Comprehensive in scope, this book covers the latest progresses of theories, technologies and applications of LEDs based on III-V semiconductor materials, such as basic material physics, key device issues (homoepitaxy and heteroepitaxy of the materials on different substrates, quantum efficiency and novel structures, and more), packaging, and system integration. The authors describe the latest developments of LEDs with spectra coverage from ultra-violet (UV) to the entire visible light wavelength. The major aspects of LEDs, such as material growth, chip structure, packaging, and reliability are covered, as well as emerging and novel applications beyond the general and conventional lightings. This book, written by leading authorities in the field, is indispensable reading for researchers and students working with semiconductors, optoelectronics, and optics. Addresses novel LED applications such as LEDs for healthcare and wellbeing, horticulture, and animal breeding; Editor and chapter authors are global leading experts from the scientific and industry communities, and their latest research findings and achievements are included; Foreword by Hiroshi Amano, one of the 2014 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on light-emitting diodes.

This book comprises selected articles from the International Communications Conference (ICC) 2018 held in Hyderabad, India in 2018. It offers in-depth information on the latest developments in voice-, data-, image- and multimedia processing research and applications, and includes contributions from both academia and industry.

This book introduces the basic concept of a dissipative soliton, before going to explore recent theoretical and experimental results for various classes of dissipative optical solitons, high-energy dissipative solitons and their applications, and mode-locked fiber lasers. A soliton is a concept which describes various physical phenomena ranging from solitary waves forming on water to ultrashort optical pulses propagating in an optical fiber. While solitons are usually attributed to integrability, in recent years the notion of a soliton has been extended to various systems which are not necessarily integrable. Until now, the main emphasis has been given to well-known conservative soliton systems, but new avenues of inquiry were opened when physicists realized that solitary waves did indeed exist in a wide range of non-integrable and non-conservative systems leading to the concept of so-called dissipative optical solitons. Dissipative optical solitons have many unique properties which differ from those of their conservative counterparts. For example, except for very few cases, they form zero-parameter families and their properties are completely determined by the external parameters of the optical system. They can exist indefinitely in time, as long as these parameters stay constant. These features of dissipative solitons are highly desirable for several applications, such as in-line regeneration of optical data streams and generation of stable trains of laser pulses by mode-locked cavities.

In 1991 this author published a monograph l] based on his experience teaching microwave hybrid materials and processing technology at the annual ISHM (now the International Microelectronics and Packaging Society, IMAPS) symposia. Since that time, the course has been presented at that venue and on-site at a number of industrial and government organizations. The course has been continually revised to reflect the many evolutionary changes in materials and processes. Microwave technology has existed for almost 175 years. It was only after the invention of the klystron, just before World War II, that microwave design and manufacture moved from a few visionaries to the growth the industry sees today. Over the last decade alone there have been exploding applications for all types of high frequency electronics in the miltary, automotive, wireless, computer, telecommunications and medical industries. These have placed demands, unimaginable a decade ago, on designs, materials, processes and equipment to meet the ever expanding requirements for increasingly reliable, smaller, faster and lower cost circuits.

Millimeter-Wave Waveguides is a monograph devoted to open waveguides for millimeter wave applications. In the first chapters, general waveguide theory is presented (with the emphasis on millimeter wave applications). Next, the book systematically describes the results of both theoretical and experimental studies of rectangular dielectric rod waveguides with high dielectric permittivities. Simple and accurate methods for propagation constant calculations for isotropic as well as anisotropic dielectric waveguides are described. Both analytical and numerical approaches are covered. Different types of transitions have been simulated in order to find optimal configurations as well as optimal dimensions of dielectric waveguides for the frequency band of 75-110 GHz. Simple and effective design is presented. The experimental studies of dielectric waveguides show that Sapphire waveguide can be utilized for this frequency band as a very low-loss waveguide. Design of antennas with low return loss based on dielectric waveguides is also described.

This book uses digital radios as a challenging design example, generalized to bridge a typical gap between designers who work on algorithms and those who work to implement those algorithms on silicon. The author shows how such a complex system can be moved from high-level characterization to a form that is ready for hardware implementation. Along the way, readers learn a lot about how algorithm designers can benefit from knowing the hardware they target and how hardware designers can benefit from a familiarity with the algorithm. The book shows how a high-level description of an algorithm can be migrated to a fixed-point block diagram with a well-defined cycle accurate architecture and a fully documented controller. This can significantly reduce the length of the hardware design cycle and can improve its outcomes. Ultimately, the book presents an explicit design flow that bridges the gap between algorithm design and hardware design. Provides a guide to baseband radio design for Wi-Fi and cellular systems, from an implementation-focused, perspective; Explains how arithmetic is moved to hardware and what the cost of each operation is in terms of delay, area and power; Enables strategic architectural decisions based on the algorithm, available processing units and design requirements.

