This book explores the possibility of using azimuthal Walsh filters as an effective tool for manipulating far-field diffraction characteristics near the focal plane of rotationally symmetric imaging systems. It discusses the generation and synthesis of azimuthal Walsh filters, and explores the inherent self-similarity presented in various orders of these filters, classifying them into self-similar groups and sub-groups. Further, it demonstrates that azimuthal Walsh filters possess a unique rotational self-similarity exhibited among adjacent orders. Serving as an atlas of diffraction phenomena with pupil functions represented by azimuthal Walsh filters of different orders, this book describes how orthogonality and self-similarity of these filters could be harnessed to sculpture 2D and 3D light distributions near the focus.

This classroom-tested textbook provides a self-contained one-semester course in semiconductor physics and devices that is ideal preparation for students to enter burgeoning quantum industries. Unlike other textbooks on semiconductor device physics, it provides a brief but comprehensive introduction to quantum physics and statistical physics, with derivations and explanations of the key facts that are suitable for second-year undergraduates, rather than simply postulating the main results. The book is structured into three parts, each of which can be covered in around ten lectures. The first part covers fundamental background material such as quantum and statistical physics, and elements of crystallography and band theory of solids. Since this provides a vital foundation for the rest of the text, concepts are explained and derived in more detail than in comparable texts. For example, the concepts of measurement and collapse of the wave function, which are typically omitted, are presented in this text in language accessible to second-year students. The second part covers semiconductors in and out of equilibrium, and gives details which are not commonly presented, such as a derivation of the density of states using dimensional analysis, and calculation of the concentration of ionized impurities from the grand canonical distribution. Special attention is paid to the solution of Poisson's equation, a topic that is feared by many undergraduates but is brought back down to earth by techniques and analogies from first-year physics. Finally, in the third part, the material in parts 2 and 3 is applied to describe simple semiconductor devices, including the MOSFET, the Schottky and PN-junction diodes, and optoelectronic devices. With a wide range of exercises, this textbook is readily adoptable for an undergraduate course on semiconductor physics devices, and with its emphasis on consolidating and applying knowledge of fundamental physics, it will leave students in engineering and the physical sciences well prepared for a future where quantum industries proliferate.

This book highlights many fundamental aspects of optical fiber transmission engineering while also focusing on current state of the art applications and working examples of digital coherent optical communications. Major engineering themes are reviewed and analyzed in this book, including spectral and time-domain characteristics of multi-level pseudo-random PAM signals, optical QAM and SSB complex modulations and impulse response engineering of linear amplifiers used in next-generation Gbaud transmission systems. This book is balanced between theoretical and numerical simulation approaches, showing numerous working examples developed in Matlab. Presents an in-depth analysis of pseudo-random multi-level signals and high-order complex modulations to support coherent terabit transmission systems; Provides a unified approach to challenging engineering issues encountered in the design of Giga-baud coherent optical transmission systems using high-order complex modulation formats; Reviews engineering themes and provides in-depth analysis, modeling and quantitative examples and solutions of state of the art and future applications.

This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. The book includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.

This book provides an overview of the current state of the art in novel piezo-composites based on ferroelectrics. Covering aspects ranging from theoretical materials simulation and manufacturing and characterization methods, to the application and performance of these materials, it focuses on the optimization of the material parameters. Presenting the latest findings on modern composites and highlighting the applications of piezoelectric materials for sensors, transducers and hydro-acoustics, the book addresses an important gap in the physics of active dielectrics and materials science and describes new trends in the research on ferroelectric composites.

