Size Up the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Graphene The Graphene Science Handbook is a six-volume set that describes graphene's special structural, electrical, and chemical properties. The book considers how these properties can be used in different applications (including the development of batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors based on graphene) and produced on a massive and global scale. Volume One: Fabrication Methods Volume Two: Nanostructure and Atomic Arrangement Volume Three: Electrical and Optical Properties Volume Four: Mechanical and Chemical Properties Volume Five: Size-Dependent Properties Volume Six: Applications and Industrialization This handbook describes the fabrication methods of graphene; the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene; graphene's electrical and optical properties; the mechanical and chemical properties of graphene; the size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties; and the application and industrialization of graphene. Volume five is dedicated to size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties and covers: The use of graphene as a tunnel barrier for both charge and spin transport The mechanical behavior of Kevlar-graphene fibers Size-controlled graphene and cases of graphene nanostructures with size-dependent properties The applications of graphene as adsorbents, supporting and hybridization materials, and catalysts for removal of pollutants in contaminated water and air Recent research efforts to synthesize a variety of graphene-based structures The properties of indirect coupling between magnetic moments in monolayer graphene nanostructures The recent results of the electronic properties of graphene/metal systems Interface traps in graphene field-effect devices Semi-analytical models for the calculation of the quantum capacitance of both monolayer and bilayer graphene and its nanoribbons The various properties of mono- and multilayers of silicene compared with the corresponding properties of graphene The most relevant data obtained in the field of the vibrational characterization of graphene and graphene-based materials and more

Examines the Low Resistivity, High Mobility, and Zero Bandgap of Graphene The Graphene Science Handbook is a six-volume set that describes graphene's special structural, electrical, and chemical properties. The book considers how these properties can be used in different applications (including the development of batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors based on graphene) and produced on a massive and global scale. Volume One: Fabrication Methods Volume Two: Nanostructure and Atomic Arrangement Volume Three: Electrical and Optical Properties Volume Four: Mechanical and Chemical Properties Volume Five: Size-Dependent Properties Volume Six: Applications and Industrialization This handbook describes the fabrication methods of graphene; the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene; graphene's electrical and optical properties; the mechanical and chemical properties of graphene; the size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties; and the application and industrialization of graphene. Volume two is dedicated to nanostructure and atomic arrangement and covers: The potential applications of graphene heterostructures, particularly, graphene/h-BN heterostructures Atomic-scale defects in graphene and the huge impact they have on its low-energy electronic structure Recent findings on graphene plasmonics The storage of hydrogen between graphene and inside graphene-oxide frameworks (GOFs) The nitrogen contents, species, synthesis methods, and application on nitrogen-doped graphene Modification methods and applications of graphene and graphene oxide Phonon spectra and vibrational thermodynamic characteristics of graphene nanofilms The imaging of graphene by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Advances in the formation of graphene-based three-dimensional (3D) architectures and more

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of "optics" but more from the perspective of an engineering field within "optoelectronics.

In order to analyze the light of cosmic objects, particularly at extremely great distances, spectroscopy is the workhorse of astronomy. In the era of very large telescopes, long-term investigations are mainly performed with small professional instruments. Today they can be done using self-designed spectrographs and highly efficient CCD cameras, without the need for large financial investments. This book explains the basic principles of spectroscopy, including the fundamental optical constraints and all mathematical aspects needed to understand the working principles in detail. It covers the complete theoretical and practical design of standard and Echelle spectrographs. Readers are guided through all necessary calculations, enabling them to engage in spectrograph design. The book also examines data acquisition with CCD cameras and fiber optics, as well as the constraints of specific data reduction and possible sources of error. In closing it briefly highlights some main aspects of the research on massive stars and spectropolarimetry as an extension of spectroscopy. The book offers a comprehensive introduction to spectroscopy for students of physics and astronomy, as well as a valuable resource for amateur astronomers interested in learning the principles of spectroscopy and spectrograph design.

