Explores Chemical-Based, Non-Chemical Based, and Advanced Fabrication Methods The Graphene Science Handbook is a six-volume set that describes graphene's special structural, electrical, and chemical properties. The book considers how these properties can be used in different applications (including the development of batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors based on graphene) and produced on a massive and global scale. Volume One: Fabrication Methods Volume Two: Nanostructure and Atomic Arrangement Volume Three: Electrical and Optical Properties Volume Four: Mechanical and Chemical Properties Volume Five: Size-Dependent Properties Volume Six: Applications and Industrialization This handbook describes the fabrication methods of graphene; the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene; graphene's electrical and optical properties; the mechanical and chemical properties of graphene; the size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties; and the application and industrialization of graphene. Volume one is dedicated to fabrication methods and strategies of graphene and covers: Various aspects of graphene device process flows Experimental procedures for graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) from graphene Advances in graphene synthesis routes The fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) by different methods The synthesis of graphene oxide, its reduction, and its functionalization with organic materials The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) processing of graphene family materials The preparation of graphene using the solvent dispersion method Methods for the preparation of graphene oxide The fabrication and performance of a gate-free graphene pH sensor Advances in wet chemical fabrication of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and more

This is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.

Analytical Techniques in Electromagnetics is designed for researchers, scientists, and engineers seeking analytical solutions to electromagnetic (EM) problems. The techniques presented provide exact solutions that can be used to validate the accuracy of approximate solutions, offer better insight into actual physical processes, and can be utilized in finding precise quantities of interest over a wide range of parameter values. Beginning with a review of basic EMs, the text: Describes the use of the separation of variables technique in Laplace, heat, and wave equations, covering rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems Explains the series expansion method, providing the solution of Poisson's equation in a cube and in a cylinder, and scattering by cylinders and spheres, as examples Addresses the conformal transformation technique, offering a visual display of conformal mapping and a brief introduction to the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation Employs worked-out problems to demonstrate various applications of Fourier sine and cosine, two-sided Fourier, Laplace, Hankel, and Mellin transform techniques Discusses perturbation techniques, supplying examples of perturbed results degenerating to their unperturbed versions as the perturbation parameters tend to zero Analytical Techniques in Electromagnetics maintains a balanced view of techniques for solving EM problems, refusing to overemphasize the importance of analytical methods at the expense of numerical techniques. Carefully selected topics give readers an appreciation of the kinds of EM problems that can be solved exactly.

Along with numerous opportunities in communication and imaging applications, the design of emerging millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) electronic circuits and systems in CMOS technology faces new challenges and requires new devices. Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with Metamaterials provides alternative solutions using CMOS on-chip metamaterials. Unlike conventional metamaterial devices on printed circuit boards (PCBs), the presented CMOS metamaterials can be utilized to build many mm-wave and THz circuits and systems on chip. Leveraging the authors' extensive expertise and experience with CMOS on-chip metamaterials, this book shows that with the use of metamaterials, one can realize coherent THz signal generation, amplification, transmission, and detection of phase-arrayed CMOS transistors with significantly improved performance. Offering detailed coverage from device to system, the book hereby: Describes integrated circuit design with application of metamaterials in CMOS technology Includes real CMOS integrated circuit examples and chip demonstrations with measurement results Evaluates novel mm-wave and THz communication and imaging systems under CMOS-based system-on-chip integration Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with Metamaterials reflects the latest research progress and provides a state-of-the-art reference on CMOS-based metamaterial devices and mm-wave and THz systems.

Low-visibility antennas have many attractive features, such as being low-profile, flexible, lightweight, small-volume, and low-cost. Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems provides explicit guidelines for the development of these antennas. Offering valuable insight into emerging antenna technologies, the book: Introduces the fundamental theory of electromagnetics and antennas with few integral and differential equations, improving accessibility while providing sufficient mathematical detail Presents state-of-the-art advancements in microstrip, millimeter (mm) wave microstrip, wearable, wearable tunable printed, wideband wearable meta-material, and fractal printed antennas Discusses microwave integrated circuits (MICs), monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems delivers a comprehensive and cutting-edge study of the design and application of low-visibility antennas, complete with design considerations, computed and measured results, and an extensive exploration of radio frequency and antenna measurements.

