This book describes the analysis and design of precision temperature sensors in CMOS IC technology, focusing on so-called smart temperature sensors, which provide a digital output signal that can be readily interpreted by a computer. The text shows how temperature characteristics can be used to obtain an accurate digital temperature reading. The book ends with a detailed description of three prototypes, one of which achieves the best performance reported to date.

Introduction to the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method for Electromagnetics provides a comprehensive tutorial of the most widely used method for solving Maxwell's equations -- the Finite Difference Time-Domain Method. This book is an essential guide for students, researchers, and professional engineers who want to gain a fundamental knowledge of the FDTD method. It can accompany an undergraduate or entry-level graduate course or be used for self-study. The book provides all the background required to either research or apply the FDTD method for the solution of Maxwell's equations to practical problems in engineering and science. Introduction to the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method for Electromagnetics guides the reader through the foundational theory of the FDTD method starting with the one-dimensional transmission-line problem and then progressing to the solution of Maxwell's equations in three dimensions. It also provides step by step guides to modeling physical sources, lumped-circuit components, absorbing boundary conditions, perfectly matched layer absorbers, and sub-cell structures. Post processing methods such as network parameter extraction and far-field transformations are also detailed. Efficient implementations of the FDTD method in a high level language are also provided. Table of Contents: Introduction / 1D FDTD Modeling of the Transmission Line Equations / Yee Algorithm for Maxwell's Equations / Source Excitations / Absorbing Boundary Conditions / The Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Absorbing Medium / Subcell Modeling / Post Processing

Ad-Hoc Networking Towards Seamless Communications is dedicated to an area that attracts growing interest in academia and industry and concentrates on wireless ad hoc networking paradigm. The persistent efforts to acquire the ability to establish dynamic wireless connections from anywhere to anyone with any device without prerequisite imbedded infrastructure move the communications boundaries towards ad-hoc networks. Recently, ad hoc networking has attracted growing interest due to advances in wireless communications, and developed framework for running IP based protocols. The expected degree of penetration of these networks will depend on the successful resolution of the key features.
Ad-hoc networks pose many complex and open problems for researchers. Ad-Hoc Networking Towards Seamless Communications reveals the state-of-the-art in wireless ad-hoc networking and discusses some of the key research topics that are expected to promote and accelerate the commercial applications of these networks (e.g., MAC, routing, QoS, cross-layer optimization issues, service discovery, mobility, handovers, security).

Optical and photonic systems and devices have significant potential for homeland security. "Optical Imaging Sensors and Systems for Homeland Security Applications" presents original and significant technical contributions from leaders of industry, government, and academia in the field of optical and photonic sensors, systems and devices for detection, identification, prevention, sensing, security, verification and anti-counterfeiting. The chapters have recent and technically significant results, ample illustrations, figures, and key references. This book is intended for engineers and scientists in the relevant fields, graduate students, industry managers, university professors, government managers, and policy makers.

Coherence, entanglement, and interference arise from quantum superposition, the most distinctive and puzzling feature of quantum physics. Silverman, whose extensive experimental and theoretical work has helped elucidate these processes, presents a clear and engaging discussion of the role of quantum superposition in diverse quantum phenomena such as the wavelike nature of particle propagation, indistinguishability of identical particles, nonlocal interactions of correlated particles, topological effects of magnetic fields, and chiral asymmetry in nature. He also examines how macroscopic quantum coherence may be able to extricate physics from its most challenging quandary, the collapse of a massive degenerate star to a singularity in space in which the laws of physics break down.

Explained by a physicist with a concern for clarity and experimental achievability, the extraordinary nature of quantum superposition will fascinate the reader not only for its apparent strangeness, but also for its comprehensibility.

This book presents the practical motivation, theoretical description, and extant techniques for traffic grooming in optical networks. The description of the various topics of research will be authored by leading researchers in this area, and will contain comprehensive description of related literature for each area. This book is intended to be a definitive reference and text for traffic grooming both for the practitioner in industry and the student in academia.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest technology developments in the field of Mobile Communications. It focuses on the fundamentals of mobile communications technology and systems, including the history and service evolution of mobile communications and environments. Further to this, CDMA technology including spread spectrum, orthogonal and PN codes are introduced. Other important aspects are included.

Recently, wireless LAN standards have emerged in the market. Those standards operate in various frequency ranges. To reduce component count, it is of importance to design a multi-mode frequency synthesizer that serves all wireless LAN standards including 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g standards. With different specifications for those standards, designing integer-based phase-locked loop frequency synthesizers can not be achieved. Fractional-N frequency synthesizers offer the solution required for a common multi-mode local oscillator. Those fractional-N synthesizers are based on delta-sigma modulators which in combination with a divider yield the fractional division required for the desired frequency of interest.

