Perovskite is a well-known structure with the chemical formula ABX3, where A and B are cations coordinated with 12 and 6 anions, respectively, and X is an anion. When a halogen anion is used, the monovalent A and divalent B cations can be stabilized with respect to a tolerance factor ranging from ~0.8 to 1. Since the first report on ~10% efficiency and long-term stability of solid-state perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in 2012 and two subsequent seed reports on perovskite-sensitized solar cells in 2009 and 2011, PSCs have received increasing attention. The power conversion efficiency of PSCs was certified to be more than 25% in 2020, surpassing thin-film solar cell technologies. Methylammonium or formamidinium organic ion-based lead iodide perovskite has been used for high-efficiency PSCs. The first report on solid-state PSCs triggered perovskite photovoltaics, leading to more than 23,000 publications as of October 2021. In addition, halide perovskite has shown excellent performance when applied to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and resistive memory, indicating that halide perovskite is multifunctional. This book explains the electro-optical and ferroelectric properties of perovskite and details the recent progress in scalable and tandem PSCs as well as perovskite LEDs and resistive memory. It is a useful textbook and self-help study guide for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of materials science and engineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology; for researchers in photovoltaics, LEDs, resistive memory, and perovskite-related opto-electronics; and for general readers who wish to gain knowledge about halide perovskite.

Borate-based phosphors have attracted much attention, due to their high optical stability, low-cost synthesis via conventional and non-conventional methods and resulting technology to be environmentally friendly. This book discusses the structural and chemical parameters of borates as a phosphor including suitable synthesis methods and proper characterization of materials. Further, it includes applications of borate materials such as photoluminescence, UV application, UVU application, photo therapy application and radiological applications. Features: Provides information on borate phosphors and their structure. Aids selection of proper structural and functional borates used in applications based on phosphor technology. Discloses the modification in properties of borate functional group upon mixing or substitution with other metallic functional groups. Discusses biological applications such as photo-thermal heating-based therapy, temperature sensors, imaging, and diagnosis. Includes current trends and innovations, limitations and challenges, prospects, and scope in each chapter. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in inorganic materials, luminescent/optical materials, materials science/engineering, and physics.

Presents a comprehensive study of the physical models for quantum dots (QDs) Discusses the properties of QDs and their applications Suggests ways to fine tune the electronic properties of QDs for specific applications Will be helpful for solid state physicists, material scientists, and engineers

Because of unique water properties, humidity affects many living organisms, including humans and materials. Humidity control is important in various fields, from production management to creating a comfortable living environment. The second volume of The Handbook of Humidity Measurement is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. This volume discusses the advantages and disadvantages about the capacitive, resistive, gravimetric, hygrometric, field ionization, microwave, Schottky barrier, Kelvin probe, field-effect transistor, solid-state electrochemical, and thermal conductivity-based humidity sensors. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive analysis of the properties of humidity-sensitive materials, used for the development of such devices. Describes numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity sensitive materials and sensing structures used in sensor applications. Explores new approaches proposed for the development of humidity sensors. Considers conventional devices such as phsychometers, gravimetric, mechanical (hair), electrolytic, child mirror hygrometers, etc., which were used for the measurement of humidity for several centuries. Handbook of Humidity Measurement, Volume 2: Electronic and Electrical Humidity Sensors provides valuable information for practicing engineers, measurement experts, laboratory technicians, project managers in industries and national laboratories, as well as university students and professors interested in solutions to humidity measurement tasks as well as in understanding fundamentals of any gas sensor operation and development.

Presents the latest global achievements in the processing and applications of high-Tc superconductors Discusses large-scale applications of high-temperature superconducting materials Contains contributions from several eminent scientists

We are always surrounded by electromagnetic waves and fields of various spectra. This book explains basic electromagnetic theory with the help of design formulations i.e. mathematical background on antennas along with experimentations, which has made this book unique. The main purpose of this book is to embed mathematical EM theory of dielectric resonator antennas with experimental validation so that understanding of concepts takes place. Initially, basic understanding of philosophy of dielectric resonators has been discussed, then it is supported with mathematical modeling and later same is implemented with its prototype model along with experimentations. The modes theory gives important analysis on currents distribution, impedance analysis and radiation pattern in DRA. Circular polarization can built signal robustness, case studies on circular polarization has been included. Equivalent RLC circuit concept has been introduced. Challenges of switching from microwave to terahertz has been briefly discussed. Nano DRA will revolutionize the wireless technology. Nano DRA ,Terahertz DRA and Quantum DRA have analyzed and studied.

