This book will discuss how glass and glass ceramic interact with light, both transiently and permanently. Ways that light permanently alter the properties of glass and glass ceramic like the color, refractive index, and mechanical and chemical behaviors will be included. Each photochromatic phenomenon will be discussed in detail from the physical and chemical origin to the method fabrication and ultimately to their utilization.

Optoelectronic devices are now ubiquitous in our daily lives, from light emitting diodes (LEDs) in many household appliances to solar cells for energy. This handbook shows how we can probe the underlying and highly complex physical processes using modern mathematical models and numerical simulation for optoelectronic device design, analysis, and performance optimization. It reflects the wide availability of powerful computers and advanced commercial software, which have opened the door for non-specialists to perform sophisticated modeling and simulation tasks. The chapters comprise the know-how of more than a hundred experts from all over the world. The handbook is an ideal starting point for beginners but also gives experienced researchers the opportunity to renew and broaden their knowledge in this expanding field.

Dosimetry refers to the calculation and assessment of the radiation dose received by the human body. The proposed book will place emphasis on the existence of physical and biophysical dosimetry. It will be discussed for the proper description and evaluation of the signal at the power generation system. It will cover in detail 10 different parameters of EMF (electromagnetism) exposure such as amplitude, frequency, vector, time of exposure, orientation, etc. In most published papers, these parameters are not well defined.

Wearable antennas are meant to be incorporated as part of clothing or placed close to the body. Wearable antennas can be used in countless communication applications including tracking and navigation, medical applications, imaging and detection, RFID, mobile computing and public safety. The book "Novel Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Systems" discusses the challenges and technology to develop compact, efficient, wearable antennas. The book begins by presenting elementary communication, electromagnetics and antenna topics needed for engineers and students that do not have a background in design, principles, and features of antennas, printed antennas, wearable antennas, and compact antennas for communication and medical applications. Throughout the book each chapter also covers sufficient mathematical details, physical details and explanations to enable the reader to follow and understand the topics presented. New topics and design methods in the area of wearable antennas, metamaterial antennas, active printed antennas and fractal antennas for communication and medical systems are presented and discussed throughout the book. The book presents computed and measured results in the vicinity of the human body. The book also covers topics such as RF measurement techniques, measurement setups and design considerations. The antennas developed and analyzed in this book were designed and optimized by using 3D full-wave electromagnetics software.

Through their application in energy-efficient and environmentally friendly devices, zinc oxide (ZnO) and related classes of wide gap semiconductors, including GaN and SiC, are revolutionizing numerous areas, from lighting, energy conversion, photovoltaics, and communications to biotechnology, imaging, and medicine. With an emphasis on engineering and materials science, Handbook of Zinc Oxide and Related Materials provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of various technological aspects of ZnO. Volume Two focuses on devices and nanostructures created from ZnO and similar materials. The book covers various nanostructures, synthesis/creation strategies, device behavior, and state-of-the-art applications in electronics and optoelectronics. It also provides useful information on the device and nanoscale process and examines the fabrication of LEDs, LDs, photodetectors, and nanodevices. Covering key properties and important technologies of ZnO-based devices and nanoengineering, the handbook highlights the potential of this wide gap semiconductor. It also illustrates the remaining challenging issues in nanomaterial preparation and device fabrication for R&D in the twenty-first century.

This book outlines, with the help of several specific examples, the important role played by absorption spectroscopy in the investigation of deep-level centers introduced in semiconductors and insulators like diamond, silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide by high-energy irradiation, residual impurities, and defects produced during crystal growth. It also describes the crucial role played by vibrational spectroscopy to determine the atomic structure and symmetry of complexes associated with light impurities like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, and as a tool for quantitative analysis of these elements in the materials.

This monograph deals with the theoretical aspects of the circuit modelling of high-frequency electromagnetic structures using the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. It covers from closed structures to open-boundary waveguides and circuit structures. The first part of the book discusses the construction of transmission line models for waveguide structures. Then the incidence of external electromagnetic waves on high-frequency structures is studied, and finally the concepts derived in the earlier parts of the book are generalized to reciprocal and non-reciprocal anisotropic, bi-isotropic, and bi-anisotropic materials. The techniques developed in each section are illustrated by numerical examples.

