Microwave and radio frequency (RF) elements play an important role in communication systems, and, due to the proliferation of radar, satellite and mobile wireless systems, there is a need for the study of electromagnetism. Each of the nine chapters of this book provides a complete analysis and modeling of the microwave structure used for emission or reception technology, providing students with a set of approaches that can be used for current and future RF and microwave circuit designs. The authors emphasize the practical nature of the subject by summarizing the analysis steps and giving numerous examples of problems and exercises complete with solutions, making this book theoretical, but also experimental, with over 16 microwave problems. This approach has produced a coherent and practical treatment of the subject. The book has grown out of the authors own teaching and, as such, has a unity of methodology and style. It provides basic knowledge of microwave and RF range and is intended for microwave engineers and for advanced graduate students.

Containing more than 300 equations and nearly 500 drawings, photographs, and micrographs, this reference surveys key areas such as optical measurements and in-line calibration methods. It describes cleanroom-based measurement technology used during the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits and covers model-based, critical dimension, overlay, acoustic film thickness, dopant dose, junction depth, and electrical measurements; particle and defect detection; and flatness following chemical mechanical polishing. Providing examples of well-developed metrology capability, the book focuses on metrology for lithography, transistor, capacitor, and on-chip interconnect process technologies.

Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers emphasizes potential industrial applications of conducting polymers. The papers presented discuss the basic physics and chemistry of conducting polymers, followed by an in-depth examination of applications. The book is ideal for researchers in polymer physics, electronics, optics, and semiconductor physics.

Fills a Prominent Gap in a Significant Area of Intermetallics Presenting a comprehensive overview of structural intermetallics (the most important class of intermetallics), Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites is a reference written with the beginning student as well as the practicing professional in mind. Utilizing the author's more than two decades of experience working on silicides and teaching a course on advanced materials, this text addresses the fundamental aspects related to structure, mechanical behavior, and the oxidation resistance of selected intermetallics and their composites. In addition to covering the structure and properties of selected intermetallics, the text places special emphasis on composite intermetallics and specifically focuses on select aluminides and silicides. It reviews existing literature on select structural silicides and aluminides, considers possible applications on the basis of the attractive properties of aluminides and silicides, and also factors in future directions of research. Fundamental aspects include thermodynamic principles, phase diagrams and crystal structures, processing methods, deformation and fracture mechanisms of ordered intermetallics, and oxidation behavior with mechanisms for protection against environmental degradation. Comprising nine chapters, this text: Explores the state-of-the-art accomplishments in this area Considers further research related to the topic Examines further innovations applying these materials An up-to-date introduction to structural intermetallics, Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites helps readers grasp the complexities of the structure of intermetallics and their effect on various physical and mechanical properties. It also highlights the recent state of development in the field.

This book presents innovative strategies to implement ultra-low voltage (ULV) and low power active circuits used in low energy RF receivers. The authors demonstrate that the use of single-stage amplifiers with the input negative transconductance compensation is a key strategy to allow the operation at low voltage levels with reduced power dissipation. Also, some design methodologies, based on the CMOS transistor operation point, are analyzed and a powerful design methodology is described for this kind of circuit. Readers will be enabled to implement the techniques described to design communication circuits with low power dissipation, useful in a variety of applications, including IoT/IoE devices.

Continuing miniaturization of electronic devices, together with the quickly growing number of nanotechnological applications, demands a profound understanding of the underlying physics. Most of the fundamental problems of modern condensed matter physics involve various aspects of quantum transport and fluctuation phenomena at the nanoscale. In nanostructures, electrons are usually confined to a limited volume and interact with each other and lattice ions, simultaneously suffering multiple scattering events on impurities, barriers, surface imperfections, and other defects. Electron interaction with other degrees of freedom generally yields two major consequences, quantum dissipation and quantum decoherence. In other words, electrons can lose their energy and ability for quantum interference even at very low temperatures. These two different, but related, processes are at the heart of all quantum phenomena discussed in this book. This book presents copious details to facilitate the understanding of the basic physics behind a result and the learning to technically reproduce the result without delving into extra literature. The book subtly balances the description of theoretical methods and techniques and the display of the rich landscape of the physical phenomena that can be accessed by these methods. It is useful for a broad readership ranging from master's and PhD students to postdocs and senior researchers.

