Magnetic resonance imaging, semiconductor processing, and RFID are some of the critical applications within the medium frequency (MF) to ultrahigh frequency (UHF) range that require RF designers to have a solid understanding of analytical and experimental RF techniques. Designers need to be able to design components and devices cost effectively, and integrate them with high efficiency, minimal loss, and required power. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools also play an important part in helping to reduce costs and improve accuracy through optimization. RF Circuit Design Techniques for MF-UHF Applications explains how to design, simulate, and implement RF/microwave components and devices for applications within the medium frequency (MF) to ultrahigh frequency (UHF) range. The book makes RF design simple by expertly blending theory, simulation, and practical application examples. A Practical Guide to RF Circuit Design in the MF-UHF Range: Theory, Simulation, and Real-World Application Examples After a review of network parameters used in the analysis of RF components and devices, the book examines MF-UHF design techniques in detail. These include techniques for designing high-power microstrip circuits, directional couplers, transformers, composite and multilayer inductors, filters, combiners/dividers, and RFID systems. For every device, the book gives the required theory and then explains the verification process with CAD tools. In addition, each design is illustrated with real-life implementation examples that use a variety of CAD tools such as MATLAB (R), Mathcad, HFSS (TM), Ansoft Designer (R), Sonnet (R), and PSpice (R). Design tables, curves, and charts are included to demonstrate an efficient design process. Throughout, the book also offers practical hints to help engineers shorten the design time. Design MF-UHF Devices More Cost-Effectively The book reflects the optimum design methodology used in RF engineering, from the application of theory, to simulation for verification, to experimentation. Packed with useful techniques, tips, and examples, it is an invaluable resource for engineers, researchers, and students working in the MF-UHF range.

This new edition of Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides a comprehensive overview of infrared and terahertz detector technology, from fundamental science to materials and fabrication techniques. It contains a complete overhaul of the contents including several new chapters and a new section on terahertz detectors and systems. It includes a new tutorial introduction to technical aspects that are fundamental for basic understanding. The other dedicated sections focus on thermal detectors, photon detectors, and focal plane arrays.

This landmark monograph presents the most recent mathematical developments in the analysis of ionospheric distortions of SAR images and offers innovative new strategies for their mitigation. As a prerequisite to addressing these topics, the book also discusses the radar ambiguity theory as it applies to synthetic aperture imaging and the propagation of radio waves through the ionospheric plasma, including the anisotropic and turbulent cases. In addition, it covers a host of related subjects, such as the mathematical modeling of extended radar targets (as opposed to point-wise targets) and the scattering of radio waves off those targets, as well as the theoretical analysis of the start-stop approximation, which is used routinely in SAR signal processing but often without proper justification. The mathematics in this volume is clean and rigorous - no assumptions are hidden or ambiguously stated. The resulting work is truly interdisciplinary, providing both a comprehensive and thorough exposition of the field, as well as an accurate account of a range of relevant physical processes and phenomena. The book is intended for applied mathematicians interested in the area of radar imaging or, more generally, remote sensing, as well as physicists and electrical/electronic engineers who develop/operate spaceborne SAR sensors and perform the data processing. The methods in the book are also useful for researchers and practitioners working on other types of imaging. Moreover, the book is accessible to graduate students in applied mathematics, physics, engineering, and related disciplines. Praise for Transionospheric Synthetic Aperture Imaging: "I perceive that this text will mark a turning point in the field of synthetic aperture radar research and practice. I believe this text will instigate a new era of more rigorous image formation relieving the research, development and practitioner communities of inconsistent physical assumptions and numerical approaches." - Richard Albanese, Senior Scientist, Albanese Defense and Energy Development LLC

The technology surrounding the design and fabrication of optical microresonators has matured to a point where there is a need for commercialization. Consequently, there is a need for device research involving more advanced architectures and more esoteric operating principles. Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications explores advances in the fabrication process that enable nanometer waveguide separations, exceptionally smooth surfaces essential to reach Q factors in the order of 106- 108 and high index contrast materials.

