This textbook bridges the gap between university courses on electrodynamics and the knowledge needed to successfully address the problem of electrodynamics of metamaterials. It appeals to both experimentalists and theoreticians who are interested in the physical basics of metamaterials and plasmonics. Focusing on qualitative fundamental treatment as opposed to quantitative numerical treatment, it covers the phenomena of artificial magnetization at high frequencies, and discusses homogenization procedures and the basics of quantum dynamics in detail. By considering different phenomena it creates a self-consistent qualitative picture to explain most observable phenomena. This allows readers to develop a better understanding of the concepts, and helps to create a conceptual approach, which is especially important in educational contexts. This clearly written book includes problems and solutions for each chapter, which can be used for seminars and homework, as well as qualitative models that are helpful to students.

This book discusses methods for measuring the water surface backscattering signature and estimating the near-surface wind vector over water using airborne radars, in addition to their standard application. Airborne FMCW demonstrator system, Doppler navigation system, airborne weather radar, airborne radar altimeter, and airborne precipitation radar are analyzed in order to be used for that purpose. The radars functionality is enhanced for their operation in a scatterometer mode. A circle flight and/or a rectilinear flight of an aircraft over the water surface is considered depending on the radar design features to perform measurements of the azimuth normalized radar cross section curve of the water surface and/or the near-surface wind speed and direction. Flight recommendations to perform measurements along with algorithms for measuring the water surface backscattering signature and for retrieval of the wind speed and direction over water are presented.

This book describes the recently-discovered artificially curved light beam known as the photonic hook. Self-bending of light, a long-time goal of optical scientists, was realized in 2007 with the Airy beam, followed by the first demonstration of the photonic hook by the authors of this book and their collaborators in 2015 and experimentally in 2019. The photonic hook has curvature less than the wavelength, along with other unique features described in this book that are not shared by Airy-like beams, and so deepens our understanding of light propagation. This book discusses the general principles of artificial near-field structured curved light and the full-wave simulations of the photonic hook along with their experimental confirmation. The book goes on to show how the photonic hook has implications for acoustic and surface plasmon waves and as well as applications in nanoparticle manipulation.

This textbook presents all the mathematical and physical concepts needed to visualize and understand representation surfaces, providing readers with a reliable and intuitive understanding of the behavior and properties of anisotropic materials, and a sound grasp of the directionality of material properties. They will learn how to extract quantitative information from representation surfaces, which encode tremendous amounts of information in a very concise way, making them especially useful in understanding higher order tensorial material properties (piezoelectric moduli, elastic compliance and rigidity, etc.) and in the design of applications based on these materials. Readers will also learn from scratch concepts on crystallography, symmetry and Cartesian tensors, which are essential for understanding anisotropic materials, their design and application. The book describes how to apply representation surfaces to a diverse range of material properties, making it a valuable resource for material scientists, mechanical engineers, and solid state physicists, as well as advanced undergraduates in Materials Science, Solid State Physics, Electronics, Optics, Mechanical Engineering, Composites and Polymer Science. Moreover, the book includes a wealth of worked-out examples, problems and exercises to help further understanding.

An introduction to the most relevant theoretical and algorithmic aspects of modern microwave imaging approaches

Microwave imaging--a technique used in sensing a given scene by means of interrogating microwaves--has recently proven its usefulness in providing excellent diagnostic capabilities in several areas, including civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering.

"Microwave Imaging" offers comprehensive descriptions of the most important techniques so far proposed for short-range microwave imaging--including reconstruction procedures and imaging systems and apparatus--enabling the reader to use microwaves for diagnostic purposes in a wide range of applications. This hands-on resource features:

A review of the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem formulation, written from an engineering perspective and with notations

The most effective reconstruction techniques based on diffracted waves, including time- and frequency-domain methods, as well as deterministic and stochastic space-domain procedures

Currently proposed imaging apparatus, aimed at fast and accurate measurements of the scattered field data

Insight on near field probes, microwave axial tomographs, and microwave cameras and scanners

A discussion of practical applications with detailed descriptions and discussions of several specific examples (e.g., materials evaluation, crack detection, inspection of civil and industrial structures, subsurface detection, and medical applications)

A look at emerging techniques and future trends

"Microwave Imaging" is a practical resource for engineers, scientists, researchers, and professors in the fields of civil and industrial engineering, nondestructive testing and evaluation, geophysical prospecting, and biomedical engineering.