This textbook discusses the principles of queuing theory and teletraffic engineering in telecommunication networks. The book lays out the rigorous theoretical background while keeping strong links to practical applications and real-life scenarios. The overall goal of this textbook is to provide students with in-depth and broad understanding of the operational framework of teletraffic problems, and therefore the capability to select the most suitable and effective method to solve traffic engineering problems that may arise in real-life. The student will learn to pick and choose from a spectrum of tools, ranging from the simplest mathematical treatment to sophisticated models. The book features practical examples derived from real life, presented and discussed, establishing the links with the theoretical results. Pedagogical materials include end-of-chapter exercises and problems.

On June 1St 2004 the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Technische Universitat Miinchen bestowed the degree of the doctor honoris causa to Leopold B. Felsen, for extraordinary achievements in the theory of electromag netic fields. On this occasion on June 1St and 2nd 2004 at the Technische Universitat Miinchen a symposium on "Fields, Networks, Computational Methods, and Systems: A Modern View of Engineering Electrodynamics" in honor of Leopold B. Felsen was organized. The symposium topic focused on an important area of Leopold Felsen research interests and, as the title emphasizes, on a modern view of applied Electro dynamics. While the fundamental physical laws of electrodynamics are well known, research in this field is experiencing a steady continuous growth. The problem -solving approaches of, say, twenty years ago may seem now fairly obsolete since considerable progress has been made in the meantime. In this monograph we collect samples of present day state of the art in dealing with electromagnetic fields, their network theory representation, their computation and, finally, on system applications. The network formulation of field problems can improve the problem formulation and also contribute to the solution methodology. Network theory systematic approaches for circuit analysis are based on the separation of the circuit into the connection circuit and the circuit elements. Many applications in science and technology rely on computations of the electromagnetic field in either man-made or natural complex structures."

The AlInGaN and ZnO materials systems have proven to be one of the scientifically and technologically important areas of development over the past 15 years, with applications in UV/visible optoelectronics and in high-power/high-frequency microwave devices. The pace of advances in these areas has been remarkable and the wide band gap community relies on books like the one we are proposing to provide a review and summary of recent progress.

This book presents a collection of extended contributions on the physics and application of optoelectronic materials and metamaterials. The book is divided into three parts, respectively covering materials, metamaterials and optoelectronic devices. Individual chapters cover topics including phonon-polariton interaction, semiconductor and nonlinear organic materials, metallic, dielectric and gyrotropic metamaterials, singular optics, parity-time symmetry, nonlinear plasmonics, microstructured optical fibers, passive nonlinear shaping of ultrashort pulses, and pulse-preserving supercontinuum generation. The book contains both experimental and theoretical studies, and each contribution is a self-contained exposition of a particular topic, featuring an extensive reference list. The book will be a useful resource for graduate and postgraduate students, researchers and engineers involved in optoelectronics/photonics, quantum electronics, optics, and adjacent areas of science and technology.

This second edition is an extended version of the first edition of Geometrical Charged-Particle Optics. The updated reference monograph is intended as a guide for researchers and graduate students who are seeking a comprehensive treatment of the design of instruments and beam-guiding systems of charged particles and their propagation in electromagnetic fields. Wave aspects are included in this edition for explaining electron holography, the Aharanov-Bohm effect and the resolution of electron microscopes limited by diffraction. Several methods for calculating the electromagnetic field are presented and procedures are outlined for calculating the properties of systems with arbitrarily curved axis. Detailed methods are presented for designing and optimizing special components such as aberration correctors, spectrometers, energy filters monochromators, ion traps, electron mirrors and cathode lenses. In particular, the optics of rotationally symmetric lenses, quadrupoles, and systems composed of these elements are discussed extensively. Beam properties such as emittance, brightness, transmissivity and the formation of caustics are outlined. Relativistic motion and spin precession of the electron are treated in a covariant way by introducing the Lorentz-invariant universal time and by extending Hamilton's principle from three to four spatial dimensions where the laboratory time is considered as the fourth pseudo-spatial coordinate. Using this procedure and introducing the self action of the electron, its accompanying electromagnetic field and its radiation field are calculated for arbitrary motion. In addition, the Stern-Gerlach effect is revisited for atomic and free electrons.