Discover the Unique Electron Transport Properties of Graphene The Graphene Science Handbook is a six-volume set that describes graphene's special structural, electrical, and chemical properties. The book considers how these properties can be used in different applications (including the development of batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors based on graphene) and produced on a massive and global scale. Volume One: Fabrication Methods Volume Two: Nanostructure and Atomic Arrangement Volume Three: Electrical and Optical Properties Volume Four: Mechanical and Chemical Properties Volume Five: Size-Dependent Properties Volume Six: Applications and Industrialization This handbook describes the fabrication methods of graphene; the nanostructure and atomic arrangement of graphene; graphene's electrical and optical properties; the mechanical and chemical properties of graphene; the size effects in graphene, characterization, and applications based on size-affected properties; and the application and industrialization of graphene. Volume three is dedicated to graphene's electrical and optical properties and covers: Graphene and graphene nanoribbons for use in high-frequency transistors, energy-efficient electronics and photonic devices The interface of graphene/high- dielectrics The strain-induced modifications of plasmons in graphene A possible advanced physical framework for treating graphenic structures Recent progresses in the electric lens based on graphene-like materials The thermal and thermoelectric transport properties of graphene A numerical method for simulating the electromagnetic field interaction with single-layer graphene and more

This second edition provides first-hand information about the most recent developments in the exciting and fast moving field of telecommunications media and consumer electronics. The DVB group developed the standards which are being used in Europe, Australia, Southeast Asia, and many other parts of the world. Some 150 major TV broadcasting companies as well as suppliers for technical equipment are members of the project. This standard is expected to be accepted for worldwide digital HDTV broadcasting. This book is readable for non-experts with a background in analog transmission, and demonstrates the fascinating possibilities of digital technology. For the second edition, the complete text has been up-dated thoroughly. The latest DVB standards are included in three new sections on Interactive Television, Data Broadcasting, and The Multimedia Home Platform.

Nanometer CMOS RFICs for Mobile TV Applications focuses on how to break the trade-off between power consumption and performance (linearity and noise figure) by optimizing the mobile TV front-end dynamic range in three hierarchical levels: the intrinsic MOSFET level, the circuit level, and the architectural level. It begins by discussing the fundamental concepts of MOSFET dynamic range, including nonlinearity and noise. It then moves to the circuit level introducing the challenges associated with designing wide-dynamic range, variable-gain, broadband low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). The book gives a detailed analysis of a new noise-canceling technique that helps CMOS LNAs achieve a sub - 2 dB wideband noise figure. Lastly, the book deals with the front-end dynamic range optimization process from the systems perspective by introducing the active and passive automatic gain control (AGC) mechanism.

Damit elektrische Ger te ungest rt nebeneinander arbeiten k nnen, ist oft eine Schirmung erforderlich. Andere Anwendungsbereiche sind Mess- und Testumgebungen f r Hochfrequenzmessungen und Funktionstests. Das einzige aktuelle deutschsprachige Buch zum Thema behandelt neben der Theorie der elektromagnetischen Schirmung vor allem deren Anwendung: Abbildungen, Tabellen und Messwerte illustrieren die L sung konkreter technischer Probleme. F r die Diskussion um Elektrosmog und Datensicherheit bietet der Band wichtige Hintergrundinformationen.

An in-depth survey of the design and REALIZATIONS of miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters

Engineers are continually searching for design methods that can satisfy the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization, accuracy, reliability, and fast development time. Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractal RF and Microwave Filters provides RF and microwave engineers and researchers, advanced graduate students, and wireless and telecommunication engineers with the knowledge and skills to design and realize miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters. This book is an essential resource for the realization of portable and cellular phones, WiFi, 3G and 4G, and satellite networks.

The text focuses on the synthesis and fabrication of miniaturized fractal filters with symmetrical and asymmetrical frequency characteristics in the C, X and Ku bands, though applications to other frequency bands are considered. Readers will find helpful guidance on:

Miniaturized filters in bilevel fashion

Simplified methods for the synthesis of pseudo-elliptic electrical networks

Methods for extracting coupling coefficients and external quality factors from simulations of the RF/microwave structure

Methods for matching theoretical couplings to couplings of structure

Including studies of the real-world performance of fractal resonators and sensitivity analyses of suspended substrate realizations, this is a definitive resource for both practicing engineers and students who need timely insight on fractal resonators for compact and low-power microwave and RF applications.

This two-volume book provides an enriching insight into the laser, covering different types of lasers, the basic science behind the technology, their role at the cutting-edge of current scientific research, and their wide-ranging applications. With just high school physics as a prerequisite and favoring qualitative yet scientifically sound explanations over high-level mathematics, this book is aimed at a broad spectrum of readers in physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, and biology. Its engaging and lucid presentation is enhanced with plenty of illustrations, making the world of the laser accessible to undergraduate students in the sciences and any other inquisitive readers with high school physics under their belts. Furthermore, the text is often laced with anecdotes, picked from history, that are bound to pique the minds of the readers. It is ideal for self-study or as a complement to courses on optics and optoelectronics.  This volume, Part 1 of 2, explains the fundamentals of optics, what a laser is, how it works, and what is unique about the light it emits, from fundamental quantum theory through population inversion and cavity to common laser types.  It is followed by Part 2 which depicts the many advances in science enabled by the laser, including spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, optical cooling and trapping, and optical tweezers, among many others, and provides a glimpse into the ways that the laser affects our lives via its uses in medicine, manufacturing, the nuclear industry, energy, defence, communication, ranging, pollution monitoring, art conservation, fashion, beauty, and entertainment.