This textbook, based on the authors' class-tested material, is accessible to students at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level in physics and engineering. While its primary function is didactic, this book's comprehensive choice of topics and its clear and authoritative synthesis of ideas make it a useful reference for researchers, device engineers, and course instructors who wish to consolidate their knowledge of this field. The book takes the semi-classical approach where light is treated as a wave in accordance with the classical Maxwell equations, while matter is governed by quantum theory. It begins by introducing the postulates and mathematical framework of quantum theory, followed by the formalism of the density matrix which allows the transition from microscopic (quantum) quantities to macroscopic (classical) ones. Consequently, the equations describing the reaction of matter to the electromagnetic field in the form of polarization, magnetization, and current are derived. These equations (together with the Maxwell equations) form the complete system of equations sufficient to model a wide class of problems surrounding linear and nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic fields with matter. The nonlinear character of the governing equations determines parameters of the steady-state mode of the quantum generator and is also demonstrated in harmonic generation via propagation of laser radiation in various media. The touchstone description of magnetic phenomena will be of interest to scientists who deal with applications of magneto-resonance phenomena in biology and medicine. Other advanced topics covered include electric dipole transitions, magnetic dipole transitions, plasma transitions, and the devices that can be based on these and other electro-optical and nonlinear-optical systems. This textbook features numerous exercises, some of which are investigatory and some of which require computational solutions.

A timely and thorough overview of the state of the art of microwave transistors

Since the invention of the bipolar transistor in 1947, semiconductor electronics has been advancing and evolving at an enormous pace. Most of the attention has been focused on Si VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the backbone of the consumer semiconductor electronics industry. Microwave transistors went almost unnoticed until the early 1980s because they were primarily utilized in military and space applications. The recent far-reaching upheavals in civil communications technology–especially wireless communication such as cell phones–have thrust microwave transistor technology into the limelight as never before.

Modern Microwave Transistors: Theory, Design, and Performance prepares the engineer with a wide-ranging introduction and overview of microwave transistors. Written by two acknowledged experts, this guide to one of the fastest growing fields in semiconductor electronics offers insight into:

• History and concepts of microwave transistors
• Semiconductor and heterostructure physics
• Properties of the semiconductor materials used in microwave transistors, such as Si, SiGe, III-V compounds, and III-nitrides
• Device structures, analysis, and design of the different types of microwave transistors including MESFETs, HEMTs, MOSFETs, BJTs, and HBTs
• State-of-the-art performance of microwave transistors
• Current and emerging applications of microwave transistors

A timely and comprehensive contribution to the field, Modern Microwave Transistors is an unmatched resource for RF, device, circuit and wireless communications engineers, and others with an interest in transistor technology. It will also be useful for students in the field of semiconductor and microwave electronics.

The new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniques--offering readers clear instruction on the various design steps and design rules. The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern approach to dealing with the noise and spurious response of loops and updated material on digital signal processing and architectures. Reflecting today's technology, new practical and validated examples cover a combination of analog and digital synthesizers and hybrid systems. Enhanced and expanded chapters discuss implementations of direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures, the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), crystal and other high-Q based oscillators, arbitrary waveform generation, vector signal generation, and other current tools and techniques. Now requiring no additional literature to be useful, this comprehensive, one-stop resource: Provides a fully reviewed, updated, and enhanced presentation of microwave and wireless synthesizers Presents a clear mathematical method for designing oscillators for best noise performance at both RF and microwave frequencies Contains new illustrations, figures, diagrams, and examples Includes extensive appendices to aid in calculating phase noise in free-running oscillators, designing VHF and UHF oscillators with CAD software, using state-of-the-art synthesizer chips, and generating millimeter wave frequencies using the delay line principle Containing numerous designs of proven circuits and more than 500 relevant citations from scientific journal and papers, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, is a must-have reference for engineers working in the field of radio communication, and the perfect textbook for advanced electrical engineering students.

