RFID (radio frequency identification) tags are becoming ubiquitously available in object tracking, access control, and toll payment. The current application model treats tags simply as ID carriers and deals with each tag individually for the purpose of identifying the object that the tag is attached to. The uniqueness of "RFID as an Infrastructure" is to change the traditional individual view to a collective view that treats universally-deployed tags as a new infrastructure, a new wireless platform on which novel applications can be developed.

The book begins with an introduction to the problems of tag estimation and information collection from RFID systems, and explains the challenges. It discusses how to efficiently estimate the number of tags in a large RFID system, considering both energy cost and execution time. It then gives a detailed account on how to collect information from a sensor-augmented RFID network with new designs that significantly reduce execution time."

Electrostatic Discharge is a pervasive issue in the semiconductor industry affecting both manufacturers and users of semiconductors. This easy-to-read, practical handbook presents an overview of ESD as it effects electronic circuits and provides a concise introduction for students, engineers, circuit designers and failure analysts.

In this book, a general frequency domain numerical method similar to the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) technique is presented. The proposed method, called the multiresolution frequency domain (MRFD) technique, is based on orthogonal Battle-Lemarie and biorthogonal Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau (CDF) wavelets. The objective of developing this new technique is to achieve a frequency domain scheme which exhibits improved computational efficiency figures compared to the traditional FDFD method: reduced memory and simulation time requirements while retaining numerical accuracy. The newly introduced MRFD scheme is successfully applied to the analysis of a number of electromagnetic problems, such as computation of resonance frequencies of one and three dimensional resonators, analysis of propagation characteristics of general guided wave structures, and electromagnetic scattering from two dimensional dielectric objects. The efficiency characteristics of MRFD techniques based on different wavelets are compared to each other and that of the FDFD method. Results indicate that the MRFD techniques provide substantial savings in terms of execution time and memory requirements, compared to the traditional FDFD method. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basics of the Finite Difference Method and Multiresolution Analysis / Formulation of the Multiresolution Frequency Domain Schemes / Application of MRFD Formulation to Closed Space Structures / Application of MRFD Formulation to Open Space Structures / A Multiresolution Frequency Domain Formulation for Inhomogeneous Media / Conclusion

This book presents basic and advanced topics in the areas of sig nal theory and processing as applied to acoustic echo-location (sonar). It is written at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level, and as sumes that the reader is conversant with the concepts and mathematics associated with introductory graduate courses in signal processing such as linear and complex algebra, Fourier analysis, probability, advanced calculus, and linear system theory. The material is presented in a tuto rial fashion as a logical development starting with basic principles and leading to the development of topics in detection and estimation theory, waveform design, echo modeling, scattering theory, and spatial process ing. Examples are provided throughout the book to illustrate impor tant concepts and especially important relationships are boxed. The book addresses the practical aspects of receiver and waveform design, and therefore should be of interest to the practicing engineer as well as the student. Although much of the book is applicable to the general echo-location problem that includes radar, its emphasis is on acoustic echo location especially in regard to time mapping and the wideband or wavelet description of Doppler. Introductory signal theory material is included in the first chapter to provide a foundation for the material covered in the later chapters. A consistent notational convention is ob served throughout the book so that the various mathematical entities are readily identified. This is described in the glossary and symbol list.

This modern book-length treatment gives a detailed presentation of high-frequency bipolar transistors in silicon or silicon-germanium technology, with particular emphasis placed on today's advanced compact models and their physical foundations.

One hundred years ago, the notion of transmitting information without the use of wires must have seemed like magic. In 1896, the first patent for wireless communication was granted to Marchese Guglielmo Marconi. Since then the field of wireless communications which includes cellular systems has taken various forms of development. It basically evolved through three Eras. The Pioneer Era over the period of 1860-1921, the Precellular Era over 1921-1980 and the Cellular Era after 1980 and beyond. The first generation cellular era started with the Analog Systems and evolved in the digital domain utilizing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), thus comprising the Second Generation Mobile Systems. The first generation RF cellular communications systems deployed in the early to mid 1980's had air interfaces comprised of analog technology. Among them were AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), and TACS (Total Access Communications System). These were designed for use in a specific geographic area and not intended to be deployed in other areas. There was not much commonality beyond using the same air interface technology and same modulation. The air interface technology was Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and the modulation was analog FM, but with different deviations and channel spacings. The frequency bands, air interface protocols, number of channels, and data rates were different. In general, these systems provided local and national coverage.