This book introduces in detail the theory of adaptive optics and its correction technology for light wave distortion in wireless optical communication. It discusses the adaptive control algorithm of wavefront distortion, proportional+integral control algorithm and iterative control algorithm, and double fuzzy adaptive PID control algorithm. It also covers the SPGD algorithm of adaptive optics correction, deformable mirrors eigenmode method of wavefront aberration correction, vortex beam wavefront detecting wavefront aberration correction, liquid crystal spatial light modulator wavefront correction, different wavelengths of Gaussian beam transmission wavefront differences in the atmospheric turbulence and correction and with wavefront tilt correction adaptive optics wavefront aberration correction. Various distortion correction methods are verified by experiments and the experimental results are analyzed. This book is suitable for engineering and technical personnel engaged in wireless optical communication, college teachers, graduate students and senior undergraduate students.

This book provides in-depth knowledge about the fundamental physical properties of bulk and low dimensional semiconductors (LDS). It also explains their applications to optoelectronic devices. The book incorporates two major themes. The first theme, starts from the fundamental principles governing the classification of solids according to their electronic properties and leads to a detailed analysis of electronic band structure and electronic transport in solids. It then focuses on the electronic transport and optical properties of semiconductor compounds, size quantization and the analysis of abrupt p-n junctions where a full analysis of the fundamental properties of intrinsic and doped semiconductors is given. The second theme is device-oriented. It aims to provide the reader with understanding of the design, fabrication and operation of optoelectronic devices based on novel semiconductor materials, such as high-speed photo detectors, light emitting diodes, multi-mode and single-mode lasers and high efficiency solar cells. The book appeals to researchers and high-level undergraduate students.

The large-scale production of chemicals to meet various societal needs has created environmental pollution, including pollution from byproducts and improper disposal of waste. With the world facing adverse consequences due to this pollution, green chemistry is increasingly being viewed as a means to address this concern.

Since most organic syntheses require toxic solvents, more reaction time, and drastic conditions of temperature, conventional methods of organic synthesis are less preferred. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis is considered to be a promising green chemical approach because it reduces reaction time from days or hours to minutes or even seconds, and has many other advantages. It helps reduce side reactions and increase yields, uses fewer solvents or is almost solvent-free, has solid supported reactions, and improves purity.

This book s main focus is microwave-assisted organic synthesis processes, particularly various reactions such as cycloaddition, rearrangement, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, condensation, coupling, polymerization, nanomaterials, synthesis of heterocycles, and industrial applications under microwave irradiation. The time is not far off when this methodology will virtually replace existing and cumbersome methods of organic synthesis."

Go Beyond Basic Distributed Circuit Analysis An Introduction to Microwave Measurements has been written in a way that is different from many textbooks. As an instructor teaching a master's-level course on microwave measurements, the authorrecognized that few of today's graduate electrical engineering students are knowledgeable about microwave measurements beyond basic distributed circuit analysis. Written in a "how-it-works" spirit-strongly borrowing from instrument catalogs and application notes-this text covers a wide range of topics, clarifies many terms used widely on the subject, and equips the reader with the ability to grasp more advanced material.It starts with a brief overview of the basic theory and the building blocks required for understanding and using microwave measurement techniques. Oriented around the most commonly used instruments in microwave measurements-the network analyzer, the spectrum analyzer, and synthesized microwave source-it introduces the latest instruments and techniques and provides a brief description of traditional measurement techniques (slotted waveguide etc.). It offers an introduction to the mathematical basis behind microwave measurements as well as an overview of some of the practical components that are frequently used in microwave instruments. Observing that students generally grasp the subject better when actual numbers are given, rather than symbolic relations, the author includes examples involving numerical values that are scattered throughout the book. He also provides a detailed description of the vector network analyzer and the spectrum analyzer (explaining its principle of operation and calibration), which form the backbone of modern microwave measurements. In addition, he briefly addresses advanced topics such as pulsed measurements and non-linear network analysis. Comprised of ten chapters, this text: Discusses noise measurement and synthesized signal generation Provides an overview of RF wafer-probing and modern microwave oscilloscopes-relatively advanced topics Contains detailed derivations and exercises An Introduction to Microwave Measurements provides proficiency in subjects related to radio frequency (RF) and microwave systems, and is an ideal resource for senior undergraduate and first-year master's-level students as well as professionals in the wireless industry who deal with such systems but are not specialists in the area.