Recent studies indicate that China accounts for about 96 percent of the world's supply of rare earth materials (REMs). With REMs becoming increasingly important for a growing number of high-tech applications, appropriate action must be taken to mitigate the effects of a shortage of critical REMs in defense systems and components. Bringing together information previously available only from disparate journal articles and databases, Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications describes the unique characteristics and applications of 17 REMs. It defines their chemical, electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics. Maintaining a focus on physical and chemical properties, it addresses the history and critical issues pertaining to mining and processing of REMs. In this book, Dr. A.R. Jha continues his distinguished track record of distilling complex theoretical physical concepts into an understandable technical framework that can be extended to practical applications across commercial and industrial frameworks. He summarizes the chemical, optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and spectroscopic properties of REMs best suited for next-generation commercial and military systems or equipment. Coverage includes extraction, recycling, refinement, visual inspection, identification of spectroscopic parameters, quality control, element separation based on specific application, pricing control, and environmental / geo-political considerations. Potential applications are identified with an emphasis on scientific instruments, nuclear resonance imaging equipment, MRI systems, magnetic couplers for uranium enrichment equipment, battery-electrodes, electric motors, electric generators, underwater sensors, and commercial and military sensors. The book describes unique applications of rare earth magnets in all-electric and hybrid electric cars and microwave components. It also considers the use of rare earth magnets in commercial and military systems where weight and size are the critical design requirements. Suitable for both students and design engineers involved in the development of high-technology components or systems, the book concludes by summarizing future applications in electro-optic systems and components, including infrared lasers, diode-pumped solid-state lasers operating at room temperatures, and other sophisticated military and commercial test equipment

This book presents a novel framework design for the next generation Marine Wireless Communication Networks (MWCNs). The authors first provide an overview of MWCNs, followed by a discussion of challenges in the design and development of MWCNs in support of a diversity of marine services such as real-time marine monitoring, offshore oil exploration, drilling, marine tourism and fishing. The authors then propose cross layer networking solutions to achieve a high performance modern MWCN that enables efficient and reliable data transmissions under hostile marine environment, which include the network deployment, the physical layer channel coding, intelligent network access and resource management, and learning-based opportunistic routing. Finally, the authors summarize the book and present some open issues that will lead to new research directions in the next generation MWCNs.

Describes the passive intermodulation mechanism, analysis and evaluation methods, location detection and suppression technology of microwave components passive intermodulation from a theoretical and engineering perspective Gives practical suppression technology in the book, which provides reference for the engineers Introduces the latest achievements of microwave components passive intermodulation in a certain technical depth, guidance and inspiration

This book discusses the problem of electromagnetic wave excitation in spatial regions with spherical boundaries and the accurate mathematical modeling based on numerical and analytical methods to significantly reduce the time required for developing new antenna devices. It particularly focuses on elements and systems on mobile objects of complex shape that are made of new technological materials. The experimental development of such devices and systems is an extremely time-consuming, lengthy, and expensive process. The book is intended for senior and postgraduate students and researchers working in the fields of radiophysics, radio engineering and antenna design. The authors assume that readers understand the basics of vector and tensor analysis, as well as the general theory of electrodynamics. The original results presented can be directly used in the development of spherical antennas and antenna systems for the mobile objects. The book addresses problems concerning the construction of Green's functions for Hertz potentials in electrodynamic volumes with spherical boundaries, and solves these clearly and concisely. It also uses specific examples to analyze areas where the results could potentially be applied. The book covers the following topics: * excitation of electromagnetic fields in coordinate electrodynamic volumes; * Green's functions for spherical resonators; * Green's functions for infinite space outside of spherical scatterers; * electromagnetic fields of dipole radiators on spherical scatterers; * electromagnetic fields of thin radial impedance vibrators on perfectly conducting spheres; * electrodynamic characteristics of narrow slots in spherical surfaces; * multi-element and combined vibrator-slot radiators on spherical surfaces.

Microwave Integrated Circuits provides a comprehensive overview of analysis and design methods for integrated circuits and devices in microwave systems. Passive and active devices, and linear and non-linear circuits are covered with a final chapter detailing measurement and test techniques.