Intended for students in the visual arts and for others with an interest in art, but with no prior knowledge of physics, this book presents the science behind what and how we see. The approach emphasises phenomena rather than mathematical theories and the joy of discovery rather than the drudgery of derivations. The text includes numerous problems, and suggestions for simple experiments, and also considers such questions as why the sky is blue, how mirrors and prisms affect the colour of light, how compact disks work, and what visual illusions can tell us about the nature of perception. It goes on to discuss such topics as the optics of the eye and camera, the different sources of light, photography and holography, colour in printing and painting, as well as computer imaging and processing.

This book covers the fundamental aspects of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers, and includes a wide range of material from laser physics fundamentals to state-of-the-art topics in this rapidly growing field of quantum electronics. This expanded and updated new edition includes substantial new material on nonlinear frequency conversion and Raman fiber lasers and amplifiers, as well as an expanded list of references inclusive of the recent literature in the field. Emphasis is placed on the nonlinear processes taking place in fiber lasers and amplifiers, their similarities, differences to, and their advantages over other solid-state lasers. The reader will learn the basic principles of solid-state physics and optical spectroscopy of laser active centers in fibers, the main operational laser regimes, and will receive practical recommendations and suggestions on fiber laser research, laser applications, and laser product development. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professional physicists and engineers who work with lasers in the optical and telecommunications field, as well as those in the chemical and biological industries.

Covering topics of radio astronomy, this book contains graduate-level problems with carefully presented solutions. The problems are arranged following the content of the book "Tools of Radio Astronomy" by Rohlfs and Wilson (also available in this series) on a chapter-by-chapter basis. Some of these problems have been formulated to provide an extension to the material presented in "Tools of Radio Astronomy".

This book provides a systematic description and analysis of laser heat-mode lithography, addressing the basic principles, lithography system, manipulation of feature size, grayscale lithography, resist thin films, and pattern transfer, while also presenting typical experimental results and applications. It introduces laser heat-mode lithography, where the resist thin films are essentially an opto-thermal response to the laser beam with changeable wavelength and are not sensitive to laser wavelength. Laser heat-mode lithography techniques greatly simplify production procedures because they require neither a particular light source nor a particular environment; further, there are no pre-baking and post-baking steps required for organic photoresists. The pattern feature size can be either larger or smaller than the laser spot by adjusting the writing strategy. The lithographic feature size can also be arbitrarily tuned from nanoscale to micrometer without changing the laser spot size. Lastly, the line edge roughness can be controlled at a very low value because the etching process is a process of breaking bonds among atoms. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for all advanced undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the fields of nanofabrication, lithography techniques and systems, phase change materials, etc.

This textbook provides a sound foundation in physical optics by covering key concepts in a rigorous but accessible manner. Propagation of electromagnetic waves is examined from multiple perspectives, with explanation of which viewpoints and methods are best suited to different situations. After an introduction to the theory of electromagnetism, reflection, refraction, and dispersion, topics such as geometrical optics, interference, diffraction, coherence, laser beams, polarization, crystallography, and anisotropy are closely examined. Optical elements, including lenses, mirrors, prisms, classical and Fabry-Perot interferometers, resonant cavities, multilayer dielectric structures, interference and spatial filters, diffraction gratings, polarizers, and birefringent plates, are treated in depth. The coverage also encompasses such seldom-covered topics as modeling of general astigmatism via 4x4 matrices, FFT-based numerical methods, and bianisotropy, with a relativistic treatment of optical activity and the Faraday and Fresnel-Fizeau effects. Finally, the history of optics is discussed.

This is a textbook for undergraduate courses on radio astronomy. Written by an active professor and researcher in the field, it begins by explaining why conducting observations at radio frequencies is so important, then reviews essential physics concepts corresponding to a sophomore-level curriculum or higher. Next, the book introduces students to single dish telescopes and interferometers. The most commonly encountered emission mechanisms seen in radio astronomy are then explained, along with examples of astronomical sources broadly divided into the types of sources seen in galactic and extragalactic observations. Each chapter provides examples and exercises suitable for homework assignments. Also included is an appendix of useful supplementary material. Altogether, the book is a comprehensive, yet digestible starting point for physics and astronomy undergraduates looking to understand the basics of radio astronomy.