MIMO Processing for 4G and Beyond: Fundamentals and Evolution offers a cutting-edge look at multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal processing, namely its detection (in both time and frequency domains) and precoding. It examines its integration with OFDM, UWB, and CDMA, along with the impact of these combinations at the system level. Massive MIMO and network coding at the physical layer are very recent topics which are also addressed, and which are expected to play an important role in 5G systems. The book brings together contributing authors from first-class institutions who have been working in international research and development (R&D) projects and are highly cited in the MIMO field. These experts examine ongoing R&D activities in the field of MIMO systems and its associated signal processing that is expected to be employed in 4G and 5G systems. Covers the various wireless communication standards that make use of MIMO systems Explains the receiver processing associated with MIMO signal detection (including the case of massive MIMO systems) and presents the optimal precoding techniques Considers optimized MIMO schemes and processing for block transmission techniques, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission techniques, and for single carrier-frequency domain equalization Examines MIMO processing and optimization for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) Describes the ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission technique and the corresponding MIMO processing and optimizations Explains physical layer network coding techniques From basic receiver design to more advanced processing, the book covers the spectrum of topics associated with MIMO systems and MIMO processing. It provides a comprehensive description of MIMO fundamentals and theory that is ideal for anyone looking to sharpen their skills on the subject, such as corporate/industrial employees or graduate students. The book summarizes the most important enhancements related to the processing of MIMO systems for 4G systems, including its evolution and future trends. It also supplies a performance analysis of the various combinations of MIMO schemes for 4G systems to help you select the combination best suited for your particular needs.

Recent research has brought the application of microwaves from the classical fields of heating, communication, and generation of plasma discharges into the generation of compact plasmas that can be used for applications such as FIB and small plasma thrusters. However, these new applications bring with them a new set of challenges. With coverage ranging from the basics to new and emerging applications, Compact Plasma and Focused Ion Beams discusses how compact high-density microwave plasmas with dimensions smaller than the geometrical cutoff dimension can be generated and utilized for providing focused ion beams of various elements. Starting with the fundamentals of the cutoff problem for wave propagation in waveguides and plasma diagnostics, the author goes on to explain in detail the plasma production by microwaves in a compact geometry and narrow tubes. He then thoroughly discusses wave interaction with bounded plasmas and provides a deeper understanding of the physics. The book concludes with an up-to-date account of recent research on pulsed microwaves and the application of compact microwave plasmas for multi-element FIB. It provides a consolidated and unified description of the emerging areas in plasma science and technology utilizing wave-based plasma sources based on the author's own work and experience. The book will be useful not only to established researchers in this area but will also serve as an excellent introduction to those interested in applying these ideas to various current and new applications.

This book presents novel and fundamental aspects of metamaterials, which have been overlooked in most previous publications, including chirality, non-reciprocity, and the Dirac-cone formation. It also describes the cutting-edge achievements of experimental studies in the last several years: the development of high-regularity metasurfaces in optical frequencies, high-performance components in the terahertz range, and active, chiral, nonlinear and non-reciprocal metamaterials in the microwave range. Presented here are unique features such as tunable metamaterials based on the discharge plasma, selective thermal emission from plasmonic metasurfaces, and the classical analogue of the electromagnetically induced transparency. These most advanced research achievements are explained in understandable terms by experts in each topic. The descriptions with many practical examples facilitate learning, and not only researchers and experts in this field but also graduate students can read the book without difficulty. The reader finds how these new concepts and new developments are being utilized for practical applications.