Periodic structures are of great importance in electromagnetics due to their wide range of applications such as frequency selective surfaces (FSS), electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, periodic absorbers, meta-materials, and many others. The aim of this book is to develop efficient computational algorithms to analyze the scattering properties of various electromagnetic periodic structures using the finite-difference time-domain periodic boundary condition (FDTD/PBC) method. A new FDTD/PBC-based algorithm is introduced to analyze general skewed grid periodic structures while another algorithm is developed to analyze dispersive periodic structures. Moreover, the proposed algorithms are successfully integrated with the generalized scattering matrix (GSM) technique, identified as the hybrid FDTD-GSM algorithm, to efficiently analyze multilayer periodic structures. All the developed algorithms are easy to implement and are efficient in both computational time and memory usage. These algorithms are validated through several numerical test cases. The computational methods presented in this book will help scientists and engineers to investigate and design novel periodic structures and to explore other research frontiers in electromagnetics. Table of Contents: Introduction / FDTD Method and Periodic Boundary Conditions / Skewed Grid Periodic Structures / Dispersive Periodic Structures / Multilayered Periodic Structures / Conclusions

Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design: Conventional Transistors and Beyond provides a modern treatise on compact models for circuit computer-aided design (CAD). Written by an author with more than 25 years of industry experience in semiconductor processes, devices, and circuit CAD, and more than 10 years of academic experience in teaching compact modeling courses, this first-of-its-kind book on compact SPICE models for very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) chip design offers a balanced presentation of compact modeling crucial for addressing current modeling challenges and understanding new models for emerging devices. Starting from basic semiconductor physics and covering state-of-the-art device regimes from conventional micron to nanometer, this text: Presents industry standard models for bipolar-junction transistors (BJTs), metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect-transistors (FETs), FinFETs, and tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), along with statistical MOS models Discusses the major issue of process variability, which severely impacts device and circuit performance in advanced technologies and requires statistical compact models Promotes further research of the evolution and development of compact models for VLSI circuit design and analysis Supplies fundamental and practical knowledge necessary for efficient integrated circuit (IC) design using nanoscale devices Includes exercise problems at the end of each chapter and extensive references at the end of the book Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design: Conventional Transistors and Beyond is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical and electronics engineering as well as for researchers and practitioners working in the area of electron devices. However, even those unfamiliar with semiconductor physics gain a solid grasp of compact modeling concepts from this book.

Substrate Integrated Antennas and Arrays provides a single source for cutting-edge information on substrate integrated circuits (SICs), substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding networks, SIW slot array antennas, SIC traveling-wave antennas, SIW feeding antennas, SIW monopulse antennas, and SIW multibeam antennas. Inspired by the author's extensive research, this comprehensive book: Describes a revolutionary SIC-based antenna technique with the potential to replace existing antenna technologies Examines theoretical and experimental results connected to electrical and mechanical performance Explains how to overcome difficulties in meeting bandwidth, gain, and efficiency specifications Substrate Integrated Antennas and Arrays offers valuable insight into the state of the art of SIC and SIW antenna technologies, presenting research useful to the development of wireless communication base station antennas, portable microwave point-to-point systems, collision avoidance radars, conformal antennas, and satellite antennas.