This book describes monopulse implemented with Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESAs). Both phase- and amplitude-comparison monopulse are addressed. Limitations imposed by AESAs and non-ideal performance due to quantization, vector modulator noise, and element failures are discussed. The author addresses monopulse using modern low-cost AESAs where the hardware is often non-ideal and where one must carefully balance cost and complexity. The relationship between AESA antenna gain and monopulse measurement is shown and is used to construct an accurate "first-principles" simulation of the monopulse measurement process including both Additive White Gaussian Noise and non-ideal hardware effects.For those unfamiliar with monopulse, this book discusses both the theory and implementation of monopulse for application in modern AESA antennas. For those familiar with the ideal performance of monopulse, the book shows the sensitivity of monopulse accuracy to non-ideal hardware implementations, particularly in AESAs. For those familiar with both, the book discusses Monte-Carlo techniques for simulating the measurement process to obtain realistic, non-ideal monopulse performance vs signal-to-noise ratio. And for those working in radar, the book explains the relationship between one-way monopulse and the monostatic radar case with two-way propagation utilizing the same antenna for both transmit and receive. Shows the relationship between monopulse theory and implementation in modern AESAs; Illustrates the relationship between AESA antenna gain and monopulse accuracy; Discusses the limitations of AESA hardware implementation on simultaneous sidelobe control and monopulse measurement.

This monograph of Electro-Optical E?ects to Visualize Field- and Current- Distributions in Semiconductors consists of ?ve parts, four of which are based ontheresearchofcadmiumsul?de, wherealargenumberofcontributionswere made between 1958 and the late 1960s to directly observe ?eld and current distributionsandinterprettheirresults.Thevisualizationof?elddistributions was accomplished by using the Franz Keldysh e?ect, and the visualization of currentinhomogeneitiesusestheshiftoftheopticalabsorptionedgebyJoule's heating. The ?fth part deals with a review of the explosively developing ?eld of N- and S-shaped current voltage characteristics causing inhomogeneities and instabilities in ?eld and current distributions. This part of the book was composed by Eckehard Sch] oll of the Technical University in Berlin. A major emphasis is given to the ?rst part of the book in which s- tionary high-?eld domains are described. These domains can be used as an essential tool to determine unambiguously certain semiconductor properties, such as the electron density and its mobility as the function of the actual electric ?eld. It is also helpful to determine changes of the work function and electron a?nities between di?erent materials, such as for electrodes and h- erojunctions. Finally, it gives direct information about certain doping and their spacial pro?le."

This book offers the first comprehensive introduction to the optical properties of the catenary function, and includes more than 200 figures. Related topics addressed here include the photonic spin Hall effect in inhomogeneous anisotropic materials, coupling of evanescent waves in complex structures, etc. After familiarizing readers with these new physical phenomena, the book highlights their applications in plasmonic nanolithography, flat optical elements, perfect electromagnetic absorbers and polarization converters. The book will appeal to a wide range of readers: while researchers will find new inspirations for historical studies combining mechanics, mathematics, and optics, students will gain a wealth of multidisciplinary knowledge required in many related areas. In fact, the catenary function was deemed to be a "true mathematical and mechanical form" in architecture by Robert Hooke in the 1670s. The discovery of the mathematical form of catenaries is attributed to Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens and Johann Bernoulli in 1691. As the founders of wave optics, however, Hooke and Huygens did not recognize the importance of catenaries in optics. It is only in recent decades that the link between catenaries and optics has been established.

This book includes both theoretical and practical aspects within optics, photonics and lasers. The book provides new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields of this book are Optical scattering, plasmas technologies and simulation, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical fiber sensing and monitoring, image detection and Imaging solid state lasers and fiber lasers, and optical amplifiers. A wide range of optical materials is covered, from semiconductor based optical materials, optical crystals and optical glasses.