This book addresses 5G network capacity requirements with a new architecture for 5G Optical Backhaul Network. The author first describes the challenges for 5G backhaul network requirements and then the details of an Optical Backhaul Network for 5G. The author describes an architecture, in which small cells deploy as a cluster (i.e., 3-5 small cells in one cluster), where one small cell works as an aggregation point using an optical transceiver to backhaul the aggregated traffic to the nearest optical network unit, before it then goes to the core network. This book also illustrates the optical link budget analysis that can be used to determine the availability and the performances of the optical backhaul link in different deployment scenarios and different weather conditions. Provides a single-source reference to the basics of free space laser communication with ambient light compensation; Offers timely information, blending theory and practice; Written to be accessible to readers with varying backgrounds, including numerous illustrations; Provides hands-on experience through practical examples, which can be put to work to deploy and optimize cellular networks.

This book covers a diverse cross section of this interdisciplinary research field, with contributions grouped into four categories: laser-induced filamentation; atoms and molecules in a laser field; interaction of solid materials with a coherent light field; and ion acceleration and ionization of atoms in super intense laser fields. This book series presents up-to-date reviews of advances in this interdisciplinary research field, spanning atomic and molecular physics, as well as molecular and optical science, which have been stimulated by the recent developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each book compiles peer-reviewed articles by researchers at the forefront of their particular subfields. All the chapters include an overview to allow graduate students and researchers unfamiliar with the subfield to grasp the importance and attractions of the topic covered, followed by reports of cutting-edge discoveries.

Omnidirectional antenna with high gain, low profile, vertical polarization, even CP polarization is very difficult to design, although it is from the dipole. In this book, a novel idea that the running wave in the coaxial wire is disturbed by the orthogonal slot array on the cylindrical metal shell is introduced, which radiates the CP wave in omni-direction. When feeding on two ends of the coaxial wire respectively, there will appear left hand circularly polarized (LHCP) omnidirectional radiation or right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) omnidirectional radiation. By introducing the T-shaped feed structure, the coaxial wire with slot array can conveniently produce the LHCP and RHCP radiation diversity with one end feeding. In the further, combining with the directional antenna, it will generate the pattern diversity in the half-sphere space. The antenna of the coaxial wire with slot array can further transform into conical CP beam antenna if the coaxial wire becomes into a conical frustum. By introducing the PIN diode into the slot, the antenna of the coaxial wire with slot array can radiate the reconfigurable directional beam by switching the states of the PIN diodes. By introducing a novel switchable microwave circuit, the omnidirectional /directional pattern switchable antenna can be realized easily.This book proposes a continues method to develop the potentialities of the omnidirectional antenna. And the readers can study the method or ideas of the omnidirectional slots antenna, even graft the CP or diversity methods to other antennae.

This book presents a comprehensive study covering the design and application of microwave sensors for glucose concentration detection, with a special focus on glucose concentration tracking in watery and biological solutions. This book is based on the idea that changes in the glucose concentration provoke variations in the dielectric permittivity of the medium. Sensors whose electrical response is sensitive to the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding media should be able to perform as glucose concentration trackers. At first, this book offers an in-depth study of the dielectric permittivity of water-glucose solutions at concentrations relevant for diabetes purposes; in turn, it presents guidelines for designing suitable microwave resonators, which are then tested in both water-glucose solutions and multi-component human blood plasma solutions for their detection ability and sensitivities. Finally, a portable version is developed and tested on a large number of individuals in a real clinical scenario. All in all, the book reports on a comprehensive study on glucose monitoring devices based on microwave sensors. It covers in depth the theoretical background, provides extensive design guidelines to maximize sensitivity, and validates a portable device for applications in clinical settings.

This book describes the basic functions of the European Digital Radio DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting plus) with its direct possible applications in a simple way. The book refers to fundamentals of DABs 80+ norms and specifications. Presented subjects are indicating problems of DAB signal propagation and possible multimedia applications. The book provides about 130 figures for explaining new concepts in an easy to approach manner. Applications include, but are not limited to audio compression MPEG, OFDM, SFN phasor representation, multiplexes, MOT, and conditional access. The book is intended for those interested in decisions regarding radio at various levels, owners of radio stations, and designers of various multimedia applications of digital radio in the field of security, students of wireless systems, etc. * Presents the fundamental functions of DAB / DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting) along with its applications * Outlines the European Digital Radio system * Explains the functions of worldwide emerging digital radio subsystems