In CMOS Single Chip Fast Frequency Hopping Synthesizers for Wireless Multi-Gigahertz Applications, the authors outline detailed design methodology for fast frequency hopping synthesizers for RF and wireless communications applications. Great emphasis on fractional-N delta-sigma based phase locked loops from specifications, system analysis and architecture planning to circuit design and silicon implementation.

The book describes an efficient design and characterization methodology that has been developed to study loop trade-offs in both open and close loop modelling techniques. This is based on a simulation platform that incorporates both behavioral models and measured/simulated sub-blocks of the chosen frequency synthesizer. The platform predicts accurately the phase noise, spurious and switching performance of the final design. Therefore excellent phase noise and spurious performance can be achieved while meeting all the specified requirements. The design methodology reduces the need for silicon re-spin enabling circuit designers to directly meet cost, performance and schedule milestones.

The developed knowledge and techniques have been used in the successful design and implementation of two high speed multi-mode fractional-N frequency synthesizers for the IEEE 801.11a/b/g standards. Both synthesizer designs are described in details.

Prometheus brought fire to mankind Arthur R. von Hippel "Dielectrics and Waves," 1954 Our contribution? There are only few areas of research and development of a comparable scientific and technological extension as microwave and high frequency processing. "Pr- essing" means not only application of radiation of 300 MHz to 300 GHz f- quency to synthesis, heating or ionisation of matter but also generation, transm- sion and detection of microwave and radio frequency radiation. Microwave and high frequency sources positioned in the orbit are the foun- tion of modern satellite telecommunication systems, gyrotron tubes being pr- ently developed in different countries all over the world will most probably be the major devices to open up a new era of energy supply to mankind be means of - sion plasma. Although initiated by military purposes during the Second World War (RADAR, Radio Detection and Ranging), microwave and high frequency utilisation has spread over almost every important aspect of normal day life since than, from individual mobile phones and kitchen microwave ovens to industrial food processing, production of composites as sustainable building materials, green chemistry, medical applications and finally infrastructure installations like GPS and Galileo, to name only few examples. These different areas of microwave and high frequency radiation application can not be unified within one group of scientists and technologists. There are s- eral distinguished communities active e.g., in the area of telecommunication s- tems, strong microwaves for fusion plasma or plasma based materials processing.

This highly practical and self-contained guidebook explains the principles and major applications of digital hologram recording and numerical reconstruction (Digital Holography).

A special chapter is designated to digital holographic interferometry with applications in deformation and shape measurement and refractive index determination.

Applications in imaging and microscopy are also described.

Spcial techniques such as digital light-in-flight holography, holographic endoscopy, information encrypting, comparative holography, and related techniques of speckle metrology are also treated

High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology describes high-speed photodiodes in standard CMOS technology which allow monolithic integration of optical receivers for short-haul communication. For short haul communication the cost aspect is important, and therefore it is desirable that the optical receiver can be integrated in the same CMOS technology as the rest of the system. If this is possible then ultimately a singe-chip system including optical inputs becomes feasible, eliminating EMC and crosstalk problems, while data rate can be extremely high.

The problem of photodiodes in standard CMOS technology it that they have very limited bandwidth, allowing data rates up to only 50Mbit per second. High-speed Photodiodes in Standard CMOS Technology first analyzes the photodiode behaviour and compares existing solutions to enhance the speed. After this, the book introduces a new and robust electronic equalizer technique that makes data rates of 3Gb/s possible, without changing the manufacturing technology. The application of this technique can be found in short haul fibre communication, optical printed circuit boards, but also photodiodes for laser disks.

"European industry has already developed successful standards in the past, and I am very con?dent that on the basis of DVB-H, Mobile TV services can developtheeconomiesofscaletheyneedfortake-upacrossEuropeandaround the world," With these words of EU's Telecom Commissioner Viviane Reding, DVB-H is destined to be a dominating mobile TV technology in Europe and even in the world. I was ?rst getting in touch with the DVB technology when I was doing my PhD research in Brunel University in UK in 2002. At that time DVB-T was already a mature and widely used digital broadcast technology and anyone could easily buy a DVB-T receiver in the market to try the digital broadcast signals that have been already broadcasted in UK since 1998. Then the DVB technology world changed dramatically. As a more ?exible and robust terr- trial broadcast system targeting handsets, DVB-H was developed based on DVB-T. In 2003 the DVB-H community were continuously working to ?n- ize the standard. Finally in November 2004 DVB-H was adopted as an ETSI standard EN 302 304. I was lucky to see all these changes when I was doing my PhD research in DVB technology. And I was very proud to be involved in the di?erent DVB-H research projects since the beginning of the DVB-H standard development stage. I was also lucky enough that I am one of the ?rst persons who ?nished PhD degree by focusing on DVB-H research.