Recent studies indicate that China accounts for about 96 percent of the world's supply of rare earth materials (REMs). With REMs becoming increasingly important for a growing number of high-tech applications, appropriate action must be taken to mitigate the effects of a shortage of critical REMs in defense systems and components. Bringing together information previously available only from disparate journal articles and databases, Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications describes the unique characteristics and applications of 17 REMs. It defines their chemical, electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics. Maintaining a focus on physical and chemical properties, it addresses the history and critical issues pertaining to mining and processing of REMs. In this book, Dr. A.R. Jha continues his distinguished track record of distilling complex theoretical physical concepts into an understandable technical framework that can be extended to practical applications across commercial and industrial frameworks. He summarizes the chemical, optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and spectroscopic properties of REMs best suited for next-generation commercial and military systems or equipment. Coverage includes extraction, recycling, refinement, visual inspection, identification of spectroscopic parameters, quality control, element separation based on specific application, pricing control, and environmental / geo-political considerations. Potential applications are identified with an emphasis on scientific instruments, nuclear resonance imaging equipment, MRI systems, magnetic couplers for uranium enrichment equipment, battery-electrodes, electric motors, electric generators, underwater sensors, and commercial and military sensors. The book describes unique applications of rare earth magnets in all-electric and hybrid electric cars and microwave components. It also considers the use of rare earth magnets in commercial and military systems where weight and size are the critical design requirements. Suitable for both students and design engineers involved in the development of high-technology components or systems, the book concludes by summarizing future applications in electro-optic systems and components, including infrared lasers, diode-pumped solid-state lasers operating at room temperatures, and other sophisticated military and commercial test equipment

Appeals to a Wide Audience Fueled by more than 30 years of intensive research and debate on the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on everyday life-starting with residential exposure to magnetic fields and the development of childhood cancer in the 70s and continuing with risk of exposure via wireless communications in present day-Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields addresses ongoing public and scientific controversy surrounding the possible effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) to human health, and provides an in-depth introduction into the methodology of environmental epidemiology that is appropriate for all levels, from student to practicing engineer. Exposure to EMF Focusing primarily on EMF examples, the author presents the general principles and methodological concepts in environmental epidemiology. Topics of importance in the first part of the book include epidemiological study designs, exposure assessment methods and implications for the study results, as well as selection bias, confounding, and other biases including reverse causality and ecological fallacy. The second part of the book covers environmental epidemiological methods in detail and outlines key examples such as childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields, as well as examples that look at brain tumors and mobile phone use. The book also offers a detailed discussion on the range of EMF sources and exposures. In addition, it highlights the sophisticated assessment methods required to address exposure situations, and provides a historical perspective. The third part of the book examines how EMF exposure from the use of wireless communication techniques and other challenges affect risk assessment today and also details future developments. Explores environmental epidemiological methods in detail, while critically discussing epidemiological findings Provides a state-of-the-art overview of the scientific evidence of the health effects of EMF Considers how novelty, the steep increase of radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure from wireless communications, and other challenges affect risk assessment today Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields provides a thorough overview of the subject, and evaluates the scientific evidence surrounding the possible health effects of EMFs.

Infrared Thermography gives a thorough introduction to the principles, techniques, and applications of infrared imaging systems. With its comprehensive coverage and applications orientation, this book provides an ideal tutorial introduction to engineers and scientists interested in applying infrared thermography.

Covers a broad range of topics on the crystal chemistry, thin-film and crystal growth, and various physical properties of rare-earth borides, including detailed reviews of their structural and thermodynamic properties, electronic properties in the bulk and at the surface, and magnetic behavior at low temperatures from the perspective of both theory and experiment Includes a comprehensive review of the crystal-growth methods and their influence on the quality of single-crystalline samples across different structural families of rare-earth borides Encompasses comprehensive reviews of the lattice and electron dynamical properties from the perspective of Raman scattering, inelastic neutron scattering, and x-ray spectroscopy. In particular, a multifaceted analysis of the low-temperature magnetic dynamics associated with the multipolar ordering phenomena is highlighted Contains two chapters on the theory of multipolar excitations in rare-earth borides, authored by the leading experts in the physics of f-electron Kondo systems Features a contribution by Priscila F. S. Rosa and Zachary Fisk about the electronic properties of the Kondo insulator SmB6 that received a lot of attention in recent years due to its intensely debated topological electronic properties

This book gives a state-of-the-art overview by internationally recognized researchers of the architectures of breakthrough devices required for future intelligent integrated systems. The first section highlights Advanced Silicon-Based CMOS Technologies. New device and functional architectures are reviewed in chapters on Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors and 3-D monolithic Integration, which the alternative materials could possibly use in the future. The way we can augment silicon technologies is illustrated by the co-integration of new types of devices, such as molecular and resistive spintronics-based memories and smart sensors, using nanoscale features co-integrated with silicon CMOS or above it.