This book presents the principles and applications of optical fiber communication based on digital signal processing (DSP) for both single and multi-carrier modulation signals. In the context of single carrier modulation, it describes DSP for linear and nonlinear optical fiber communication systems, discussing all-optical Nyquist modulation signal generation and processing, and how to use probabilistic and geometrical shaping to improve the transmission performance. For multi-carrier modulation, it examines DSP-based OFDM signal generation and detection and presents 4D and high-order modulation formats. Lastly, it demonstrates how to use artificial intelligence in optical fiber communication. As such it is a useful resource for students, researches and engineers in the field of optical fiber communication.

This book outlines various synthetic approaches, tuneable physical properties, and device applications of core/shell quantum dots (QDs). Core/shell QDs have exhibited enhanced quantum yield (QY), suppressed photobleaching/blinking, and significantly improved photochemical/physical stability as compared to conventional bare QDs. The core-shell structure also promotes the easy tuning of QDs' band structure, leading to their employment as attractive building blocks in various optoelectronic devices. The main objective of this book is to create a platform for knowledge sharing and dissemination of the latest advances in novel areas of core/shell QDs and relevant devices, and to provide a comprehensive introduction and directions for further research in this growing area of nanomaterials research.

This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modelling to advance neurology, cancer treatment, and radio-frequency studies including regulatory, safety, and wireless communication fields. Readers working on any application that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book's coverage of the latest models and techniques available to assess a given technology's safety and efficacy in a timely and efficient manner. This is an Open Access book.

The book discusses active devices and circuits for microwave communications. It begins with the basics of device physics and then explores the design of microwave communication systems including analysis and the implementation of different circuits. In addition to classic topics in microwave active devices, such as p-i-n diodes, Schottky diodes, step recovery diodes, BJT, HBT, MESFET, HFET, and various microwave circuits like switch, phase shifter, attenuator, detector, amplifier, multiplier and mixer, the book also covers modern areas such as Class-F power amplifiers, direct frequency modulators, linearizers, and equalizers. Most of the examples are based on practical devices available in commercial markets and the circuits presented are operational. The book uses analytical methods to derive values of circuit components without the need for any circuit design tools, in order to explain the theory of the circuits. All the given analytical expressions are also cross verified using commercially available microwave circuit design tools, and each chapter includes relevant diagrams and solved problems. It is intended for scholars in the field of electronics and communication engineering.

This book covers selected topics of automated logic synthesis dedicated to FPGAs. The authors focused on two main problems: decomposition of the multioutput functions and technology mapping. Additionally, the idea of using binary decision diagrams (BDD) in these processes was presented. The book is a scientific monograph summarizing the authors' many years of research. As a result, it contains a large number of experimental results, which makes it a valuable source for other researchers. The book has a significant didactic value. Its arrangement allows for a gradual transition from basic things (e.g., description of logic functions) to much more complex issues. This approach allows less advanced readers to better understand the described problems. In addition, the authors made sure that the issues described in the book were supported by practical examples, thanks to which the reader can independently analyze even the most complex problems described in the book.

This book investigates in detail the antenna optimization method with binary coding and their applications to antenna design. It introduces the binary coding principle and optimization method, the method of binary coding corresponding to geometry structure. In further, the designs by binary coding optimization method of following items are introduced, including multi-frequency antenna based on binary coding, low profile RFID tag antenna on metal, wideband directional antenna with low profile, mmWave antenna and UWB antenna. Additionally, improved hexagon unit to antenna optimization by binary coding method is given, and a new method of antenna design based on optimization of linear motion trajectory is presented in the end.This book proposes an automatic optimization method of meshed antenna based on binary coding, reduce the artificial a priori influence and find the best antenna. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in antenna technology, researchers investigating high performance antenna, and antenna design engineers working on new antenna and the applications.