This book discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers, presenting new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields addressed include nonlinear optical phenomena, photonics for energy, high-field phenomena, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical communications, biomedical optics and photonics. It also covers a large spectrum of materials, ranging from semiconductor-based optical materials to optical glasses, organic materials, photorefractive materials and nanophotonic materials, as well as applications such as metrology, optometry, adaptive optics, all optical instrumentation, optical communications, quantum information, lighting technologies, energy harvesting and optically based biomedical diagnosis and therapeutics.

This book develops the analytical theory of perfectly conducting and lossy metal, circular, round-wire loop antennas and nano-scaled rings from the radio frequency (RF) regime through infrared and the optical region. It does so from an antenna theory perspective. It is the first time that all of the historical material found in the literature has appeared in one place. It includes, particularly, material that has appeared in the literature only in the last decade and some new material that has not yet been published. The book derives the input impedance, resonances and anti-resonances, the RLC circuit model representation, and radiation patterns not only of closed loops and rings, but also of loops and rings loaded randomly and multiply with resistive and reactive impedances. Every derivation is compared with simulations run in Microwave Studio (MWS). It looks carefully at the physical response of loop antennas and nano-rings coupled to a source at one point in the periphery and at such rings illuminated by a plane wave arriving from every different direction with the E-field in all polarizations. The book ends with a brief look at polygonal loops, two dimensional arrays of nano-rings, and Yagi-Uda arrays.

Because of unique water properties, humidity affects many living organisms, including humans and materials. Humidity control is important in various fields, from production management to creating a comfortable living environment. The second volume of The Handbook of Humidity Measurement is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. This volume discusses the advantages and disadvantages about the capacitive, resistive, gravimetric, hygrometric, field ionization, microwave, Schottky barrier, Kelvin probe, field-effect transistor, solid-state electrochemical, and thermal conductivity-based humidity sensors. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive analysis of the properties of humidity-sensitive materials, used for the development of such devices. Describes numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity sensitive materials and sensing structures used in sensor applications. Explores new approaches proposed for the development of humidity sensors. Considers conventional devices such as phsychometers, gravimetric, mechanical (hair), electrolytic, child mirror hygrometers, etc., which were used for the measurement of humidity for several centuries. Handbook of Humidity Measurement, Volume 2: Electronic and Electrical Humidity Sensors provides valuable information for practicing engineers, measurement experts, laboratory technicians, project managers in industries and national laboratories, as well as university students and professors interested in solutions to humidity measurement tasks as well as in understanding fundamentals of any gas sensor operation and development.

III-V semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light emitting diodes and solar cells. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. This book covers all known information about phase relations in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors and making research originally published in Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists. Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

"Integrates principles of electromagnetics, dielectrics, heat and moisture transfer, packaging, solid mechanics, fluid flow, food chemistry, and microbiology to provide a comprehensive overview of microwave processing in a single accessible source."

There are continuous efforts focussed on improving road traffic safety worldwide. Numerous vehicle safety features have been invented and standardized over the past decades. Particularly interesting are the driver assistance systems, since these can considerably reduce the number of accidents by supporting drivers' perception of their surroundings. Many driver assistance features rely on radar-based sensors. Nowadays the commercially available automotive front-end sensors are comprised of discrete components, thus making the radar modules highly-priced and suitable for integration only in premium class vehicles. Realization of low-cost radar fro- end circuits would enable their implementation in inexpensive economy cars, c- siderably contributing to traffic safety. Cost reduction requires high-level integration of the microwave front-end c- cuitry, specifically analog and digital circuit blocks co-located on a single chip. - cent developments of silicon-based technologies, e.g. CMOS and SiGe:C bipolar, make them suitable for realization of microwave sensors. Additionally, these te- nologies offer the necessary integration capability. However, the required output power and temperature stability, necessary for automotive radar sensor products, have not yet been achieved in standard digital CMOS technologies. On the other hand, SiGe bipolar technology offers excellent high-frequency characteristics and necessary output power for automotive applications, but has lower potential for - alization of digital blocks than CMOS.