The unique properties of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in magnetodielectric solids are widely used to create highly efficient analog information processing devices in the microwave range. Such devices include filters, delay lines, phase shifters, non-reciprocal and non-linear devices, and others. This book examines magnetic resonance and ferromagnetic resonance under a wide variety of conditions to study physical properties of magnetodielectric materials. The authors explore the properties in various mediums that significantly complicate magnetic resonance and provide a summary of related advances obtained during the last two decades. It also covers the emergence of new branches of the spectrum and anomalous dependencies on the magnetic field. Key Features: Reviews basic principles of the science of crystallographic symmetry and anisotropic solid-state properties Addresses the inhomogeneous nature of the distribution of the magnetization in the material being studied Explains the mathematic methods used in the calculation of anisotropic solids of a solid Provides the reader with a path to substitute electromagnetic waves when magnetostatic apparatus prove insufficient

Magnetostatic waves (MSWs) in magnetodielectric media are fundamental for the creation of various highly efficient devices for analog information processing in the microwave range. These devices include various filters, delay lines, phase shifters, frequency converters, nonreciprocal and nonlinear devices, and others. Magnetostatic Waves in Inhomogeneous Fields examines magnetostatic waves and their distribution in non-uniformly magnetized films and structures. The propagation of magnetostatic waves in magnetodielectric environments is accompanied by numerous and very diverse physical effects, sharply distinguishing them from ordinary electromagnetic waves in isotropic media. The authors address dispersion properties and noncollinearity of phase and group velocity vectors, as well as non-reciprocal propagation. Key Features Offers mathematical tools used in the calculation of properties of magnetostatic waves Includes a current literature review of magnetostatic waves and domain structures in garnet-ferrite films Considers the issue of converting magnetostatic waves into electromagnetic ones

Modeling and Control of Magnetic Fluid Deformable Mirrors for Adaptive Optics Systems presents a novel design of wavefront correctors based on magnetic fluid deformable mirrors (MFDM) as well as corresponding control algorithms. The presented wavefront correctors are characterized by their linear, dynamic response. Various mirror surface shape control algorithms are presented along with experimental evaluations of the performance of the resulting adaptive optics systems. Adaptive optics (AO) systems are used in various fields of application to enhance the performance of optical systems, such as imaging, laser, free space optical communication systems, etc. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, professors, engineers, scientists and researchers working on the design of adaptive optics systems and their various emerging fields of application. Zhizheng Wu is an associate professor at Shanghai University, China. Azhar Iqbal is a research associate at the University of Toronto, Canada. Foued Ben Amara is an assistant professor at the University of Toronto, Canada.

Magnetic Materials and 3D Finite Element Modeling explores material characterization and finite element modeling (FEM) applications. This book relates to electromagnetic analysis based on Maxwell's equations and application of the finite element (FE) method to low frequency devices. A great source for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electromagnetics, it also supports industry professionals working in magnetics, electromagnetics, ferromagnetic materials science and electrical engineering. The authors present current concepts on ferromagnetic material characterizations and losses. They provide introductory material; highlight basic electromagnetics, present experimental and numerical modeling related to losses and focus on FEM applied to 3D applications. They also explain various formulations, and discuss numerical codes. * Furnishes algorithms in computational language * Summarizes concepts related to the FE method * Uses classical algebra to present the method, making it easily accessible to engineers Written in an easy-to-understand tutorial format, the text begins with a short presentation of Maxwell's equations, discusses the generation mechanism of iron losses, and introduces their static and dynamic components. It then demonstrates simplified models for the hysteresis phenomena under alternating magnetic fields. The book also focuses on the Preisach and Jiles-Atherton models, discusses vector hysterisis modeling, introduces the FE technique, and presents nodal and edge elements applied to 3D FE formulation connected to the hysteretic phenomena. The book discusses the concept of source-field for magnetostatic cases, magnetodynamic fields, eddy currents, and anisotropy. It also explores the need for more sophisticated coding, and presents techniques for solving linear systems generated by the FE cases while considering advantages and drawbacks.