Deployment of Rare Earth Materials in Microware Devices, RF Transmitters, and Laser Systems describes the deployment of rare earth materials that offer significant improvement in the RF performance, reliability, weight, and size of microwave devices, RF transmitters, and laser systems. RF components, microware transmitters, laser systems, and special timing devices are described, with an emphasis on improvement in the performance parameters.

Black phosphorus (BP)-based two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are used as components in practical industrial applications in biomedicine, electronics, and photonics. There is a need to controllably shape engineered scalable structures of 2D BP building blocks, and their assembly/organization is desired for the formation of three-dimensional (3D) forms such as macro and hybrid architectures, as it is expected that these architectures will deliver even better materials performance in applications. Semiconducting Black Phosphorus: From 2D Nanomaterial to Emerging 3D Architecture provides an overview of the various synthetic strategies for 2D BP single-layer nanomaterials, their scalable synthesis, properties, and assemblies into 3D architecture. The book covers defect engineering and physical properties of black phosphorous; describes different strategies for the development of 2D nanostructures of BP with other species such as polymers, organic molecules, and other inorganic materials; offers a comparative study of 3D BP structures with other 3D architectures such as dichalcogenides (TMDs, graphene, and boron nitride); and discusses in detail applications of 3D macrostructures of BP in various fields such as energy, biomedical, and catalysis. This is an essential reference for researchers and advanced students in materials science and chemical, optoelectronic, and electrical engineering.

An electric machine is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. It can take the form of an electric generator, electric motor, or transformer. Electric generators produce virtually all electric power we use all over the world. Electric machine blends the three major areas of electrical engineering: power, control and power electronics. This book presents the relation of power quantities for the machine as the current, voltage power flow, power losses, and efficiency. This book will provide a good understanding of the behavior and its drive, beginning with the study of salient features of electrical dc and ac machines.

Provides a comprehensive and unified treatment of radiation and propagation problems Presents a detailed explanation in the use of Green functions, the Watson transformation and the method of steepest descent as they apply to electromagnetic problems Demonstrates various advanced mathematical techniques used in the evaluation of the electromagnetic fields Details how to formulate and obtain a closed-form solution or an asymptotic solution Includes appendices for Bessel, Legendre, Airy and Error functions

Application as well as detection of different chemicals plays an important role in the progress of modern science and technology. The beauty of various characteristics of materials and the inherent logic behind their working mechanisms can be wisely utilized for sensing different chemicals. The mechanisms as well as performances of different materials viz. carbon nanotube, graphene, metal oxides, biomaterials, luminescent metal-organic frameworks, hydrogels, textiles, quantum dots, ligands, crown ethers etc. for identification of different chemicals has been discussed here. This book would be a valuable reference to select suitable materials for possible use in chemical sensors.

This book demonstrates how to use functions of a complex variable to solve engineering problems that obey the 2D Laplace equation (and in some cases the 2D Poisson equation). The book was written with the engineer/physicist in mind and the majority of the book focuses on electrostatics. A key benefit of the complex variable approach to electrostatics is the visualization of field lines through the use of field maps. With todays' powerful computers and mathematical software programs, field maps are easily generated once the complex potential has been determined. Additionally, problems that would have been considered out of scope previously are now easily solved with these mathematical software programs. For example, solutions requiring the use of non-elementary functions such as elliptic and hypergeometric functions would have been viewed as not practical in the past due to the tedious use of look up tables for evaluation. Now, elliptic and hypergeometric functions are built-in functions for most mathematical software programs making their evaluation as easy as a trigonometric function. Key highlights in the book include 2D electrostatics completely formulated in terms of complex variables More than 60 electrostatic field maps Comprehensive treatment for obtaining Green's functions with conformal mapping Fully worked Schwarz-Christoffel transformations to more than usual number of problems A full chapter devoted to solving practical problems at an advanced level Detailed solutions to all end of chapter problems available on book's website Although the text is primarily self-contained, the reader is assumed to have taken differential and integral calculus and introductory courses in complex variables and electromagnetics.