This book is a self-contained, programming-oriented and learner-centered book on finite element method (FEM), with special emphasis given to developing MATLAB (R) programs for numerical modeling of electromagnetic boundary value problems. It provides a deep understanding and intuition of FEM programming by means of step-by-step MATLAB (R) programs with detailed descriptions, and eventually enabling the readers to modify, adapt and apply the provided programs and formulations to develop FEM codes for similar problems through various exercises. It starts with simple one-dimensional static and time-harmonic problems and extends the developed theory to more complex two- or three-dimensional problems. It supplies sufficient theoretical background on the topic, and it thoroughly covers all phases (pre-processing, main body and post-processing) in FEM. FEM formulations are obtained for boundary value problems governed by a partial differential equation that is expressed in terms of a generic unknown function, and then, these formulations are specialized to various electromagnetic applications together with a post-processing phase. Since the method is mostly described in a general context, readers from other disciplines can also use this book and easily adapt the provided codes to their engineering problems. After forming a solid background on the fundamentals of FEM by means of canonical problems, readers are guided to more advanced applications of FEM in electromagnetics through a survey chapter at the end of the book. Offers a self-contained and easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and programming of finite element method. Covers various applications in the field of static and time-harmonic electromagnetics. Includes one-, two- and three-dimensional finite element codes in MATLAB (R). Enables readers to develop finite element programming skills through various MATLAB (R) codes and exercises. Promotes self-directed learning skills and provides an effective instruction tool.

This text deals with the advantages of rare earth activated phosphors for the development of solid state lighting technology and in enhancing the light conversion efficiency of Si solar cells. The book initiates with a short overview of the atomic and semiconductor theory followed by introduction to phosphor, its working mechanism, role of rare earth ions in the lighting and PV devices and host materials being used. Further, it introduces the applications of inorganic phosphor for the development of green energy and technology including advantages of UP/DC conversion phosphor layers in the enhancing the cell response of PV devices. Key Features: Focuses on discussion of phosphors for both solid state lighting and photovoltaics applications Provides introduction for practical applications including synthesis and characterization of phosphor materials Includes broad, in-depth introduction of semiconductors and related theory Enhances the basic understanding of optical properties for rare earth phosphors Covers up-conversion and down-conversion phosphor for energy harvesting applications

Reconfigurable RF-frontends aim to cope with the continuous pursuit of wider frequency coverage, higher efficiency, further compactness and lower cost of ownership. They are expected to lay the foundations of future software defined or cognitive radios. As a potential enabling technology for the frontends, the tunable ferroelectric devices have shown not only enhanced performance but also new functionalities. This book explores the recent developments in the field. It provides a cross-sectional perspective on the interdisciplinary research. With attention to the devices based on ceramic thick-films and crystal thin-films, the book reviews the adapted technologies of material synthesis, film deposition and multilayer circuitry. Next, it highlights the original classes of thin-film ferroelectric devices, including stratified metal-insulator-metal varactors with suppression of acoustic resonance and programmable bi-stable high frequency capacitors. At the end the book analyzes how the frontends can be reformed by tunable multiband antennas, tunable single- and multiband impedance matching networks and tunable substrate integrated waveguide filters, which are all built on low cost ferroelectric thick-films. For all the above devices, the theoretical analyses, modeling and design methods are elaborated, while through demonstrative prototypes the application potential is evaluated.

This work addresses the basic principles, synthesis / fabrication and applications of smart materials, specifically shape memory materials Based on origin, the mechanisms of transformations vary in different shape memory materials and are discussed in different chapters under titles of shape memory alloys, ceramics, gels and polymers Complete coverage of composite formation with polymer matrix and reinforcement filler conductive materials with examples

Recent advances in technology have led to the unprecedented accuracy in measurements of endogenous electric fields around sites of tissue disruption. State-of-the-art molecular approaches demonstrate the role of bioelectricity in the directionality and speed of cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and orientation. New information indicates that electric fields play a role in initiating and coordinating complex regenerative responses in development and wound repair and that they may also have a part in cancer progression and metastasis. Compiling current research in this rapidly expanding field, Physiology of Bioelectricity in Development, Tissue Regeneration, and Cancer highlights relevant, cutting-edge topics poised to drive the next generation of medical breakthroughs. Chapters consider methods for detecting endogenous electric field gradients and studying applied electric fields in the lab. The book addresses bioelectricity's roles in guiding cell behavior during morphogenesis and orchestrating higher order patterning. It also covers the response of stem cells to applied electric fields, which reveals bioelectricity as an exciting new player in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This book provides an in-depth exploration of how electric signals control corneal wound repair and skin re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and inflammation. It also delves into the bioelectric responses of cells derived from the musculoskeletal system, bioelectrical guidance of neurons, and the beneficial application of voltage gradients to promote regeneration in the spinal cord. It concludes with a discussion of bioelectricity and cancer progression and the potential for novel cancer biomarkers, new methods for early detection, and bioelectricity-based therapies to target both the tumor and metastatic cancer cells. This multidisciplinary compilation will benefit biologists, biochemists, biomedical scientists, engineers, dermatologists, and clinicians, or anyone else interested in development, regeneration, cancer, and tissue engineering. It can also serve as an ideal textbook for students in biology, medicine, medical physiology, biophysics, and biomedical engineering.