The principal aim of this book is to provide the reader with the understanding of the possibilities and features of THz identification as opposed to more traditional techniques such as X-rays, microwaves, etc. by elucidating and illustrating the principles of THz identification and its applications in a systematical way. Its scope includes a description of the physical principles of THz generation, transmission and detection, as well as of the applications of THz identification.The inherent advantages and potential benefits of the terahertz (THz) phenomenon, potential that encompasses various aspects such as THz sensing, imaging and material properties investigation with THz radiation for Defense (military) and security applications serve as an important stimulus for the interest in emerging THz science and technology, in particular, the very rapid growth of this new field.This text presents some of the leading fundamental research efforts towards the realization of practical THz devices applications for military and security applications. Relevant chapters contain fundamentals and/or measurements of THz radiation in solid-state materials such as high explosives (e.g. HMX, PETN, RDX, etc.), biological tissues and organic-semiconductor nanostructures. Individual chapters also address the present capabilities of THz equipment for the effective utilization of screening packages and personnel. This book contains descriptions and analyses of the most innovative research in the field; the presented material introduces novel devices and/or concepts that enhance THz source and detector performance - enabling completely new types of sensor performance at THz frequency (e.g. detection at molecular and nanoscale levels), and defining innovative sensing modalities (e.g. remote object and personnel identification) for defense and security.

This monograph offers a comprehensive overview of diverse quantization phenomena in layered materials, covering current mainstream experimental and theoretical research studies, and presenting essential properties of layered materials along with a wealth of figures. This book illustrates commonly used synthesis methods of these 2D materials and compares the calculated results and experimental measurements, including novel features not yet reported. The book also discusses experimental measurements of magnetic quantization, theoretical modeling for studying systems and covers diversified magneto-electronic properties, magneto-optical selection rules, unusual quantum Hall conductivities, and single- and many-particle magneto-Coulomb excitations. Rich and unique behaviors are clearly revealed in few-layer graphene systems with distinct stacking configuration, stacking-modulated structures, silicon-doped lattices, bilayer silicene/germanene systems with the bottom-top and bottom-bottom buckling structures, monolayer and bilayer phosphorene systems, and quantum topological insulators. The generalized tight-binding model, the static and dynamic Kubo formulas, and the random-phase approximation are developed/modified to thoroughly explore the fundamental properties and propose the concise physical pictures. Different high-resolution experimental measurements are discussed in detail, and they are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Aimed at readers working in materials science, physics, and engineering this book should be useful for potential applications in energy storage, electronic devices, and optoelectronic devices.

To physicists and chemists, color means light emission, absorption, spectrum, and coloration. Near-Infrared Organic Materials and Emerging Applications presents knowledge and applications of invisible "colored" organic materials. Near-infrared (NIR) materials are defined as substances that interact with NIR light, namely, absorption and reflection, and emit NIR light upon stimulation, for example, photoexcitation, electric field, and chemical reaction. This book offers up-to-date information on low band-gap organic materials with unique near-infrared absorbing, fluorescent, and photovoltaic properties for various emerging applications.
The author emphasizes the chemistry of materials, in particular the structure property relationship of near-infrared organic compounds and polymers. The text discusses the molecular design aspect of NIR materials, including effects of conjugation length and donor acceptor charge transfer. Chapters also cover information on the structures and key properties of NIR organic compounds, such as those containing rylene, polymethine, and metal-complex chromophores, as well as polymers, including nonconjugated NIR-absorbing, conjugated dye-containing, and donor acceptor conjugated polymers.
The final chapter describes emerging applications of NIR organic materials based on absorbing, chromogenic, photosensitizing, photovoltaic, and fluorescent properties, as well as applications of low band-gap compounds and polymers in ambipolar organic transistors. Presenting useful data and thought-provoking ideas, this book provides a practical reference on optical properties and structures of NIR organic materials and their design principles and applications.