This reference provides a complete discussion of the conversion from standard lead-tin to lead-free solder microelectronic assemblies for low-end and high-end applications. Written by more than 45 world-class researchers and practitioners, the book discusses general reliability issues concerning microelectronic assemblies, as well as factors specific to the tin-rich replacement alloys commonly utilized in lead-free solders. It provides real-world manufacturing accounts of the introduction of reduced-lead and lead-free technology and discusses the functionality and cost effectiveness of alternative solder alloys and non-solder alternatives replacing lead-tin solders in microelectronics.

Aimed at systems designers and microwave engineers, this book provides readers with a sound understanding of this evolving field and enables them to apply this technology to a wide range of systems.

Unlike any other source in the field, this valuable reference clearly examines key aspects of the finite element method (FEM) for electromagnetic analysis of low-frequency electrical devices. The authors examine phenomena such as nonlinearity, mechanical force, electrical circuit coupling, vibration, heat, and movement for applications in the electrical, mechanical, nuclear, aeronautics, and transportation industries. Electromagnetic Modeling by Finite Element Methods offers a wide range of examples, including torque, vibration, and iron loss calculation; coupling of the FEM with mechanical equations, circuits, converters, and thermal effects; material modeling; and proven methods for hysteresis implementation into FEM codes. Providing experimental results and comparisons from the authors' personal research, Electromagnetic Modeling by Finite Element Methods supplies techniques to implement FEM for solving Maxwell's equations, analyze electrical and magnetic losses, determine the behavior of electrical machines, evaluate force distribution on a magnetic medium, simulate movement in electrical machines and electromagnetic devices fed by external circuits or static converters, and analyze the vibrational behavior of electrical machines.

Covers biological and health effects including oxidative stress, DNA damage, reproductive effects of mobile phones/antennas (2G, 3G, 4G), cordless phones and Wi-Fi Describes effects induced by real-life exposures by commercially available devices and antennas Illustrates biophysical and biochemical mechanisms aiming to fill the gap between recorded experimental and epidemiological findings, and their explanations Explore experimental and epidemiological facts, mechanisms of action, explanations and protection tips

Fiber sensing technologies have enabled both fundamental studies and a wide spectrum of applications in every aspect of life. This book highlights the recent advancement in fiber sensing technologies based on newly developed sensing mechanisms, advanced fiber structures, and functional materials. In particular, the integration of functional materials with different electrical, optical, thermal, or mechanical properties into a single fiber offers a wealth of new opportunities in sensing. The book covers the major developments in novel fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, soft glasses, and carbon materials, as well as the sensing applications based on both single fiber and multi-dimensional fiber arrays for temperature, light, strain, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, hazardous chemicals, gases, and physiological signals.

This book is intended for practitioners and applied researchers in remote sensing applications and also for graduate students in the field. This reference provides a surface scattering model covering the entire frequency axis instead of only high- or low-frequency models. The text includes extensive model behaviours and case studies and demonstrates the effectiveness of combining the models and neural networks to classify and retrieve terrain and rough surface parameters.

This book focuses on novel electrochemical materials particularly designed for specific energy applications. It presents the relationship between materials properties, state-of-the-art processing, and device performance and sheds light on the research, development, and deployment (RD&D) trend of emerging materials and technologies in this field. Features: Emphasizes electrochemical materials applied in PEM fuel cells and water splitting Summarizes anode, cathode, electrolyte, and additive materials developed for lithium-ion batteries and reviews other batteries, including lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium- and potassium-ion batteries, and multivalent-ion batteries Discusses advanced carbon materials for supercapacitors Highlights catalyst design and development for CO2RR and fundamentals of proton facilitated reduction reactions With a cross-disciplinary approach, this work will be of interest to scientists and engineers across chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, chemistry, physics, and other disciplines working to advance electrochemical energy conversion and storage capabilities and applications.