Advances in electronics have pushed mankind to create devices, ranging from - credible gadgets to medical equipment to spacecraft instruments. More than that, modern society is getting used to-if not dependent on-the comfort, solutions, and astonishing amount of information brought by these devices. One ?eld that has continuously bene?tted from those advances is the radio frequency integrated c- cuit (RFIC) design, which in its turn has promoted countless bene?ts to the mankind as a payback. Wireless communications is one prominent example of what the - vances in electronics have enabled and their consequences to our daily life. How could anyone back in the eighties think of the possibilities opened by the wireless local area networks (WLANs) that can be found today in a host of places, such as public libraries, coffee shops, trains, to name just a few? How can a youngster, who lives this true WLAN experience nowadays, imagine a world without it? This book dealswith the design oflinearCMOS RF PowerAmpli?ers(PAs). The RF PA is a very important part of the RF transceiver, the device that enables wireless communications. Two important aspects that are key to keep the advances in RF PA design at an accelerate pace are treated: ef?ciency enhancement and frequen- tunable capability. For this purpose, the design of two different integrated circuits realizedina0. 11umtechnologyispresented, eachoneaddressingadifferentaspect. With respect to ef?ciency enhancement, the design of a dynamic supply RF power ampli?er is treated, making up the material of Chaps. 2 to 4."

The technology surrounding the design and fabrication of optical microresonators has matured to a point where there is a need for commercialization. Consequently, there is a need for device research involving more advanced architectures and more esoteric operating principles. Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications explores advances in the fabrication process that enable nanometer waveguide separations, exceptionally smooth surfaces essential to reach Q factors in the order of 106- 108 and high index contrast materials.

Nanometer CMOS RFICs for Mobile TV Applications focuses on how to break the trade-off between power consumption and performance (linearity and noise figure) by optimizing the mobile TV front-end dynamic range in three hierarchical levels: the intrinsic MOSFET level, the circuit level, and the architectural level. It begins by discussing the fundamental concepts of MOSFET dynamic range, including nonlinearity and noise. It then moves to the circuit level introducing the challenges associated with designing wide-dynamic range, variable-gain, broadband low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). The book gives a detailed analysis of a new noise-canceling technique that helps CMOS LNAs achieve a sub - 2 dB wideband noise figure. Lastly, the book deals with the front-end dynamic range optimization process from the systems perspective by introducing the active and passive automatic gain control (AGC) mechanism.

Space Division Multiple Access is one of the most promising methods in solving the capacity problem of wireless communication systems. This book defines formulae that can be used to evaluate the limit capacity of multipath wireless channels in a particular receiving region with size limitation.

Microwave testing has been paid only scant attention in the literature as a method for nondestructive testing of materials, yet it offers some attractive features, especially for the testing of composite and other non-metallic materials. Microwave techniques have been used in a large number of applications that can be classified as nondestructive testing applications, ranging from large scale remote sensing to detection of tumors in the body. This volume describes a unified approach to microwave nondestructive testing by presenting the three essential components of testing: theory, practice, and modelling. While recognizing that each of these subjects is wide enough to justify a volume of its own, the presentation of the three topics together shows that these are interrelated and should be practiced together. While few will argue against a good theoretical background, modelling and simulation of the testing environment is seldom part of the NDT training in any method, but particularly so in microwave testing. The text is devided in four parts. The first part presents the field theory background necessary for understanding the microwave domain. The second part treats microwave measurements as well as devices and sources and the third part discusses practical tests applicable to a variety of materials and geometries. The fourth part discusses modelling of microwave testing. Each chapter contains a bibliography intended to expand on the material given and, in particular, to point to subjects which could not be covered either as not appropriate or for lack of space. For engineers, applied physicsts, material scientists.