"...Ben has been the world-wide guru of this technology, providing support to applications of all types. His genius lies in handling the extremely complex mathematics, while at the same time seeing the practical matters involved in applying the results. As this book clearly shows, Ben is able to relate to novices interested in using frequency selective surfaces and to explain technical details in an understandable way, liberally spiced with his special brand of humor... Ben Munk has written a book that represents the epitome of practical understanding of Frequency Selective Surfaces. He deserves all honors that might befall him for this achievement." -William F. Bahret.

Mr. W. Bahret was with the United States Air Force but is now retired. From the early 50s he sponsored numerous projects concerning Radar Cross Section of airborne platforms in particular antennas and absorbers. Under his leadership grew many of the concepts used extensively today, as for example the metallic radome. In fact, he is by many considered to be the father of stealth technology.

"This book compiles under one cover most of Munk's research over the past three decades. It is woven with the physical insight that he has gained and further developed as his career has grown. Ben uses mathematics to whatever extent is needed, and only as needed. This material is written so that it should be useful to engineers with a background in electromagnetics. I strongly recommend this book to any engineer with any interest in phased arrays and/or frequency selective surfaces. The physical insight that may be gained from this book will enhance their ability to treat additional array problems of their own." -Leon Peters, Jr.

Professor Leon Peters, Jr., was a professor at the Ohio State University but is now retired. From the early sixties he worked on, among many other things, RCS problems involving antennas and absorbers.

This book presents the complete derivation of the Periodic Method of Moments, which enables the reader to calculate quickly and efficiently the transmission and reflection properties of multi-layered Frequency Selective Surfaces comprised of either wire and/or slot elements of arbitrary shape and located in a stratified medium. However, it also gives the reader the tools to analyze multi-layered FSS's leading to specific designs of the very important Hybrid Radome, which is characterized by constant band width with angle of incidence and polarization. Further, it investigates in great detail bandstop filters with large as well as narrow bandwidth (dichroic surfaces). It also discusses for the first time, lossy elements used in producing Circuit Analog absorbers. Finally, the last chapter deals with power breakdown of FSS's when exposed to pulsed signals with high peak power.

The approach followed by most other presentations simply consists of expanding the fields around the FSS, matching the boundary conditions and writing a computer program. While this enables the user to obtain calculated results, it gives very little physical insight and no help in how to design actual multi-layered FSS's. In contrast, the approach used in this title analyzes all curves of desired shapes. In particular, it discusses in great detail how to produce radomes made of FSS's located in a stratified medium (Hybrid Radomes), with constant band width for all angles of incidence and polarizations. Numerous examples are given of great practical interest. More specifically, Chapter 7 deals with the theory and design of bandpass radomes with constant bandwidth and flat tops. Examples are given for mono-, bi- and tri-planar designs. Chapter 8 deals with bandstop filters with broad as well as narrow bandwidth. Chapter 9 deals with multi-layered FSS of lossy elements, namely the so-called Circuit Analog Absorbers, designed to yield outstanding absorption with more than a decade of bandwidth.

Features material previously labeled as classified by the United States Air Force.

This book presents the selected peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (ComNet) 2019. Highlighting the latest findings, ideas, developments and applications in all areas of advanced communication systems and networking, it covers a variety of topics, including next-generation wireless technologies such as 5G, new hardware platforms, antenna design, applications of artificial intelligence (AI), signal processing and optimization techniques. Given its scope, this book can be useful for beginners, researchers and professionals working in wireless communication and networks, and other allied fields.

This book provides wide-ranging coverage of current developments in biomedical sensing based on photonic techniques. Biomedical sensing is a dynamic topic that promises to deliver much in the future evolution of medical diagnostics, delivering advanced tools for fundamental research in biology at the micrometre and nanometre scales. The book explores a variety of alternative physical and biological methodologies that have become available for application, such as plasmonic sensors and photonic crystal biosensors. At the same time, it addresses issues that potentially limit the capability of biomedical optical sensing techniques, while reviewing the state-of-the-art in biomedical optical sensing for the future work that will lead to near-universal applications of such techniques. Edited and written by leading experts in this domain, this book is ideal as a comprehensive manual for researchers and graduate students.