This book presents a simple, yet comprehensive, treatment of the basic principles and applications of novel phase masks and non-uniform optical windows under the increasingly popular umbrella term "pupil engineering." It discusses current research topics in the areas of phase-space representations for engineering imaging devices with extended depth of field, as well as sparse optical sensing and emergent phenomena such as vortices and singularities, highlighting the heuristic applications of key concepts in novel models and their graphic representations. The book is appealing to anyone interested in robotic vision and is a valuable resource for upper-level students, teachers, scientists, and engineers in the field of image science, lasers, and digital image processing.

A variety of devices at nanometer/molecular scale for electronic, photonic, optoelectronic, biological, and mechanical applications have been created through the rapid development of materials and fabrication technology. Further development of nanodevices strongly depends on the state-of-the-art knowledge of science and technology at the sub-100 nm scale. This book presents and highlights some of the key advances on, but not limited to, electronic and optoelectronic devices of nanometer/molecular scale, nanomechanics and nanoelectromechanical systems, electromechanical coupled devices, manipulation and aligning processes at nanometer/molecular scale, quantum phenomena, modeling of nanodevices and nanostructures, fabrication and property characterization of nanodevices, and nanofabrication with focused beam technology.

A comprehensive presentation of the theory and simulation of optical waveguides and wave propagations in a guided environment, Guided Wave Photonics: Fundamentals and Applications with MATLAB(r) supplies fundamental and advanced understanding of integrated optical devices that are currently employed in modern optical fiber communications systems and photonic signal processing systems. While there are many texts available in this area, none provide the breadth and depth of coverage and computational rigor found in this one.

The author has distilled the information into a very practical, usable format. In a logical progression of theory and application, he starts with Maxwell's equations and progresses directly to optical waveguides (integrated optic and fiber optic), couplers, modulators, nonlinear effects and interactions, and system applications. With up-to-date coverage of applicable algorithms, design guides, material systems, and the latest device and system applications, the book addresses:

• Fundamentals of guiding optical waves, including theoretical and simplified techniques
• Linear and nonlinear aspects of optical waveguiding
• Manipulating lightwaves by coupling and splitting
• Interactions of lightwaves and ultra-fast electrical travelling waves in modern optical modulators
• Applications of guided wave devices in optical communication systems and optical signal processing

Providing fundamental understanding of lightwave guiding and manipulating techniques, the text covers the field of integrated photonics by giving the principles, theoretical and applications. It explains how to solve the optical modes and their coupling as well as how to manipulate lightwaves for applications in communications and signal processing.

This book summarizes the latest findings by leading researchers in the field of photon science in Russia and Japan. It discusses recent advances in the field of photon science and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics, including photochemistry and spectroscopy of novel materials, magnetic properties of solids, photobiology and imaging, and spectroscopy of solids and nanostructures. Based on lectures by respected scientists at the forefront of photon and molecular sciences, the book helps keep readers abreast of the current developments in the field.

The dominant medium for soliton propagation in electronics, nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) has found wide application as a testbed for nonlinear dynamics and KdV phenomena as well as for practical applications in ultra-sharp pulse/edge generation and novel nonlinear communication schemes in electronics. While many texts exist covering solitons in general, there is as yet no source that provides a comprehensive treatment of the soliton in the electrical domain. Drawing on the award winning research of Carnegie Mellon's David S. Ricketts, Electrical Solitons Theory, Design, and Applications is the first text to focus specifically on KdV solitons in the nonlinear transmission line. Divided into three parts, the book begins with the foundational theory for KdV solitons, presents the core underlying mathematics of solitons, and describes the solution to the KdV equation and the basic properties of that solution, including collision behaviors and amplitude-dependent velocity. It also examines the conservation laws of the KdV for loss-less and lossy systems. The second part describes the KdV soliton in the context of the NLTL. It derives the lattice equation for solitons on the NLTL and shows the connection with the KdV equation as well as the governing equations for a lossy NLTL. Detailing the transformation between KdV theory and what we measure on the oscilloscope, the book demonstrates many of the key properties of solitons, including the inverse scattering method and soliton damping. The final part highlights practical applications such as sharp pulse formation and edge sharpening for high speed metrology as well as high frequency generation via NLTL harmonics. It describes challenges to realizing a robust soliton oscillator and the stability mechanisms necessary, and introduces three prototypes of the circular soliton oscillator using discrete and integrated platforms.