Familiarization with the infrared world Thermal imaging systems extend human perception beyond the visible spectrum. Since their principle is based on the natural emission of energy by physical bodies, they represent today the subject of a great deal of interest in many fields, whether in the military field or in industry or in research laboratories. They can be employed to analyse physical properties of objects, such as their energy level or their surface appearance; they are also commonly used to observe scenes in particular conditions like night vision, or in order to increase the visibility range through haze and fogs. All of these applications exploit the properties of infrared radiation whose characteristics are described in this book. This is achieved in a manner which differs from other publications on the same subject in that the book is governed by the intention to progressively lead the reader to a complete understanding of the infrared. The author intends to link physical theory to each specific aspect of the elements involved in the detection process, from their physical origin up to energy mapping in a two-dimensional picture. However we thought that it was unnecessary to demonstrate again that which the reader will easily find in scientific literature, nor to write another data book. Our aim is to fill the gap between theory and practical application. The subject is vast: infrared systems combines a wide variety of disciplines and image interpretation depends on the precise understanding of various phenomena.

This book outlines, with the help of several specific examples, the important role played by absorption spectroscopy in the investigation of deep-level centers introduced in semiconductors and insulators like diamond, silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide by high-energy irradiation, residual impurities, and defects produced during crystal growth. It also describes the crucial role played by vibrational spectroscopy to determine the atomic structure and symmetry of complexes associated with light impurities like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, and as a tool for quantitative analysis of these elements in the materials.

Rectenna Solar Cells discusses antenna-coupled diode solar cells, an emerging technology that has the potential to provide ultra-high efficiency, low-cost solar energy conversion. This book will provide an overview of solar rectennas, and provide thorough descriptions of the two main components: the diode, and the optical antenna. The editors discuss the science, design, modeling, and manufacturing of the antennas coupled with the diodes. The book will provide concepts to understanding the challenges, fabrication technologies, and materials required to develop rectenna structures. Written by experts in their specialized fields.

In 1995, James D. Taylor's Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems introduced engineers to the theory behind a promising new concept for remote sensing. Since then, the field has undergone enormous growth with new applications realized and more applications conceptualized at a remarkable pace. However, understanding ultra-wideband (UWB) radar requires a new philosophical approach. Concepts such as radar cross section will have new meanings as range resolution becomes smaller than the target.

Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology is a guide to the future of radar by an international team of experts. They present the problems, solutions, and examples of UWB radar remote sensing. Chapters discuss the theory and ideas for future systems development, and show the potential capabilities. The writers present concepts such as the differences between UWB and conventional radars, improving over-resolved target detection, receivers and waveforms, micropower systems, high power switching, and bistatic radar polarimetry.

Finding comparable information elsewhere might require consulting hundreds of other books, technical journals, and symposium proceedings. Ultra-Wideband Radar Technology offers a unique opportunity to explore the theory, applications, and technology of UWB radar within a single source.

This book presents a novel, automated, accurate and unified scheme to design and determine the performance characteristics of standalone planar, spiral inductors and multiple coupled planar spiral inductors (as in embedded transformers), for RF/microwave MMIC designers. The author demonstrates with a set of analysis/design examples a novel scheme that exploits judiciously the existing transmission theory and concepts, organizing and condensing available, scattered information/knowledge about planar spiral inductor, embedded planar transformer and planar antenna design and performance evaluation, into one coherent and unified electronic circuit model easily used by radio frequency electronic circuit engineers. A dedicated chapter contains an exhaustive (19) set of design examples. Presents a bottom-up scheme, starting with Maxwell's equations of classical electrodynamics and transmission line theory (Telegrapher's equation), specifically microstrips; Demonstrates design of standalone planar, spiral inductors and multiple coupled planar spiral inductors; Includes a set of ready-to-use, C executables (for both Linux and Windows) , that accept predefined input parameters for each of the sub-circuits discussed and generate SPICE netlists for the equivalent electrical circuit; Automates execution of multi-step design calculations to guarantee their accuracy and reliability.

The book gives a detailed description of optical wireless communication (OWC), including optical laser communication, visible light communication, ultraviolet communication, underwater optical communication and future communication technologies. To achieve an integration between theory and practice, the book avoids tedious mathematical deductions and includes theoretical materials as exercises. Most of the exercises are originated from published journal articles. These exercises will aid the readers in understanding the basic concept and methods and evaluating their knowledge acquisition in the field of OWC. The book is structured into Ten chapters that covers main aspects of OWC: - Optical wireless communication system - Coherent optical communication - Modulation, demodulation, and coding - Atmospheric channel, channel estimation, and channel equalization - White LED communication - Underwater laser communication - Ultraviolet communication - Acquisition, aiming, and tracking technology - Partially coherent optical transmission - Optical communication in the future The book is a suitable reference for undergraduate or postgraduate students majored in communication engineering, electronic information engineering or computer science, as well as the engineers and technicians in related fields.