I have written this book to ?ll a void between theory and practice, a void that Iperceivedwhileconductingmyownresearchanddevelopmentofcomponents and instruments over the last ?ve years. In the chapters that follow I have pulled materials from the technical and patent literature that are relevant to the understanding and practice of polarization optics in telecommuni- tions, material that is often known by the respective experts in industry and academia but is rarely if ever found in one place. By bringing this material intoonemonograph, andbyapplyingasingleformalismthroughout, Ihopeto create a "base level" upon which future research and development can grow. Polarization optics in telecommunications is an ever-evolving ?eld. Each yearsigni?cantadvancementsaremade, punctuatedbyimportantdiscoveries. The references upon which this book is based are only a snap-shot in time. Areasthatremainunresolvedatthetimeofpublicationmayverywellbecl- i?ed in the years to come. Moreover, the focus of the ?eld changes in time: for instance, there have been few passive nonreciprocal component advancements reported in the last few years, but PMD and PDL advancement continues with only modest abatement.

Well over a billion people are currently using cellular telephones, and this number is expected to grow to over two billion in the next few years. It is remarkable that a device that was considered a high-technology "toy" just a few years ago is now an indispensable feature of modern life. One of the key reasons for this remarkable transformation is the integration of all the radio functions of a cellular telephone onto a single inexpensive piece of silicon. This achievement is a result of innovations in design and process technology that allowed formerly discrete and separate devices to be integrated onto a common substrate.

Now that this integration has been accomplished, the next challenge is to make these radio functions adaptive to their environment. This "adaptive" feature of wireless communications devices is just today becoming a reality, and Adaptive Low-Power Circuits for Wireless Communications represents one of the first comprehensive treatments of the subject.

Adaptive radio transceivers require a comprehensive theoretical framework in order to optimize their performance. Adaptive Low-Power Circuits for Wireless Communications provides this framework with a discussion of joint optimization of Noise Figure and Input Intercept Point in receiver systems. Original techniques to optimize voltage controlled oscillators and low-noise amplifiers to minimize their power consumption while maintaining adequate system performance are also provided. The experimental results presented at the end of the book confirm the utility of the proposed techniques.

This work offers students at all levels a description of linear, nonlinear, time-invariant, and time-varying electronic continuous-time systems. As an assemblage of physical or mathematical components organized and interacting to convert an input signal to an output signal, an electronic system can be described using different methods offered by the modern systems theory. To make possible for readers to understand systems, the book systematically covers the major foundations of the systems theory.

Magnetic materials can support propagating waves of magnetization; since these are oscillations in the magnetostatic properties of the material, they are called magnetostatic waves (sometimes magnons or magnetic polarons ). Under the proper circumstances these waves can exhibit, either dispersive or nondispersive, isotropic or anisotropic propagation, nonreciprocity, frequency-selective nonlinearities, soliton propagation, and chaotic behavior. This rich variety of behavior has led to a number of proposed applications in microwave and optical signal processing.

This book begins by introducing magnetism and discusses magnetic properties of materials, magnetic moments of atoms and ions, and the elements important to magnetism. It then goes on to cover magnetic susceptibilities, electromagnetic waves in anisotropic dispersive media, magnetostatic modes, and propagation characteristics and excitation of magnetostatic waves among other topics. There are problems at the end of each chapter, many of which serve to expand or explain the material in the text. The bibliographies for each chapter give an entry to the research literature. Spin Waves: Theory and Applications serves not only as an introduction to an active area of research, but also as a reference for workers in the field."

Applications of optical switching in network elements and communication networks are discussed in considerable depth. Optical circuits, packet, and burst switching are all included. Composed of distinct self-contained chapters with minimum overlaps and independent references. Provides up-to-date comprehensive coverage of optical switching, technologies, devices, systems and networks. Discusses applications of optical switching in network elements and communications networks.