This book is focused on wireless infrastructure deployment in modern transportation markets, where the wireless infrastructure co-exists with the existing structure. It details the challenges this deployment may face and explores the mitigation measures to overcome the challenges. The book proposes a smart antenna structure to overcome airspace congestion, which improves the overall wireless performance and deployment cost. With the combination of practical know-how and theoretical estimation, this book provides insight on how the modern smart antenna techniques that support most cutting-edge wireless technology can be adopted into the existing infrastructure whilst minimising the distraction to the existing system. This book is suitable for industrial and academic researchers, practising engineers within the field of smart antennae, and wireless infrastructure designers and developers.

In diesem Buch werden Strategien fur das Design und die Implementierung von Common-Mode-Suppressed-Balanced-Mikrowellenfiltern, einschliesslich Schmalband-, Breitband- und Ultra-Breitband-Filter. Untersucht werden Differential-Mode- oder Balanced-Mikrowellenfilter. Dabei werden verschiedene praktische Umsetzungen dieser passiven Komponenten diskutiert. Zu den Themen gehoeren: Selective-Mode-Suppression, Designs auf der Grundlage von verteilten und Semi-Lumped Ansatzen, Mehrschichttechnologien, Defect-Ground-Strukturen, gekoppelten Resonatoren, Metamaterialien, Interferenztechniken und substratintegrierten Wellenleitern usw.

This textbook integrates the most advanced topics of physical-layer security, cryptography, covert/stealth communications, quantum key distribution (QKD), and cyber security to tackle complex security issues. After introducing the reader to various concepts and practices, the author addresses how these can work together to target problems, rather than treating them as separate disciplines. This book offers students an in-depth exposition on: cryptography, information-theoretic approach to cryptography, physical-layer security, covert/stealth/low-probability of detection communications, quantum information theory, QKD, and cyber security; to mention few. The goal is to provide a unified description of the most advanced topics related to: (i) modern cryptography, (ii) physical-layer security, (iii) QKD, (iv) covert communications, and (v) cyber security. Each chapter is followed by a set of problems. Also, for readers to better understand the book, an appendix covers all needed background. Homework problems and lecture notes are available online. The book does not require any prior knowledge or prerequisite material.

The fundamental optical excitations that are confined to a metal/dielectric interface are the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), as described by Ritchie. SPPs can be referred to as electromagnetic excitations existing at an interface between two media, of which at least one is conducting. Investigating spoof plasmons in a semiconductor is becoming an increasingly active area of research. The field of plasmonics deals with the application of surface and interface plasmons. It is an area in which surface plasmon-based circuits merge the fields of photonics and electronics at the nanoscale. Recently, an idea of engineering surface plasmons at lower frequencies was suggested. It was concluded in that the existence of holes in the structure can lower the frequency of existing surface plasmons. Thus, by cutting holes or grooves in metal surfaces, it is possible to take concepts such as highly localized waveguiding and superfocusing to lower frequencies, particularly to the THz regime, where plasmonics could enable near-field imaging and biosensing with unprecedented sensitivity. It is the main reason to use the terminology "spoof surface plasmons" for the bound surface waves propagating along the perforated structures. The book's title Spoof Plasmons demonstrates that it is devoted to exhibiting the current state of the art of the dynamic and vibrant field of photonic metamaterials reaching across various disciplines, suggesting exciting applications in chemistry, material science, biology, medicine, and engineering.

This book presents novel and fundamental aspects of metamaterials, which have been overlooked in most previous publications, including chirality, non-reciprocity, and the Dirac-cone formation. It also describes the cutting-edge achievements of experimental studies in the last several years: the development of high-regularity metasurfaces in optical frequencies, high-performance components in the terahertz range, and active, chiral, nonlinear and non-reciprocal metamaterials in the microwave range. Presented here are unique features such as tunable metamaterials based on the discharge plasma, selective thermal emission from plasmonic metasurfaces, and the classical analogue of the electromagnetically induced transparency. These most advanced research achievements are explained in understandable terms by experts in each topic. The descriptions with many practical examples facilitate learning, and not only researchers and experts in this field but also graduate students can read the book without difficulty. The reader finds how these new concepts and new developments are being utilized for practical applications.

This book presents a novel methodology for the computation of RCS of metallic structures using a parallelized version of NEC in conjunction with a finite element preprocessor which has been strategically incorporated for simplifying geometry modelling catering to NEC guidelines. It includes a thorough overview of the theoretical background of NEC including all relevant aspects of formulation and modelling. The revised methodology including all the required steps and details is discussed elaborately along with case studies and validations. This book will serve as a valuable resource for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers working in the field of RCS predictions and measurements.