This monograph of Electro-Optical E?ects to Visualize Field- and Current- Distributions in Semiconductors consists of ?ve parts, four of which are based ontheresearchofcadmiumsul?de, wherealargenumberofcontributionswere made between 1958 and the late 1960s to directly observe ?eld and current distributionsandinterprettheirresults.Thevisualizationof?elddistributions was accomplished by using the Franz Keldysh e?ect, and the visualization of currentinhomogeneitiesusestheshiftoftheopticalabsorptionedgebyJoule's heating. The ?fth part deals with a review of the explosively developing ?eld of N- and S-shaped current voltage characteristics causing inhomogeneities and instabilities in ?eld and current distributions. This part of the book was composed by Eckehard Sch] oll of the Technical University in Berlin. A major emphasis is given to the ?rst part of the book in which s- tionary high-?eld domains are described. These domains can be used as an essential tool to determine unambiguously certain semiconductor properties, such as the electron density and its mobility as the function of the actual electric ?eld. It is also helpful to determine changes of the work function and electron a?nities between di?erent materials, such as for electrodes and h- erojunctions. Finally, it gives direct information about certain doping and their spacial pro?le."

Joseph F. White has studied, worked, and taught in all aspects of microwave semiconductor materials, control diodes, and circuit applications. He is thoroughly grounded in the physics and math ematics of the field, but has primarily the engineer's viewpoint, combining basic knowledge with experience and ingenuity to gen erate practical designs under constraints of required performance and costs of development and production. As a result of his teach ing experience and numerous technical papers and oral presenta tions, he has developed a clear, well-organized writing style that makes this book easy to use as a self-teaching text, a reference volume, and a design handbook. Dr. White believes that an engineer must have a good understand ing of semiconductor physics, a thorough knowledge of microwave circuit theory, at least an elementary acquaintance with transistor drivers, and the ability to check and refine a microwave circuit on a computer terminal to be qualified for modern, creative design of microwave semiconductor control components. These subjects are well covered in approximately the first half of the book; the second half treats the general and specific design of switches, at tenuators, limiters, duplexers, and phase shifters, with many ex amples drawn from his experience and that of others."

Internet traffic is increasing by at least 200% per year and this is the first book to report on the current state-of-the-art of packet-switching architectures. The book to covers the subject in a comprehensive survey and presents contributions from the leading researchers in industry and universities. A mix of theoretical and practical material makes this book an essential reference for researchers in academia as well as industrial engineers.

Porous Semiconductors: Optical Properties and Applications provides an examination of porous semiconductor materials. Beginning with a description of the basic electrochemistry of porous semiconductors and the different kinds of porous semiconductor materials that can be fabricated, the book moves on to describe the fabrication processes used in the production of porous semiconductor optical components. Concluding the text, a number of optical components based on porous semiconductor materials are discussed in depth.

Porous Semiconductors: Optical Properties and Applications provides a thorough grounding in the design, fabrication and theory behind the optical applications of porous semiconductor materials for graduate and undergraduate students interested in optics, photonics, MEMS, and material science. The book is also a valuable reference for scientists, researchers, and engineers in the field of optics and materials science.

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of "optics" but more from the perspective of an engineering field within "optoelectronics.

"Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology - A Practical Engineering Guide" deals with all the most important digital television, sound radio and multimedia standards such as MPEG, DVB, DVD, DAB, ATSC, T-DMB, DMB-T, DRM and ISDB-T. The book provides an in-depth look at these subjects in terms of practical experience. In addition it contains chapters on the basics of technologies such as analog television, digital modulation, COFDM or mathematical transformations between time and frequency domains. The attention in the respective field under discussion is focussed on aspects of measuring techniques and of measuring practice, in each case consolidating the knowledge imparted with numerous practical examples. This book is directed primarily at the specialist working in the field, on transmitters and transmission equipment, network planning, studio technology, playout centers and multiplex center technology and in the development departments for entertainment electronics or TV test engineering. Since the intire field of electrical communications technology is traversed in a wide arc, those who are students in this field are not excluded either. The third edition of this well established reference work includes the new formats MPEG-4 und IPTV, and it already gives an outlook to the newest standards like DVB-SH and DVB-T2.