The approach adopted in Digital Synthesizers and Transmitters for Software Radio will provide an understanding of key areas in the field of digital synthesizers and transmitters. It is easy to include different digital techniques in the digital synthesizers and transmitters by using digital signal processing methods, because the signal is in digital form. By programming the digital synthesizers and transmitters, adaptive channel bandwidths, modulation formats, frequency hopping and data rates are easily achieved. Techniques such as digital predistortion for power amplifier linearization, digital compensation methods for analog I/Q modulator nonlinearities and digital power control and ramping are presented in this book. The flexibility of the digital synthesizers and transmitters makes them ideal as signal generators for software radio. Software radios represent a major change in the design paradigm for radios in which a large portion of the functionality is implemented through programmable signal processing devices, giving the radio the ability to change its operating parameters to accommodate new features and capabilities. A software radio approach reduces the content of radio frequency (RF) and other analog components of traditional radios and emphasizes digital signal processing to enhance overall transmitter flexibility. Software radios are emerging in commercial and military infrastructure.

During the past ten years, there has been intensive development in theoretical and experimental research of solitons in periodic media. This book provides a unique and informative account of the state-of-the-art in the field. The volume opens with a review of the existence of robust solitary pulses in systems built as a periodic concatenation of very different elements. Among the most famous examples of this type of systems are the dispersion management in fiber-optic telecommunication links, and (more recently) photonic crystals. A number of other systems belonging to the same broad class of spatially periodic strongly inhomogeneous media (such as the split-step and tandem models) have recently been identified in nonlinear optics, and transmission of solitary pulses in them was investigated in detail. Similar soliton dynamics occurs in temporal-domain counterparts of such systems, where they are subject to strong time-periodic modulation (for instance, the Feshbach-resonance management in Bose-Einstein condensates). Basis results obtained for all these systems are reviewed in the book. This timely work will serve as a useful resource for the soliton community.

Heterogeneous wireless networking, which is sometimes referred to as the fourth-generation (4G) wireless, is a new frontier in the future wireless communications technology and there has been a growing interest on this topic among researchers and engineers in both academia and industry. This book will include a set of research and survey articles featuring the recent advances in theory and applications of heterogeneous wireless networking technology for the next generation (e.g., fourth generation) wireless communications systems. With the rapid growth in the number of wireless applications, services and devices, using a single wireless technology such as a second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) wireless system would not be efficient to deliver high speed data rate and quality-of-service (QoS) support to mobile users in a seamless way. Fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are devised with the vision of heterogeneity in which a mobile user/device will be able to connect to multiple wireless networks (e.g., WLAN, cellular, WMAN) simultaneously. This book intends to provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art of protocols and architectures for heterogeneous wireless networking. The contributed articles will cover both the theoretical concepts and system-level implementation issues related to design, analysis, and optimization of architectures and protocols for heterogeneous wireless access networks.

Today's wireless communications and information systems are heavily based on microwave technology. Current trends indicate that in the future along with - crowaves, the millimeter wave and Terahertz technologies will be used to meet the growing bandwidth and overall performance requirements. Moreover, motivated by the needs of the society, new industry sectors are gaining ground; such as wi- less sensor networks, safety and security systems, automotive, medical, envir- mental/food monitoring, radio tags etc. Furthermore, the progress and the pr- lems in the modern society indicate that in the future these systems have to be more user/consumer friendly, i. e. adaptable, reconfigurable and cost effective. The mobile phone is a typical example which today is much more than just a phone; it includes a range of new functionalities such as Internet, GPS, TV, etc. To handle, in a cost effective way, all available and new future standards, the growing n- ber of the channels and bandwidth both the mobile handsets and the associated systems have to be agile (adaptable/reconfigurable). The complex societal needs have initiated considerable activities in the field of cognitive and software defined radios and triggered extensive research in adequate components and technology platforms. To meet the stringent requirements of these systems, especially in ag- ity and cost, new components with enhanced performances and new functionalities are needed. In this sense the components based on ferroelectrics have greater - tential and already are gaining ground.

This book is for RF Engineers and, in particular, those engineers focusing mostly on RF systems and RFIC design. The author develops systematic methods for RF systems design, complete with a comprehensive set of design formulas. Its focus on mobile station transmitter and receiver system design also applies to transceiver design of other wireless systems such as WLAN. This comprehensive reference work covers a wide range of topics from general principles of communication theory, as it applies to digital radio designs to specific examples on implementing multimode mobile systems.