This volume collects a a number of contributions on spontaneous symmetry breaking. Current studies in this general field are going ahead at a full speed. The book present review chapters which give an overview on the major break throughs of recent years. It covers a number of different physical settings which are introduced when a nonlinearity is added to the underlying symmetric problems and its strength exceeds a certain critical value. The corresponding loss of symmetry, called spontaneous symmetry breaking, alias self-trapping into asymmetric states is extensively discussed in this book.
The book presents both active theoretical studies of spontaneous symmetry breaking effects as well as experimental findings, chiefly for Bose-Einstein-Condensates with the self-repulsive nonlinearity, and also for photorefractive media in optics.

This book first provides readers with an introduction to the underlying physics and state-of-the-art application of photon counting detectors for X-ray imaging. The authors explain that a photon-counting imaging detector can realize quantitative analysis because the detector can derive X-ray attenuation information based on the analysis of intensity changes of individual X-ray. To realize this analysis, it is important to consider the physics of an object and detector material. In this book, the authors introduce a novel analytical procedure to create quantitative X-ray images for medical diagnosis.

This book highlights the synthesis/fabrication of novel materials for different kinds of optical applications. It covers all aspects of optical applications starting from LED/Lasers, SERS, bio-sensing, bio-imaging and non-linear optical applications such as optical limiting, saturable absorbers etc. The book describes the development of novel materials and geometry as well as engineering of their size and shape for harvesting better optical properties. Nonconventional plasmonic materials and their fabrication are discussed apart from the conventionally employed noble metal based nanosystems. In addition, development of Novel materials/structures for biosensing /bioimaging /optical limiting are also covered.

A cutting-edge look at safety and security applications of photonic sensors With its many superior qualities, photonic sensing technology is increasingly used in early-detection and early-warning systems for biological hazards, structural flaws, and security threats. Photonic Sensing provides for the first time a comprehensive review of this exciting and rapidly evolving field, focusing on the development of cutting-edge applications in diverse areas of safety and security, from biodetection to biometrics. The book brings together contributions from leading experts in the field, fostering effective solutions for the development of specialized materials, novel optical devices, and networking algorithms and platforms. A number of specific areas of safety and security monitoring are covered, including background information, operation principles, analytical techniques, and applications. Topics include: * Document security and structural integrity monitoring, as well as the detection of food pathogens and bacteria * Surface plasmon sensors, micro-based cytometry, optofluidic techniques, and optical coherence tomography * Optic fiber sensors for explosive detection and photonic liquid crystal fiber sensors for security monitoring * Photonics-assisted frequency measurement with promising electronic warfare applications An invaluable, multidisciplinary resource for researchers and professionals in photonic sensing, as well as safety and security monitoring, this book will help readers jump-start their own research and development in areas of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, mechanics, electronics, and defense.

This book covers the fundamental aspects of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers, and includes a wide range of material from laser physics fundamentals to state-of-the-art topics in this rapidly growing field of quantum electronics. This expanded and updated new edition includes substantial new material on nonlinear frequency conversion and Raman fiber lasers and amplifiers, as well as an expanded list of references inclusive of the recent literature in the field. Emphasis is placed on the nonlinear processes taking place in fiber lasers and amplifiers, their similarities, differences to, and their advantages over other solid-state lasers. The reader will learn the basic principles of solid-state physics and optical spectroscopy of laser active centers in fibers, the main operational laser regimes, and will receive practical recommendations and suggestions on fiber laser research, laser applications, and laser product development. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professional physicists and engineers who work with lasers in the optical and telecommunications field, as well as those in the chemical and biological industries.