge is transferred from one object (i.e., human body) to another (i.e., microchip). This process can result in a very high current passing through the microchip within a very short period of time. Thus, more than 35 percent of single-event chip damages can be attributed to ESD events, and designing ESD structures to protect integrated circuits against the ESD stresses is a high priority in the semiconductor industry. Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications delivers timely coverage of component- and system-level ESD protection for semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Bringing together contributions from internationally respected researchers and engineers with expertise in ESD design, optimization, modeling, simulation, and characterization, this book bridges the gap between theory and practice to offer valuable insight into the state of the art of ESD protection. Amply illustrated with tables, figures, and case studies, the text: Instills a deeper understanding of ESD events and ESD protection design principles Examines vital processes including Si CMOS, Si BCD, Si SOI, and GaN technologies Addresses important aspects pertinent to the modeling and simulation of ESD protection solutions Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications provides a single source for cutting-edge information vital to the research and development of effective, robust ESD protection solutions for semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.

Wearable antennas are meant to be incorporated as part of clothing or placed close to the body. Wearable antennas can be used in countless communication applications including tracking and navigation, medical applications, imaging and detection, RFID, mobile computing and public safety. The book "Novel Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Systems" discusses the challenges and technology to develop compact, efficient, wearable antennas. The book begins by presenting elementary communication, electromagnetics and antenna topics needed for engineers and students that do not have a background in design, principles, and features of antennas, printed antennas, wearable antennas, and compact antennas for communication and medical applications. Throughout the book each chapter also covers sufficient mathematical details, physical details and explanations to enable the reader to follow and understand the topics presented. New topics and design methods in the area of wearable antennas, metamaterial antennas, active printed antennas and fractal antennas for communication and medical systems are presented and discussed throughout the book. The book presents computed and measured results in the vicinity of the human body. The book also covers topics such as RF measurement techniques, measurement setups and design considerations. The antennas developed and analyzed in this book were designed and optimized by using 3D full-wave electromagnetics software.

Written by recognized leaders in this dynamic and rapidly expanding field, Indium Nitride and Related Alloys provides a clear and comprehensive summary of the present state of knowledge in indium nitride (InN) research. It elucidates and clarifies the often confusing and contradictory scientific literature to provide valuable and rigorous insight into the structural, optical, and electronic properties of this quickly emerging semiconductor material and its related alloys. Drawing from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, it provides a thorough review of all data since 2001 when the band gap of InN was identified as 0.7 eV. The superior transport and optical properties of InN and its alloys offer tremendous potential for a wide range of device applications, including high-efficiency solar cells and chemical sensors. Indeed, the now established narrow band gap nature of InN means that the InGaN alloys cover the entire solar spectrum and InAlN alloys span from the infrared to the ultraviolet. However, with unsolved problems including high free electron density, difficulty in characterizing p-type doping, and the lack of a lattice-matched substrate, indium nitride remains perhaps the least understood III-V semiconductor. Covering the epitaxial growth, experimental characterization, theoretical understanding, and device potential of this semiconductor and its alloys, this book is essential reading for both established researchers and those new to the field.

This book aims to capture recent advances and breakthroughs in in-home radar monitoring of human motions and activities. It addresses three key attributes of radar for in-door human monitoring, namely: motion classification including fall, detection of vital signs, and categorization of human gait for risk assessment and progression of physical impairments and disabilities. It explores recent developments in radar technology for human monitoring inside homes and residences. The reader will learn enhanced detection and classification techniques of radar signals associated with human micro- and macro-motions. Furthermore, the book includes examples using real data collected from healthy individuals, patients, and retirement communities based on the subject Doppler and range information, and using different single and multi-antenna radar system configurations. Results are also presented using modeled data based on biomechanics and kinematics. Indoor monitoring is further demonstrated using alternative technologies of infrared sensors and RF signals of opportunities.