Multidimensional Lithium-Ion Battery Status Monitoring focuses on equivalent circuit modeling, parameter identification, and state estimation in lithium-ion battery power applications. It explores the requirements of high-power lithium-ion batteries for new energy vehicles and systematically describes the key technologies in core state estimation based on battery equivalent modeling and parameter identification methods of lithium-ion batteries, providing a technical reference for the design and application of power lithium-ion battery management systems. Reviews Li-ion battery characteristics and applications. Covers battery equivalent modeling, including electrical circuit modeling and parameter identification theory Discusses battery state estimation methods, including state of charge estimation, state of energy prediction, state of power evaluation, state of health estimation, and cycle life estimation Introduces equivalent modeling and state estimation algorithms that can be applied to new energy measurement and control in large-scale energy storage Includes a large number of examples and case studies This book has been developed as a reference for researchers and advanced students in energy and electrical engineering.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is one of the most prevalent threats to electronic components. In an ESD event, a finite amount of charge is transferred from one object (i.e., human body) to another (i.e., microchip). This process can result in a very high current passing through the microchip within a very short period of time. Thus, more than 35 percent of single-event chip damages can be attributed to ESD events, and designing ESD structures to protect integrated circuits against the ESD stresses is a high priority in the semiconductor industry. Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications delivers timely coverage of component- and system-level ESD protection for semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Bringing together contributions from internationally respected researchers and engineers with expertise in ESD design, optimization, modeling, simulation, and characterization, this book bridges the gap between theory and practice to offer valuable insight into the state of the art of ESD protection. Amply illustrated with tables, figures, and case studies, the text: Instills a deeper understanding of ESD events and ESD protection design principles Examines vital processes including Si CMOS, Si BCD, Si SOI, and GaN technologies Addresses important aspects pertinent to the modeling and simulation of ESD protection solutions Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications provides a single source for cutting-edge information vital to the research and development of effective, robust ESD protection solutions for semiconductor devices and integrated circuits.

Through a biophysical approach, Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine provides state-of-the-art knowledge on both the biological and therapeutic effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs). The reader is guided through explanations of general problems related to the benefits and hazards of EMFs, step-by-step engineering processes, and basic results obtained from laboratory and clinical trials. Basic biological mechanisms reviewed by several authors lead to an understanding of the effects of EMFs on microcirculation as well as on immune and anti-inflammatory responses. Based upon investigational mechanisms for achieving potential health benefits, various EMF medical applications used around the world are presented. These include the frequent use of EMFs in wound healing and cartilage/bone repair as well as use of EMFs in pain control and inhibition of cancer growth. Final chapters cover the potential of using the novel biophysical methods of electroporation and nanoelectroporation in electrochemotherapy, gene therapy, and nonthermal ablation. Also covered is the treatment of tendon injuries in animals and humans. This book is an invaluable tool for scientists, clinicians, and medical and engineering students.

Modern transceiver systems require diversified design aspects as various radio and sensor applications have emerged. Choosing the right architecture and understanding interference and linearity issues are important for multi-standard cellular transceivers and software-defined radios. A millimeter-wave complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transceiver design for multi-Gb/s data transmission is another challenging area. Energy-efficient short-range radios for body area networks and sensor networks have recently received great attention. To meet different design requirements, gaining good system perspectives is important. Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects offers an in-depth look at integrated circuit (IC) design for modern transceiver circuits and wireless systems. Ranging in scope from system perspectives to practical circuit design for emerging wireless applications, this cutting-edge book: Provides system design considerations in modern transceiver design Covers both systems and circuits for the millimeter-wave transceiver design Introduces four energy-efficient short-range radios for biomedical and wireless connectivity applications Emphasizes key building blocks in modern transceivers and transmitters, including frequency synthesizers and digital-intensive phase modulators Featuring contributions from renowned international experts in industry and academia, Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects makes an ideal reference for engineers and researchers in the area of wireless systems and circuits.

Capacitance spectroscopy refers to techniques for characterizing the electrical properties of semiconductor materials, junctions, and interfaces, all from the dependence of device capacitance on frequency, time, temperature, and electric potential. This book includes 15 chapters written by world-recognized, leading experts in the field, academia, national institutions, and industry, divided into four sections: Physics, Instrumentation, Applications, and Emerging Techniques. The first section establishes the fundamental framework relating capacitance and its allied concepts of conductance, admittance, and impedance to the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors. The second section reviews the electronic principles of capacitance measurements used by commercial products, as well as custom apparatus. The third section details the implementation in various scientific fields and industries, such as photovoltaics and electronic and optoelectronic devices. The last section presents the latest advances in capacitance-based electrical characterization aimed at reaching nanometer-scale resolution.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are already used in traffic signals, signage lighting, and automotive applications. However, its ultimate goal is to replace traditional illumination through LED lamps since LED lighting significantly reduces energy consumption and cuts down on carbon-dioxide emission. Despite dramatic advances in LED technologies (e.g., growth, doping and processing technologies), however, there remain critical issues for further improvements yet to be achieved for the realization of solid-state lighting. This book aims to provide the readers with some contemporary LED issues, which have not been comprehensively discussed in the published books and, on which the performance of LEDs is seriously dependent. For example, most importantly, there must be a breakthrough in the growth of high-quality nitride semiconductor epitaxial layers with a low density of dislocations, in particular, in the growth of Al-rich and and In-rich GaN-based semiconductors. The materials quality is directly dependent on the substrates used, such as sapphire, Si, etc. In addition, efficiency droop, growth on different orientations and polarization are also important. Chip processing and packaging technologies are key issues. This book presents a comprehensive review of contemporary LED issues. Given the interest and importance of future research in nitride semiconducting materials and solid state lighting applications, the contents are very timely. The book is composed of chapters written by leading researchers in III-nitride semiconducting materials and device technology. This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers working on LEDs for lighting applications. Postgraduate researchers working on LEDs will also benefit from the issues this book provides.