Provides a glimpse of the recent developments in metamaterial research Introduces new metamaterial designs to be used in the microwave and optical regimes Discusses the usefulness of new designs in developing absorbers and/or sensors Explores the platforms for future technology of embedded systems

This book offers a unique multidisciplinary integration of the physics of turbulence and remote sensing technology. Remote Sensing of Turbulence provides a new vision on the research of turbulence and summarizes the current and future challenges of monitoring turbulence remotely. The book emphasizes sophisticated geophysical applications, detection, and recognition of complex turbulent flows in oceans and the atmosphere. Through several techniques based on microwave and optical/IR observations, the text explores the technological capabilities and tools for the detection of turbulence, their signatures, and variability. FEATURES Covers the fundamental aspects of turbulence problems with a broad geophysical scope for a wide audience of readers Provides a complete description of remote-sensing capabilities for observing turbulence in the earth's environment Establishes the state-of-the-art remote-sensing techniques and methods of data analysis for turbulence detection Investigates and evaluates turbulence detection signatures, their properties, and variability Provides cutting-edge remote-sensing applications for space-based monitoring and forecasts of turbulence in oceans and the atmosphere This book is a great resource for applied physicists, the professional remote sensing community, ecologists, geophysicists, and earth scientists.

Provide a fundamental overview of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, its effects on the environment and other electronic goods, novel materials used for its mitigation. Includes comprehensive overview of the sources and effects of EM radiations. Explains synthesis, characterization methods, and properties of materials used to protect against the radiation. Gives an insight into the physics of EMI shielding and its associated mechanism. Examines the current state of the art and new challenges in this area

Photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technology holds great potential for breaking through the bottlenecks in current photonic and optoelectronic networks. Recently, a revolution has been witnessed in the field of lithium niobate (LN) photonics. Over the past decade, nanoscale LN waveguides with a propagation loss of ~0.01 dB and a radius of curvature on the level of ~100 m have been demonstrated. The revolution mainly benefits from two technological advancements, the maturity of lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) technology and the innovation of nanofabrication approaches of high-quality LNOI photonic structures. Using low-loss waveguides and high-quality-factor (high-Q) microresonators produced on the LNOI platform as building blocks, various integrated photonic devices have been demonstrated with unprecedented performances. The breakthroughs have reshaped the landscape of the LN industry. This is the first monograph on LN nanophotonics enabled by the LNOI platform. It comprehensively reviews the development of fabrication technology, investigations on nonlinear optical processes, and demonstrations of electro-optical devices, as well as applications in quantum light sources, spectroscopy, sensing, and microwave-to-optical wave conversion. The book begins with an overview of the technological evolution of PICs, justifying the motivation for developing LNOI photonics. The next four chapters focus on LNOI photonics. The book concludes with a summary of the milestone achievements discussed in these chapters and provides a future perspective of this area of research.

New to the Third Edition New chapter on the Multi-Level Adaptive Cross Approximation (MLACA) New chapter on very large radiation and scattering problems that could not be solved prior to implementing of ACA Thoroughly updated chapter on Fast Multipole Method (FMM), as well as the Multi-Level Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA).

Provides background for design and development of metamaterial structures using novel unit cells. Gives in-depth performance study of miniaturization of microstrip antennas. Discusses design and development of both transmission and reflection types metasurfaces and their practical applications. Verifies a variety of Metamaterial structures and Metasurfaces experimentally

High-k Materials in Multi-Gate FET Devices focuses on high-k materials for advanced FET devices. It discusses emerging challenges in the engineering and applications and considers issues with associated technologies. It covers the various way of utilizing high-k dielectrics in multi-gate FETs for enhancing their performance at the device as well as circuit level. Provides basic knowledge about FET devices Presents the motivation behind multi-gate FETs, including current and future trends in transistor technologies Discusses fabrication and characterization of high-k materials Contains a comprehensive analysis of the impact of high-k dielectrics utilized in the gate-oxide and the gate-sidewall spacers on the GIDL of emerging multi-gate FET architectures Offers detailed application of high-k materials for advanced FET devices Considers future research directions This book is of value to researchers in materials science, electronics engineering, semiconductor device modeling, IT, and related disciplines studying nanodevices such as FinFET and Tunnel FET and device-circuit codesign issues.