This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modeling with specific emphasis in the areas of neurology and neuroelectromagnetics, depression and cancer treatments, radio-frequency studies and wireless communications. Special consideration is also given to the use of human modeling to the computational assessment of relevant regulatory and safety requirements. Readers working on applications that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book's coverage of the latest developments in computational modelling and human phantom development to assess a given technology's safety and efficacy in a timely manner. Describes construction and application of computational human models including anatomically detailed and subject specific models; Explains new practices in computational human modeling for neuroelectromagnetics, electromagnetic safety, and exposure evaluations; Includes a survey of modern applications for which computational human models are critical; Describes cellular-level interactions between the human body and electromagnetic fields.

A comprehensive introduction to hardware and circuit design for wireless systems

RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for Wireless Systems describes the general hardware components and circuits, design methods, system parameters, and architectures for RF and microwave applications. It features a wealth of practical examples primarily in communication systems, though this material can also be applied to other wireless applications.

The authors provide expert coverage of technical issues for engineers and technicians working in the areas of RF, microwaves, communications, solid-state devices, and radar systems. They cover general wireless systems and the devices and circuit technologies at work in them, as well as:

• Transmitter and receiver system parameters
• Transmission lines and impedance matching techniques
• Filters and couplers
• Switches
• Low noise amplifiers
• Mixers
• Oscillators and modulation
• Power amplifiers
• Antennas

With the inclusion of figures, tables, curves, and a multitude of design examples, RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for Wireless Systems serves as a comprehensive reference for practitioners and a detailed introductory text for graduate students.

This book presents an investigative approach to globalization-driving technologies that efficiently deliver ubiquitous, last-mile, broadband internet access to emerging markets and rural areas. Research has shown that ubiquitous internet access boosts socio-economic growth through innovations in science and technology, and has a positive effect on the lives of individuals. Last-mile internet access in developing countries is not only intended to provide areas with stable, efficient, and cost-effective broadband capabilities, but also to encourage the use of connectivity for human capacity development. The book offers an overview of the principles of various technologies, such as light fidelity and millimeter-wave backhaul, as last-mile internet solutions and describes these potential solutions from a signal propagation perspective. It also provides readers with the notional context needed to understand their operation, benefits, and limitations, and enables them to investigate feasible and tailored solutions to ensure sustainable infrastructures that are expandable and maintainable.

This book provides a comprehensive survey of the technology of flash lamp annealing (FLA) for thermal processing of semiconductors. It gives a detailed introduction to the FLA technology and its physical background. Advantages, drawbacks and process issues are addressed in detail and allow the reader to properly plan and perform their own thermal processing. Moreover, this books gives a broad overview of the applications of flash lamp annealing, including a comprehensive literature survey. Several case studies of simulated temperature profiles in real material systems give the reader the necessary insight into the underlying physics and simulations. This book is a valuable reference work for both novice and advanced users.

This book addresses the peculiarities of nonlinear wave propagation in waveguides and explains how the stratification depends on the waveguide and confinement. An example of this is an optical fibre that does not allow light to pass through a density jump. The book also discusses propagation in the nonlinear regime, which is characterized by a specific waveform and amplitude, to demonstrate so-called solitonic behaviour. In this case, a wave may be strongly localized, and propagates with a weak change in shape. In the waveguide case there are additional contributions of dispersion originating from boundary or asymptotic conditions. Offering concrete guidance on solving application problems, this essentially (more than twice) expanded second edition includes various aspects of guided propagation of nonlinear waves as well as new topics like solitonic behaviour of one-mode and multi-mode excitation and propagation and plasma waveguides, propagation peculiarities of electromagnetic waves in metamaterials, new types of dispersion, dissipation, electromagnetic waveguides, planetary waves and plasma waves interaction.The key feature of the solitonic behaviour is based on Coupled KdV and Coupled NS systems. The systems are derived in this book and solved numerically with the proof of stability and convergence. The domain wall dynamics of ferromagnetic microwaveguides and Bloch waves in nano-waveguides are also included with some problems of magnetic momentum and charge transport.