A reflection of the intense study of the effects of electromagnetic fields on living tissues that has taken place during the last decades, Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine summarizes most recent experimental findings and theories related to permeabilization of biomembranes by pulsed electric fields. Edited by experts and including contributions from pioneers in the field, the book focuses on biophysical mechanisms of electroporation and applications of this phenomenon in biomedical research and medicine. The field of electroporation is now mature enough to move from journal pages to book covers. The book leads readers from the basics and history of electroporation, through mechanisms of membrane permeabilization in lipid bilayers and living cells, to electrically-mediated gene delivery and cancer therapy in animals and humans. This book is an interdisciplinary compilation intended broadly for biomedical and physical scientists, engineers, and clinicians. It can also be used as a textbook for students in advanced courses in biomedical engineering, molecular and cell biology, as well as in biophysics and clinical medicine.

Computer-aided full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis has been used in microwave engineering for the past decade. Initially, its main application area was design verification. Today, EM-simulation-driven optimization and design closure become increasingly important due to the complexity of microwave structures and increasing demands for accuracy. In many situations, theoretical models of microwave structures can only be used to yield the initial designs that need to be further fine-tuned to meet given performance requirements. In addition, EM-based design is a must for a growing number of microwave devices such as ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas, dielectric resonator antennas and substrate-integrated circuits. For circuits like these, no design-ready theoretical models are available, so design improvement can only be obtained through geometry adjustments based on repetitive, time-consuming simulations. On the other hand, various interactions between microwave devices and their environment, such as feeding structures and housing, must be taken into account, and this is only possible through full-wave EM analysis.Electromagnetic simulations can be highly accurate, but they tend to be computationally expensive. Therefore, practical design optimization methods have to be computationally efficient, so that the number of CPU-intensive high-fidelity EM simulations is reduced as much as possible during the design process. For the same reasons, techniques for creating fast yet accurate models of microwave structures become crucially important.In this edited book, the authors strive to review the state-of-the-art simulation-driven microwave design optimization and modeling. A group of international experts specialized in various aspects of microwave computer-aided design summarize and review a wide range of the latest developments and real-world applications. Topics include conventional and surrogate-based design optimization techniques, methods exploiting adjoint sensitivity, simulation-based tuning, space mapping, and several modeling methodologies, such as artificial neural networks and kriging. Applications and case studies include microwave filters, antennas, substrate integrated structures and various active components and circuits. The book also contains a few introductory chapters highlighting the fundamentals of optimization and modeling, gradient-based and derivative-free algorithms, metaheuristics, and surrogate-based optimization techniques, as well as finite difference and finite element methods.

Until now, novices had to painstakingly dig through the literature to discover how to use Monte Carlo techniques for solving electromagnetic problems. Written by one of the foremost researchers in the field, Monte Carlo Methods for Electromagnetics provides a solid understanding of these methods and their applications in electromagnetic computation. Including much of his own work, the author brings together essential information from several different publications.

Using a simple, clear writing style, the author begins with a historical background and review of electromagnetic theory. After addressing probability and statistics, he introduces the finite difference method as well as the fixed and floating random walk Monte Carlo methods. The text then applies the Exodus method to Laplace s and Poisson s equations and presents Monte Carlo techniques for handing Neumann problems. It also deals with whole field computation using the Markov chain, applies Monte Carlo methods to time-varying diffusion problems, and explores wave scattering due to random rough surfaces. The final chapter covers multidimensional integration.