Methods and types of devices used for measuring humidity use different measurement principles, materials and varying configurations, making it difficult to compare capabilities. Data presented provides detailed information on types of humidity sensors accompanied by an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses, allowing for comparison and selection of the best method for specific applications. The first volume focuses on devices based on optical principles of measurement, the second volume focuses on electronic and electrical devices. Numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity-sensitive materials and sensing structures are described throughout. The second volume is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. The third volume offers an analysis on various humidity sensitive materials and sensor technologies used in the fabrication of humidity sensors and methods acceptable for their testing.

Simulation is integral to the successful design of modern radar systems, and there is arguably no better software for this purpose than MATLAB. But software and the ability to use it does not guarantee success. One must also: OE Understand radar operations and design philosophy OE Know how to select the radar parameters to meet the design requirements OE Be able to perform detailed trade-off analysis in the context of radar sizing, modes of operation, frequency selection, waveforms, and signal processing OE Develop loss and error budgets associated with the design MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design teaches all of this and provides the M-files and hands-on simulation experience needed to design and analyze radar systems. Part I forms a comprehensive description of radar systems, their analysis, and the design process. The authors' unique approach involves a design case study introduced in Chapter 1 and followed throughout the text. As the treatment progresses, the complexity increases and the case study requirements are adjusted accordingly. Part II presents a series of chapters-some authored by other experts in the field-on specialized radar topics important to a full understanding of radar systems design and analysis. A comprehensive set of MATLAB programs and functions support both parts of the book and are available for download from the CRC Press Web site.

A comprehensive presentation of the theory and simulation of optical waveguides and wave propagations in a guided environment, Guided Wave Photonics: Fundamentals and Applications with MATLAB (R) supplies fundamental and advanced understanding of integrated optical devices that are currently employed in modern optical fiber communications systems and photonic signal processing systems. While there are many texts available in this area, none provide the breadth and depth of coverage and computational rigor found in this one. The author has distilled the information into a very practical, usable format. In a logical progression of theory and application, he starts with Maxwell's equations and progresses directly to optical waveguides (integrated optic and fiber optic), couplers, modulators, nonlinear effects and interactions, and system applications. With up-to-date coverage of applicable algorithms, design guides, material systems, and the latest device and system applications, the book addresses: Fundamentals of guiding optical waves, including theoretical and simplified techniques Linear and nonlinear aspects of optical waveguiding Manipulating lightwaves by coupling and splitting Interactions of lightwaves and ultra-fast electrical travelling waves in modern optical modulators Applications of guided wave devices in optical communication systems and optical signal processing Providing fundamental understanding of lightwave guiding and manipulating techniques, the text covers the field of integrated photonics by giving the principles, theoretical and applications. It explains how to solve the optical modes and their coupling as well as how to manipulate lightwaves for applications in communications and signal processing.

Rectenna Solar Cells discusses antenna-coupled diode solar cells, an emerging technology that has the potential to provide ultra-high efficiency, low-cost solar energy conversion. This book will provide an overview of solar rectennas, and provide thorough descriptions of the two main components: the diode, and the optical antenna. The editors discuss the science, design, modeling, and manufacturing of the antennas coupled with the diodes. The book will provide concepts to understanding the challenges, fabrication technologies, and materials required to develop rectenna structures. Written by experts in their specialized fields.

This book provides an overview on nanostructured thermoelectric materials and devices, covering fundamental concepts, synthesis techniques, device contacts and stability, and potential applications, especially in waste heat recovery and solar energy conversion. The contents focus on thermoelectric devices made from nanomaterials with high thermoelectric efficiency for use in large scale to generate megawatts electricity. Covers the latest discoveries, methods, technologies in materials, contacts, modules, and systems for thermoelectricity. Addresses practical details of how to improve the efficiency and power output of a generator by optimizing contacts and electrical conductivity. Gives tips on how to realize a realistic and usable device or module with attention to large scale industry synthesis and product development. Prof. Zhifeng Ren is M. D. Anderson Professor in the Department of Physics and the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston. Prof. Yucheng Lan is an associate professor in Morgan State University. Prof. Qinyong Zhang is a professor in the Center for Advanced Materials and Energy at Xihua University of China.