Wireless technology and handheld devices are dramatically changing the degrees of interaction throughout the world, further creating a ubiquitous network society. The emergence of advanced wireless telecommunication technologies and devices in today's society has increased accuracy and access rate, all of which are increasingly essential as the volume of information handled by users expands at an accelerated pace. The requirement for mobility leads to increasing pressure for applications and wireless systems to revolve around the concept of continuous communication with anyone, anywhere, and anytime. With the wireless technology and devices come ?exibility in network design and quicker deployment time. Over the past decades, numerous wireless telecommu- cation topics have received increasing attention from industry professionals, a- demics, and government agencies. Among these topics are the wireless Internet; multimedia; 3G/4G wireless networks and systems; mobile and wireless network security; wireless network modeling, algorithms, and simulation; satellite based s- tems; 802.11x; RFID; and broadband wireless access.

Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods, and Equipment offers a unified approach to fundamental aspects of Automated Radio Monitoring (ARM). The authors discuss the development, modeling, design, and manufacture of ARM systems. Data from established and recent research are presented and recommendations are made on methods and approaches for solving common problems in ARM. The authors also provide classification and detailed descriptions of modern high-efficient hardware-software ARM equipment, including the equipment for detection, radio direction-finding, parameters measurement and their analysis, and the identification and localization of the electromagnetic field sources. Examples of ARM equipment structure, applications, and software are provided to manage a variety of complicated interference environment in the industrial centers, inside of the buildings, and in the open terrain. This book provides a reference for professionals and researchers interested in deploying ARM technology as a tool for solving problems from radio frequency spectrum usage control.

Laser heterodyning is now a widespread optical technique, based on interference of two waves with slightly different frequencies within the sensitive area of a photo-detector. Its unique feature preserving phase information about optical wave in the electrical signal of the photo-detector finds numerous applications in various domains of applied optics and optoelectronics: in spectroscopy, polarimetry, radiometry, laser radars and lidars, microscopy and other areas. The reader may be surprised by the variety of disciplines that this book covers and satisfied by detailed explanation of the phenomena. Very well illustrated, this book will be helpful for researches, postgraduates and students, working in applied optics."

This book is concerned with remote sensing based on the technology of imaging radar. It assumes no prior knowledge of radar on the part of the reader, commencing with a treatment of the essential concepts of microwave imaging and progressing through to the development of multipolarisation and interferometric radar, modes which underpin contemporary applications of the technology. The use of radar for imaging the earth's surface and its resources is not recent. Aircraft-based microwave systems were operating in the 1960s, ahead of optical systems that image in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. Optical remote sensing was given a strong impetus with the launch of the first of the Landsat series of satellites in the mid 1970s. Although the Seasat satellite launched in the same era (1978) carried an imaging radar, it operated only for about 12 months and there were not nearly so many microwave systems as optical platforms in service during the 1980s. As a result, the remote sensing community globally tended to develop strongly around optical imaging until Shuttle missions in the early to mid 1980s and free-flying imaging radar satellites in the early to mid 1990s became available, along with several sophisticated aircraft platforms. Since then, and particularly with the unique capabilities and flexibility of imaging radar, there has been an enormous surge of interest in microwave imaging technology. Unlike optical imaging, understanding the theoretical underpinnings of imaging radar can be challenging, particularly when new to the field.

The advances in the theory of diffraction gratings and the applications of these results certainly determine the progress in several areas of applied science and engineering. The polarization converters, phase shifters and filters, quantum and solid-state oscillators, open quasi optical dispersive resonators and power compressors, slow-wave structures and patter forming systems, accelerators and spectrometer; that is still far from being a complete list of devices exploiting the amazing ability of periodic structures to perform controlled frequency, spatial, and polarization selection of signals.