Although numerical techniques have become the standard tools for solving practical, complex electromagnetic problems, there is no book currently available that focuses exclusively on Monte Carlo techniques for electromagnetics. Alleviating this problem, this book describes Monte Carlo methods as they are used in the field of electromagnetics.

This book highlights recent advances of optical spatial solitons in photorefractive materials ranging broadly from the coupling, modulation instability, effect of pyroelectricity, and the stability of photorefractive solitons, among other topics. Photorefractive solitons have been at the forefront of research because of their formation at low laser powers and unique saturable nonlinearity present in photorefractive materials which supports solitons in (2+1) D. There has been a spurt in research on photorefractive solitons recently, which has contributed to a greater understanding of the theoretical foundation of photorefractive solitons as also of their various interesting and practical applications. The book elucidates the diversity of photorefractive solitons and provides a good resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the area of nonlinear optics.

This book highlights the comprehensive knowledge and latest progress in broadband terahertz (THz) technology. THz communication technology is believed to be one of the major choices that succeed the fifth-generation (5G) communication technology. With years of efforts, the author's team has created a number of world records in the generation, transmission, and reception of ultra wideband THz signal, realizing the MIMO transmission and reception of THz communication, the THz signal transmission with communication capacity of 1 Tbit / s, and the optical fiber and THz integrated transmission. A variety of linear and nonlinear algorithms for multi-carrier and single-carrier THz communication systems are developed, which greatly improves the transmission performance of broadband systems. The book covers in details the broadband THz signal generation, long-distance transmission, and high sensitivity detection. It is of great reference value for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in optical and wireless communications.

Multiple antenna (MIMO) techniques are an essential component of any contemporary wireless communication system because they can significantly improve the performance over conventional single-antenna links. While MIMO techniques are relatively well understood at the link level, the interaction of multiple MIMO links and their impact on performance at the system level necessitate fundamentally new investigations. We propose a book that investigates the theoretical foundations of MIMO networks consisting of multiple simultaneous MIMO links and applies these principles in the design of next-generation wireless networks.

About ten years ago, the information theoretic foundations of MIMO techniques were developed and showed the promise of using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver of a wireless link. An enormous amount of research ensued to develop practical techniques for achieving these promised gains. Within the last few years, the information theory community has again made significant breakthroughs, this time in the understanding of multiuser MIMO systems. Currently in industry, new wideband wireless standards, including EV-DO Rev C, UMTS LTE, and WiMax, are under development to meet the insatiable demands for high-rate, ubiquitous wireless services. For the first time, and for all of these standards, MIMO technology will play an integral role in meeting the aggressive performance requirements for increased data rates, decreased latency, and improved coverage.

Motivated by the confluence of these two eventsa "the emergence of multiuser MIMO theory and the development of commercial MIMO-based systemsa "we propose to connect the two worlds with a bookthat combines theory and practice. This book would provide a systematic survey of MIMO systems, starting with a review of MIMO link-level techniques and conventional single-antenna system-level techniques, summarizing the latest results in multiuser MIMO systems and developments in cross-layer techniques, and applying these techniques to the analysis and design of both current and future packet-based wireless networks. In addition to providing theoretical results, the book would serve as a reference for practicing communication engineers by providing useful descriptions of spatial channel models and system simulation methodologies for MIMO networks

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the theory and practical development of metamaterial-based perfect absorbers (MMPAs). It begins with a brief history of MMPAs which reviews the various theoretical and experimental milestones in their development. The theoretical background and fundamental working principles of MMPAs are then discussed, providing the necessary background on how MMPAs work and are constructed. There then follows a section describing how different MMPAs are designed and built according to the operating frequency of the electromagnetic wave, and how their behavior is changed. Methods of fabricating and characterizing MMPAs are then presented. The book elaborates on the performance and characteristics of MMPAs, including electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT). It also covers recent advances in MMPAs and their applications, including multi-band, broadband, tunability, polarization independence and incidence independence. Suitable for graduate students in optical sciences and electronic engineering, it will also serve as a valuable reference for active researchers in these fields.