Single mode equivalent network representations have been a key tool for the industrial design and development of a large variety of microwave systems. The reduced dimensions and increased complexity of modern microwave equipment, however, makes the inclusion of the higher order mode interactions essential for the correct industrial design and optimization of all microwave hardware. In this context, the analytical techniques originally exploited to develop single mode networks have recently been extended to produce multi-mode algorithms that can form the basis of fast and accurate Computer Aided Design tools. Furthermore, alternative multi-modal techniques, involving resonant rather than guided modes, have recently been developed for the design of waveguide components of arbitrary shape. This book describes in detail a number of modern multi-modal techniques for the analysis and design of passive microwave components. The authors comprehensively cover modal analysis of waveguides and cavities; discuss several multi-mode procedures for the study of both basic and arbitrarily shaped waveguide junctions and, finally, describe specific applications such as inductively coupled filters, waveguide couplers, metal insert and dual-mode filters. The book will be of interest to professional engineers and researchers in the microwave engineering field as well as students engaged in research at an advanced level. Distinctive features of this book include:

• detailed explanation of several multi-mode analysis techniques for the analysis of waveguide components based on both canonical and arbitrary waveguide profiles
• measured versus simulated results for a number of specific application examples
• accompanying software that allows the reader to input their own data thereby demonstrating how the techniques described can be effectively used to develop fast and accurate CAD tools.

This book presents the latest theory, developments, and applications related to high resolution materials-penetrating sensor systems. An international team of expert researchers explains the problems and solutions for developing new techniques and applications. Subject areas include ultrawideband (UWB) signals propagation and scattering, materials-penetrating radar techniques for small object detection and imaging, biolocation using holographic techniques, tomography, medical applications, nondestructive testing methods, electronic warfare principles, through-the-wall radar propagation effects, and target identification through measuring the target return signal spectrum changes.

Fiber sensing technologies have enabled both fundamental studies and a wide spectrum of applications in every aspect of life. This book highlights the recent advancement in fiber sensing technologies based on newly developed sensing mechanisms, advanced fiber structures, and functional materials. In particular, the integration of functional materials with different electrical, optical, thermal, or mechanical properties into a single fiber offers a wealth of new opportunities in sensing. The book covers the major developments in novel fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, soft glasses, and carbon materials, as well as the sensing applications based on both single fiber and multi-dimensional fiber arrays for temperature, light, strain, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, hazardous chemicals, gases, and physiological signals.

A one-stop reference to the
major techniques for analyzing
microwave planar transmission line structures

The last two decades have seen important progress in the development of methods for the analysis of microwave and millimeter-wave passive structures, which contributed greatly to microwave integrated circuit design while also stimulating the development of new planar transmission lines. This timely and authoritative work introduces microwave engineers to the most commonly used techniques for analyzing microwave planar transmission line structures.

Designed to be easily accessible to readers with only a fundamental background in electromagnetic theory, the book provides clear explanations of the theory and applications of Green’s function, the conformal-mapping method, spectral domain methods, variational methods, and the mode-matching methods. Coverage for each method is self-contained and supplemented with problems and solutions as well as useful figures.

In addition to providing detailed formulations of the methods under discussion, this highly practical book also demonstrates how to apply the principles of electromagnetic theory to the analysis of microwave boundary value problems, customize methods for specific needs, and develop new techniques. Analysis Methods for RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Planar Transmission Line Structures is an excellent working resource for anyone involved in the design and engineering of RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave integrated circuits.