A comprehensive and unique account of the creation of artificially ionized layers in the middle and upper atmosphere, using powerful radio waves. Major physical mechanisms associated with the formation of the ionized region are studied in detail. The main part of the author's research is devoted to problems associated with the breakdown mechanisms for radio frequency discharges in air. A special chapter deals with breakdown in intersecting pulsed beams and the effects of recombination, diffusion and atmospheric winds on the stability of the structure. The kinetics of the plasma produced are also described.
The authors examine possibilities of inducing changes in the chemical composition of the upper atmosphere by means of radio frequence heating, with promising effects on the concentration of constituents such as ozone. The feasibility of using this phenomenon for; ozone healing - in connection with the ozone holes in the polar regions is investigated. The text is a timely treatment of key topics in the field of ionospheric modification.

Praise for prior editions "an excellent treatise of thin film coatings, explaining how to produce all sorts of different filters selected according to the function they are required to play... an indispensable text for every filter manufacturer and user and an excellent guide for students." Contemporary Physics "essential reading for all those involved in the design, manufacture, and application of optical coatings" Materials World "a must-have addition to the library of any optical thin-film theorist or practitioner" SVC News This book is quite simply the Bible for the field of optical thin films. It gives the most complete introduction to thin film optical coatings addressed to manufacturers and users alike. This fifth edition offers a complete update on current design, manufacture, performance, and applications. New topics include absorbers and coherent perfect absorbers, photonic crystals, and metamaterials for optical coating. The author has also made substantial additions on scattering, composite materials, wire grid polarizers, laser damage, and applications. H. Angus Macleod is President of Thin Film Center Inc., in Tucson, Arizona, and Professor Emeritus of Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. His professional honors include a Gold Medal from SPIE, the Esther Hoffman Beller Medal from the Optical Society of America, and the Nathaniel H. Sugerman Memorial Award from the Society of Vacuum Coaters.

Advanced Electromagnetic Computation with MATLAB (R) discusses commercial electromagnetic software, widely used in the industry. Algorithms of Finite Differences, Moment method, Finite Element method and Finite Difference Time Domain method are illustrated. Hand-computed simple examples and MATLAB-coded examples are used to explain the concepts behind the algorithms. Case studies of practical examples from transmission lines, waveguides, and electrostatic problems are given so students are able to develop the code and solve the problems. Two new chapters including advanced methods based on perturbation techniques and three dimensional finite element examples from radiation scattering are included.

This book provides up-to-date information on the application of nano-sized materials in energy devices. A brief overview on the properties of nano-sized materials introduces the readers to the basics of the application of such materials in energy devices. Among the energy devices covered include third generation solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. The book places emphasis on the optical, electrical, morphological, surface, and spectroscopic properties of the materials. It contains both experimental as well as theoretical aspects for different types of nano-sized materials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, thin film, etc.

A fresh and innovative technology is currently being recognized as a viable replacement for batteries. Research in the field of supercapacitors, as well as in the area of ceramic materials and their application to supercapacitor development, has spawned Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications. Featuring key contributions from well-established experts, this book highlights the field of high-energy and power storage devices, and considers the potential of nanostructured ceramic oxides for supercapacitors. It explores the role of different ceramic oxide systems and their surface nano-architecture in governing the efficacy of a supercapacitor, and presents a detailed understanding of the basic design and science associated with nanostructured ceramic oxide-based supercapacitors. It examines the history and development of this promising energy system, covering the fundamentals, science, and problems associated with this swiftly emerging field. The book also looks extensively into different measurement techniques that can evaluate the performance of this device. Presents an overview of a given field with examples chosen primarily for their educational purpose Provides exhaustive references at the end of each chapter Fits the background of various science and engineering disciplines Contains detailed mathematical analyses Each chapter includes several simple, well-illustrated equations and schematic diagrams to augment the research topics and help the reader grasp the subject. Background theories and techniques are introduced early on, leading to the evolution of the field of nanostructured ceramic oxide--based supercapacitors. Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications chronicles significant strides in device development, and benefits seniors and graduate students studying physics, electrical and computer engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.