In this book, the fundamentals of micro- and nanofabrication are described on the basis of the concept of "using gases as a fabrication tool." Unlike other books available on the subject, this volume assumes only entry-level mathematics, physics, and chemistry of undergraduates or high-school students in science and engineering courses. Necessary theories are plainly explained to help the reader learn about this new attractive field and enable further reading of specialized books. The book is an attractive guide for students, young engineers, and anyone getting involved in micro- and nanofabrication from various fields including physics, electronics, chemistry, and materials sciences.

Renewable energies have become an attractive option to overcome the energy demands in sustainable and affordable ways. It has been estimated that one-third of the total renewable energies would be generated from photovoltaics (PVs). A solar or PV cell is a device that directly converts sunlight into electricity by taking benefit of the photoelectric effect. In the third-generation solar PVs, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are believed to be the most promising and have attracted wide attention. The optimization of a DSSC is focused on four main components: (i) metal oxide semiconductor, (ii) photosensitizer, (iii) redox couple electrolyte, and (iv) counter electrode. Among these, the counter electrode undertakes three functions: (i) as a catalyst, (ii) as a positive electrode of primary cells, and (iii) as a mirror. To obey these functions, the electrode material should have high catalytic activity, high conductivity, high reflectivity, high surface area, and electrochemical and mechanical stability. To improve the performance of DSSCs, many scientists have developed new counter electrodes made of platinum, carbon materials, transition metals, conductive polymers, and composites. This book converses the various aspects of materials for the fabrication of counter electrodes especially for the DSSCs.

This book is on applied superconductivity, which is one of the topical issues of modern science and technology. At present, the prospects for the practical application of superconductivity are obvious from both economic and practical points of view. It can reduce heat losses and reduce the weight and size of equipment, improve the reliability of electrical devices and power systems, and create new devices. As a result, the achievements of applied superconductivity make it possible to perform effective retrofitting of equipment for scientific research, in medicine, electric power, electrical engineering, transport, and to introduce new advanced technologies that provide higher efficiency, significantly reducing working costs.

This book combines the experience and achievements in engineering practice of the China Academy of Space Technology, Xi'an, with a focus on the field of high-power multipactor over recent decades. It introduces the main concepts, theories, methods and latest technologies of multipactor simulation, at both the theoretical level and as a process of engineering, while providing a comprehensive introduction to the outstanding progress made in the research technology of multipactor numerical simulation in China. At the same time, a three-dimensional numerical simulation method of multipactor for typical high-power microwave components of spacecraft is introduced. This book is an essential volume for engineers in the field of high-power microwave technology. It can also be used as a reference for researchers in related fields, or as a teaching reference book for graduate students majoring in Astronautics at colleges and universities.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has drawn considerable attention as an attractive inorganic raw material for various applications due to its inexpensiveness, nontoxic nature, stability, and excellent photocatalytic activity. Photocatalysis is one of the most promising route for sustainable chemistry of the 21st century. It can contribute to solving environmental, global energy, and chemical problems, as well as to the sustainable production of commodities in the near future. This book presents the fundamentals of photocatalysis in nanostructured TiO2 and describes the factors affecting the photocatalytic activity, design, and synthesis of various forms of nanostructured TiO2. It highlights the use of ion-doping and inert-atmosphere annealing to extend the light-absorption range of photocatalysts and reduce recombination between electrons and holes. It discusses numerous applications in the fields of energy and environment, such as water purification, gas sensing, storage and delivery, and energy generation. The book is an invaluable resource and useful guide for a broad readership in various fields of catalysis, materials science, environment, and energy.

This book presents two nonlinear control strategies for complex dynamical networks. First, sliding-mode control is used, and then the inverse optimal control approach is employed. For both cases, model-based is considered in Chapter 3 and Chapter 5; then, Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 are based on determining a model for the unknow system using a recurrent neural network, using on-line extended Kalman filtering for learning. The book is organized in four sections. The first one covers mathematical preliminaries, with a brief review for complex networks, and the pinning methodology. Additionally, sliding-mode control and inverse optimal control are introduced. Neural network structures are also discussed along with a description of the high-order ones. The second section presents the analysis and simulation results for sliding-mode control for identical as well as non-identical nodes. The third section describes analysis and simulation results for inverse optimal control considering identical or non-identical nodes. Finally, the last section presents applications of these schemes, using gene regulatory networks and microgrids as examples.