Providing an ideal transition from introductory to advanced concepts, this book builds a foundation that allows electrical engineers to confidently proceed with the development of advanced EM studies, research, and applications. New topics include quasistatics, vector spherical wave functions, and wave matrices. Several application-oriented sections covering guided waves and transmission lines, particle dynamics, shielding, electromagnetic material characterization, and antennas have also been added. Mathematical appendices present helpful background information in the areas of Fourier transforms, dyadics, and boundary value problems. Key Features Provides extensive end-of-chapter problems. Includes numerous solved examples with detailed explanations and interpretations. Introduces the reader to numerical electromagnetics and integral equations. Each chapter offers an introduction to an important application of electromagnetics. Emphasizes fundamentals, while covering all of the important topics in electromagnetics.

This book offers readers an overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of technology for X-ray medical imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications in SPECT, PET and CT, with an in-depth review of the research topics from leading specialists in the field. Coverage includes conversion of the X-ray signal into analogue/digital value, as well as a review of CMOS chips for X-ray image sensors. Emphasis is on high-Z materials like CdTe, CZT and GaAs, since they offer the best implementation possibilities for direct conversion X-ray detectors. The discussion includes material challenges, detector operation physics and technology and readout integrated circuits required to detect signals processes by high-Z sensors. Authors contrast these emerging technologies with more established ones based on scintillator materials. This book is an excellent reference for people already working in the field as well as for people wishing to enter it.

This book deals with existing technologies of solar energy conversion as well as novel methods under consideration in academic and commercial R&D sites. The experimental results presented in the work are well crafted by both analytical and first-principle numerical simulations. The book highlights the real potential for economically justified use of solar energy at every household and/or commercial solar farms. The ever-improving methods of thin-film epitaxial growth combined with a better understanding of the sun light absorption and antireflection are highlighted. While there was a period when the material quality was considered to be cornerstone of the conversion efficiency followed by substantial efforts to optimize multiple-cell architecture, it became clear that many old ideas such as variable band gap, multi-junction intrinsic region, as well as solar tracking mechanisms offer new possibilities for improved harvesting of energy. Amplifying the importance of materials selection efficient design of the photo-voltaic elements various aspects of the production cost and the impact on the environment are discussed. In addition, the eligibility of the proposed production technologies in the current photovoltaic market are evaluated and confirmed.

A frequency synthesizer is one of the most critical building blocks in any wireless transceiver system. Its design is getting more and more challenging as the demand for low-voltage low-power high-frequency wireless systems continuously grows. As the supply voltage is decreased, many existing design techniques are no longer applicable. This book provides the reader with architectures and design techniques to enable CMOS frequency synthesizers to operate at low supply voltage at high frequency with good phase noise and low power consumption. In addition to updating the reader on many of these techniques in depth, this book will also introduce useful guidelines and step-by-step procedure on behaviour simulations of frequency synthesizers. Finally, three successfully demonstrated CMOS synthesizer prototypes with detailed design consideration and description will be elaborated to illustrate potential applications of the architectures and design techniques described. For engineers, managers and researchers working in radio-frequency integrated-circuit design for wireless applications.

This cross-disciplinary title features contributions by key-note specialists from Europe, Israel and the United States. It deals with the rapidly growing area of microwave photonics, and includes an extended study of the interactions between optical signals and microwave and millimetre-wave electrical signals for broadband applications.

Additive manufacturing is considered a key technology for digital production. However, several barriers towards the broad industrial application exist, e.g. the associated cost and the required experience regarding the manufacturing process. To eradicate these barriers, the complete digitalization of the value creation process is needed. In this thesis, a digital, automated support structuredesign procedure is developed. Topology optimization is used for design rule determination, and the space colonization algorithm is adapted for the automated design. The validity of the procedure is proven experimentally, revealing sufficent mechanical performance alongside cost reduction at medium to large production scales.