Diffraction gratings used to be and still are one of the most popular objects of analysis in electromagnetic theory. The further development of the theory of diffraction gratings, in spite of considerable achievements, is still very important presently. The requirements of applied optics and microwave engineering present the theory of diffraction gratings with many new problems which force us to search for new methods and tools for their resolution. Just in such way there appeared recently new fields, connected with the analysis, synthesis and definition of equivalent parameters of artificial materials layers and coatings, having periodic structure and possessing features, which can be found in natural materials only in extraordinary or exceptional situations.

In this book the authors present results of the electromagnetic theory of diffraction gratings that may constitute the base of further development of this theory which can meet the challenges provided by the most recent requirements of fundamental and applied science.

The following issues will be considered in the book

• Authentic methods of analytical regularization, that perfectly match the requirements of analysis of resonant scattering of electromagnetic waves by gratings;
• Spectral theory of gratings, providing a reliable foundation for the analysis of spatial frequency transformations of electromagnetic fields occurring in open periodic resonators and waveguides;
• Parametric Fourier method and C-method, that are oriented towards the efficient numerical analysis of transformation properties of fields in the case of arbitrary profile periodic boundary between dielectric media and multilayered conformal arrays;
• Rigorous methods for analysis of transient processes and time-spatial transformations of electromagnetic waves in resonant situations, based on development and incorporation in standard numerical routines of FDTD of so called explicit absorbing boundary conditions;
• New approaches to the solution of homogenization problems the key problem arising in construction of metamaterials and meta surfaces;
• New physical results about the resonance scattering of pulse and monochromatic waves by periodic structures, including structures with chiral or left-handed materials;
• Methods and the results of the solutions of several actual applied problems of analysis and synthesis of pattern creating gratings, power compressors, resonance radiators of high capacity short radio pulses, open electromagnetic structures for the systems of resonant quasi optics and absorbing coatings.

This book considers problems of optimization arising in the design of electromagnetic radiators and receivers, presenting a systematic general theory applicable to a wide class of structures. The theory is illustrated with examples, and indications of how the results can be applied to more complicated structures. The final chapter introduces techniques from multicriteria optimization in antenna design. References to mathematics and engineering literature guide readers through the necessary mathematical background.

This book is subdivided into three main Parts. The common spirit in these parts is to provide, at the beginning of each, a comprehensive introduction into the subject treated, followed by specific aspects pertaining to the modelling and/or measuring particularities arlsmg from the investigation of photonic devices for telecommunications. Some of the devices treated here can be considered as widely known and well established. Others are rather new and their potential for applications is not yet fully exploited. The methods to model and measure photonic in this book and the comparison of results obtained devices and structures outlined by applying such methods are likely to interest both the engineer investigating the of a device in a system and the engineer looking for new ways to explore behaviour the possibilities offered by emerging devices. Many authors have contributed to this book. There are two main reasons for this. in photonic device research, modelling First, the book addresses two broad fields and measurements, for which a vast knowledge exists in many research groups that was not integrated in a book before. Second, a significant number of laboratories decided to closely co-operate in order to gain additional information on merits and drawbacks of their own methods for simulation and experimentation of devices as compared to the methods used by their colleagues in other laboratories. The outcome are new aspects and approaches that would not have been investigated in the absence of a framework for a co-operative programme.

"Theory, Analysis and Design of RF Interferometric Sensors" presents the theory, analysis and design of RF interferometric sensors. RF interferometric sensors are attractive for various sensing applications that require every fine resolution and accuracy as well as fast speed. The book also presents two millimeter-wave interferometric sensors realized using RF integrated circuits. The developed millimeter-wave homodyne sensor shows sub-millimeter resolution in the order of 0.05 mm without correction for the non-linear phase response of the sensor's quadrature mixer. The designed millimeter-wave double-channel homodyne sensor provides a resolution of only 0.01 mm, or 1/840th of the operating wavelength, and can inherently suppress the non-linearity of the sensor's quadrature mixer. The experimental results of displacement and velocity measurement are presented as a way to demonstrate the sensing ability of the RF interferometry and to illustrate its many possible applications in sensing.
The book is succinct, yet the material is very much self-contained, enabling readers with an undergraduate background in electrical engineering or physics with some experiences or graduate courses in RF circuits to understand easily.