Containing more than 300 equations and nearly 500 drawings, photographs, and micrographs, this reference surveys key areas such as optical measurements and in-line calibration methods. It describes cleanroom-based measurement technology used during the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits and covers model-based, critical dimension, overlay, acoustic film thickness, dopant dose, junction depth, and electrical measurements; particle and defect detection; and flatness following chemical mechanical polishing. Providing examples of well-developed metrology capability, the book focuses on metrology for lithography, transistor, capacitor, and on-chip interconnect process technologies.

"Integrates principles of electromagnetics, dielectrics, heat and moisture transfer, packaging, solid mechanics, fluid flow, food chemistry, and microbiology to provide a comprehensive overview of microwave processing in a single accessible source."

Fills a Prominent Gap in a Significant Area of Intermetallics Presenting a comprehensive overview of structural intermetallics (the most important class of intermetallics), Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites is a reference written with the beginning student as well as the practicing professional in mind. Utilizing the author's more than two decades of experience working on silicides and teaching a course on advanced materials, this text addresses the fundamental aspects related to structure, mechanical behavior, and the oxidation resistance of selected intermetallics and their composites. In addition to covering the structure and properties of selected intermetallics, the text places special emphasis on composite intermetallics and specifically focuses on select aluminides and silicides. It reviews existing literature on select structural silicides and aluminides, considers possible applications on the basis of the attractive properties of aluminides and silicides, and also factors in future directions of research. Fundamental aspects include thermodynamic principles, phase diagrams and crystal structures, processing methods, deformation and fracture mechanisms of ordered intermetallics, and oxidation behavior with mechanisms for protection against environmental degradation. Comprising nine chapters, this text: Explores the state-of-the-art accomplishments in this area Considers further research related to the topic Examines further innovations applying these materials An up-to-date introduction to structural intermetallics, Structural Intermetallics and Intermetallic Matrix Composites helps readers grasp the complexities of the structure of intermetallics and their effect on various physical and mechanical properties. It also highlights the recent state of development in the field.

There are continuous efforts focussed on improving road traffic safety worldwide. Numerous vehicle safety features have been invented and standardized over the past decades. Particularly interesting are the driver assistance systems, since these can considerably reduce the number of accidents by supporting drivers' perception of their surroundings. Many driver assistance features rely on radar-based sensors. Nowadays the commercially available automotive front-end sensors are comprised of discrete components, thus making the radar modules highly-priced and suitable for integration only in premium class vehicles. Realization of low-cost radar fro- end circuits would enable their implementation in inexpensive economy cars, c- siderably contributing to traffic safety. Cost reduction requires high-level integration of the microwave front-end c- cuitry, specifically analog and digital circuit blocks co-located on a single chip. - cent developments of silicon-based technologies, e.g. CMOS and SiGe:C bipolar, make them suitable for realization of microwave sensors. Additionally, these te- nologies offer the necessary integration capability. However, the required output power and temperature stability, necessary for automotive radar sensor products, have not yet been achieved in standard digital CMOS technologies. On the other hand, SiGe bipolar technology offers excellent high-frequency characteristics and necessary output power for automotive applications, but has lower potential for - alization of digital blocks than CMOS.

In 1995, James D. Taylor's Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems introduced engineers to the theory behind a promising new concept for remote sensing. Since then, the field has undergone enormous growth with new applications realized and more applications conceptualized at a remarkable pace. However, understanding ultra-wideband (UWB) radar requires a new philosophical approach. Concepts such as radar cross section will have new meanings as range resolution becomes smaller than the target.

Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology is a guide to the future of radar by an international team of experts. They present the problems, solutions, and examples of UWB radar remote sensing. Chapters discuss the theory and ideas for future systems development, and show the potential capabilities. The writers present concepts such as the differences between UWB and conventional radars, improving over-resolved target detection, receivers and waveforms, micropower systems, high power switching, and bistatic radar polarimetry.

Finding comparable information elsewhere might require consulting hundreds of other books, technical journals, and symposium proceedings. Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology offers a unique opportunity to explore the theory, applications, and technology of UWB radar within a single source.