Currently strain engineering is the main technique used to enhance the performance of advanced silicon-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Written from an engineering application standpoint, Strain-Engineered MOSFETs introduces promising strain techniques to fabricate strain-engineered MOSFETs and to methods to assess the applications of these techniques. The book provides the background and physical insight needed to understand new and future developments in the modeling and design of n- and p-MOSFETs at nanoscale. This book focuses on recent developments in strain-engineered MOSFETS implemented in high-mobility substrates such as, Ge, SiGe, strained-Si, ultrathin germanium-on-insulator platforms, combined with high-k insulators and metal-gate. It covers the materials aspects, principles, and design of advanced devices, fabrication, and applications. It also presents a full technology computer aided design (TCAD) methodology for strain-engineering in Si-CMOS technology involving data flow from process simulation to process variability simulation via device simulation and generation of SPICE process compact models for manufacturing for yield optimization. Microelectronics fabrication is facing serious challenges due to the introduction of new materials in manufacturing and fundamental limitations of nanoscale devices that result in increasing unpredictability in the characteristics of the devices. The down scaling of CMOS technologies has brought about the increased variability of key parameters affecting the performance of integrated circuits. This book provides a single text that combines coverage of the strain-engineered MOSFETS and their modeling using TCAD, making it a tool for process technology development and the design of strain-engineered MOSFETs.

Responding to recent developments and a growing VLSI circuit manufacturing market, Technology Computer Aided Design: Simulation for VLSI MOSFET examines advanced MOSFET processes and devices through TCAD numerical simulations. The book provides a balanced summary of TCAD and MOSFET basic concepts, equations, physics, and new technologies related to TCAD and MOSFET. A firm grasp of these concepts allows for the design of better models, thus streamlining the design process, saving time and money. This book places emphasis on the importance of modeling and simulations of VLSI MOS transistors and TCAD software. Providing background concepts involved in the TCAD simulation of MOSFET devices, it presents concepts in a simplified manner, frequently using comparisons to everyday-life experiences. The book then explains concepts in depth, with required mathematics and program code. This book also details the classical semiconductor physics for understanding the principle of operations for VLSI MOS transistors, illustrates recent developments in the area of MOSFET and other electronic devices, and analyzes the evolution of the role of modeling and simulation of MOSFET. It also provides exposure to the two most commercially popular TCAD simulation tools Silvaco and Sentaurus. * Emphasizes the need for TCAD simulation to be included within VLSI design flow for nano-scale integrated circuits * Introduces the advantages of TCAD simulations for device and process technology characterization * Presents the fundamental physics and mathematics incorporated in the TCAD tools * Includes popular commercial TCAD simulation tools (Silvaco and Sentaurus) * Provides characterization of performances of VLSI MOSFETs through TCAD tools * Offers familiarization to compact modeling for VLSI circuit simulation R&D cost and time for electronic product development is drastically reduced by taking advantage of TCAD tools, making it indispensable for modern VLSI device technologies. They provide a means to characterize the MOS transistors and improve the VLSI circuit simulation procedure. The comprehensive information and systematic approach to design, characterization, fabrication, and computation of VLSI MOS transistor through TCAD tools presented in this book provides a thorough foundation for the development of models that simplify the design verification process and make it cost effective.

Piezoelectric Materials and Devices: Applications in Engineering and Medical Sciences provides a complete overview of piezoelectric materials, covering all aspects of the materials starting from fundamental concepts. The treatment includes physics of piezoelectric materials, their characteristics and applications. The author uses simple language to explain the theory of piezoelectricity and introduce readers to the properties and design of different types of piezoelectric materials, such as those used in engineering and medical device applications. This book: Introduces various types of dielectrics and their classification based on their characteristics Addresses the mathematical formulation of piezoelectric effects and the definition of various piezoelectric constants Describes the structure and properties of practical piezoelectric materials such as quartz, lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate, zinc oxide, and polyvinylidene fluoride Covers the entire gamut of piezoelectric devices used in engineering and medical applications Discusses briefly the use of piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting and structural health monitoring Explores new developments in biomedical applications of piezoelectric devices such as drug delivery, blood flow and blood pressure monitoring, robotic operating tools, etc. Elaborates on design and virtual prototyping of piezoelectric devices through the use of FE software tools ANSYS and PAFEC Giving design engineers, scientists, and technologists the information and guidance they will need to adopt piezoelectric materials in the development of smart devices, this book will also motivate engineering and science students to initiate new research for developing innovative devices. Its contents will be invaluable to both students and professionals seeking a greater understanding of fundamentals and applications in the evolving field of piezoelectrics.