This book is devoted to physical bases of magnetoelectronic millimetric waves. Magnetoelectronic represents a direction on a joint of physics of the magnetic phenomenainmagnetoarrangedenvironments, radiophysicsofwaveandoscilla- ? toryprocessesinlayeredscreenedbigirotropic(tensorsdielectric ? andmagnetic ? ? penetrabilities) structures, semi-conductor microelectronics and circuitry. The millimetric range gives the certain speci?city to researches. It, ?rst of all: losses andtheirgrowthwithfrequencyinspendingscreensandthemetallizedcoverings, dielectrics, semi-conductor layers, ferrite, increase in effective internal magnetic ?elds and ?elds bias, reduction of the geometrical sizes of coverings, structures andtougheningofadmissionsbymanufacturingandtheassembly, newmethodsof diagnosticsof?lmstructuresofferrite, includingnotdestroying. Promotionofresearcheswasspenttoamillimetricrangeindirections: - Developmentsofmethodsofthetheoreticalanalysisforstudyingpropertiesof varioustypesofconverters; - Developmentofvariouskindsandtypesofconverters; - Development of methods of researches of properties of waves at excitation, receptionanddistributioninlayeredstructuresofvariouskinds; - Carryingoutofexperimentalresearches; - Developmentofmethodsandmeansofnotdestroyingcontrolofparametersof ?lmstructuresofferrite; - Developmentoperatedmagnetoelectronicstructuresanddevicesoflowandhigh levelsofcapacity. In such order the theoretical and experimental material received is stated in thebook.Theseriouscontributiontoseparateresearcheshavebrought: thesenior scienti?cemployee, Dr.LepestkinA.N.(experiment, physicalmodelling);thes- enti?cemployee, Dr.MostovojA.A.(thetheory, physicalmodelling);theyounger scienti?c employee, Dr. Beginin E.N. (programming, calculations, experiments, laboratorybreadboardmodels). The basic sections of the book were read to students of physical faculty of the Saratov State University by it. In a special course "Magnetoelectronics of v vi Foreword microwaveandextremelyhighfrequencies"alsowereaccompaniedbyN.G.Cher- shevskogoincorrespondinglaboratoryinstallations, developedincourseanddegree worksofstudents. The second part of the book - "Heteromagnetic microelectronics (magne- electronics of the active devices)" which is in a stage of a writing and dev- opment of a problem, is devoted to a new direction on creation of multipurpose operated microdevices, the microsystems which are carrying out ?nished fu- tionson formationof variouskindsand spectra of signals in transistor-magnetic, ferrite-semi-conductorstructures(strengthenings, generation, mixture, parametrical effects, multiplication, division, frequencymodulation, magnetosensitivemodes).

On June 1St 2004 the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Technische Universitat Miinchen bestowed the degree of the doctor honoris causa to Leopold B. Felsen, for extraordinary achievements in the theory of electromag netic fields. On this occasion on June 1St and 2nd 2004 at the Technische Universitat Miinchen a symposium on "Fields, Networks, Computational Methods, and Systems: A Modern View of Engineering Electrodynamics" in honor of Leopold B. Felsen was organized. The symposium topic focused on an important area of Leopold Felsen research interests and, as the title emphasizes, on a modern view of applied Electro dynamics. While the fundamental physical laws of electrodynamics are well known, research in this field is experiencing a steady continuous growth. The problem -solving approaches of, say, twenty years ago may seem now fairly obsolete since considerable progress has been made in the meantime. In this monograph we collect samples of present day state of the art in dealing with electromagnetic fields, their network theory representation, their computation and, finally, on system applications. The network formulation of field problems can improve the problem formulation and also contribute to the solution methodology. Network theory systematic approaches for circuit analysis are based on the separation of the circuit into the connection circuit and the circuit elements. Many applications in science and technology rely on computations of the electromagnetic field in either man-made or natural complex structures."

The deployment of high-order modulation formats in optical fiber transmission systems is presently seen as a promising way of increasing spectral efficiency and of making better use of the capacity of currently existing fiber infrastructure. Catering to this interest, this book presents possible ways of generating and detecting optical signals with high-order phase and quadrature amplitude modulation and characterizes their system and transmission properties.

Several implementation options for high-order modulation optical transmitters are possible. Their optical and electrical parts are described and their individual signal properties are discussed. Receiver concepts with direct detection, homodyne differential detection and homodyne synchronous detection are illustrated, starting with optical frontends and ending with concrete data recovery. The description of transmitters and receivers provided in the first part of the book not only helps to demonstrate their functioning, but also allows their complexity and practicability to be estimated and compared.

To advance understanding of the system and transmission behavior of high-order modulation formats for optical fiber transmission, various system parameters such as noise performances, optimal receiver filter bandwidths, required laser linewidths and the chromatic dispersion and self phase modulation tolerances of a wide range of modulation formats are highlighted in the second part of the book, considering different line codes and many transmitter and receiver configurations. Currently, the determination of attainable transmission distances for multi-span long-haul transmission using high-order modulation formats represents an exciting field of research. Recent results in this area are also covered by this book.

This monograph is intended for students and researchers in the field of optical communications, as well as for system designers who want to learn about the properties and complexity of optical systems employing high-order modulation.