Continuing miniaturization of electronic devices, together with the quickly growing number of nanotechnological applications, demands a profound understanding of the underlying physics. Most of the fundamental problems of modern condensed matter physics involve various aspects of quantum transport and fluctuation phenomena at the nanoscale. In nanostructures, electrons are usually confined to a limited volume and interact with each other and lattice ions, simultaneously suffering multiple scattering events on impurities, barriers, surface imperfections, and other defects. Electron interaction with other degrees of freedom generally yields two major consequences, quantum dissipation and quantum decoherence. In other words, electrons can lose their energy and ability for quantum interference even at very low temperatures. These two different, but related, processes are at the heart of all quantum phenomena discussed in this book. This book presents copious details to facilitate the understanding of the basic physics behind a result and the learning to technically reproduce the result without delving into extra literature. The book subtly balances the description of theoretical methods and techniques and the display of the rich landscape of the physical phenomena that can be accessed by these methods. It is useful for a broad readership ranging from master's and PhD students to postdocs and senior researchers.

High-performance secondary batteries, also called rechargeable or storage batteries, are a key component of electric automobiles, power storage for renewable energies, load levellers of electric power lines, base stations for mobile phones, and emergency power supply in hospitals, in addition to having application in energy security and realization of a low-carbon and resilient society. A detailed understanding of the physics and chemistry that occur in secondary batteries is required for developing next-generation secondary batteries with improved performance. Among various types of secondary batteries, lithium-ion batteries are most widely used because of their high energy density, small memory effect, and low self-discharge rate. This book introduces lithium-ion batteries, with an emphasis on their overview, roadmaps, and simulations. It also provides extensive descriptions of ion beam analysis and prospects for in situ diagnostics of lithium-ion batteries. The chapters are written by specialists in cutting-edge research on lithium-ion batteries and related subjects. The book will be a great reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, researchers, and engineers in electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and diagnostic methods and instruments.

This book discusses both the theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers, presenting new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques as well as a general survey indicating future trends and directions. The main fields addressed include nonlinear optical phenomena, photonics for energy, high-field phenomena, photonic and optoelectronic sensors and devices, optical communications, biomedical optics and photonics. It also covers a large spectrum of materials, ranging from semiconductor-based optical materials to optical glasses, organic materials, photorefractive materials and nanophotonic materials, as well as applications such as metrology, optometry, adaptive optics, all optical instrumentation, optical communications, quantum information, lighting technologies, energy harvesting and optically based biomedical diagnosis and therapeutics.

This book is a self-contained, programming-oriented and learner-centered book on finite element method (FEM), with special emphasis given to developing MATLAB (R) programs for numerical modeling of electromagnetic boundary value problems. It provides a deep understanding and intuition of FEM programming by means of step-by-step MATLAB (R) programs with detailed descriptions, and eventually enabling the readers to modify, adapt and apply the provided programs and formulations to develop FEM codes for similar problems through various exercises. It starts with simple one-dimensional static and time-harmonic problems and extends the developed theory to more complex two- or three-dimensional problems. It supplies sufficient theoretical background on the topic, and it thoroughly covers all phases (pre-processing, main body and post-processing) in FEM. FEM formulations are obtained for boundary value problems governed by a partial differential equation that is expressed in terms of a generic unknown function, and then, these formulations are specialized to various electromagnetic applications together with a post-processing phase. Since the method is mostly described in a general context, readers from other disciplines can also use this book and easily adapt the provided codes to their engineering problems. After forming a solid background on the fundamentals of FEM by means of canonical problems, readers are guided to more advanced applications of FEM in electromagnetics through a survey chapter at the end of the book. Offers a self-contained and easy-to-understand introduction to the theory and programming of finite element method. Covers various applications in the field of static and time-harmonic electromagnetics. Includes one-, two- and three-dimensional finite element codes in MATLAB (R). Enables readers to develop finite element programming skills through various MATLAB (R) codes and exercises. Promotes self-directed learning skills and provides an effective instruction tool.