Nanometer CMOS RFICs for Mobile TV Applications focuses on how to break the trade-off between power consumption and performance (linearity and noise figure) by optimizing the mobile TV front-end dynamic range in three hierarchical levels: the intrinsic MOSFET level, the circuit level, and the architectural level. It begins by discussing the fundamental concepts of MOSFET dynamic range, including nonlinearity and noise. It then moves to the circuit level introducing the challenges associated with designing wide-dynamic range, variable-gain, broadband low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). The book gives a detailed analysis of a new noise-canceling technique that helps CMOS LNAs achieve a sub - 2 dB wideband noise figure. Lastly, the book deals with the front-end dynamic range optimization process from the systems perspective by introducing the active and passive automatic gain control (AGC) mechanism.

The objective of this two-volume book is the systematic and comprehensive description of the most competitive time-domain computational methods for the efficient modeling and accurate solution of contemporary real-world EMC problems. Intended to be self-contained, it performs a detailed presentation of all well-known algorithms, elucidating on their merits or weaknesses, and accompanies the theoretical content with a variety of applications. Outlining the present volume, the analysis covers the theory of the finite-difference time-domain, the transmission-line matrix/modeling, and the finite integration technique. Moreover, alternative schemes, such as the finite-element, the finitevolume, the multiresolution time-domain methods and many others, are presented, while particular attention is drawn to hybrid approaches. To this aim, the general aspects for the correct implementation of the previous algorithms are also exemplified. At the end of every section, an elaborate reference on the prominent pros and possible cons, always in the light of EMC modeling, assists the reader to retrieve the gist of each formulation and decide on his/her best possible selection according to the problem under investigation. Table of Contents: Fundamental Time-Domain Methodologies for EMC Analysis / Alternative Time-Domain Techniques in EMC Modeling / Principal Implementation Issues of Time-Domain EMC Simulation

The objective of this two-volume book is the systematic and comprehensive description of the most competitive time-domain computational methods for the efficient modeling and accurate solution of modern real-world EMC problems. Intended to be self-contained, it performs a detailed presentation of all well-known algorithms, elucidating on their merits or weaknesses, and accompanies the theoretical content with a variety of applications. Outlining the present volume, numerical investigations delve into printed circuit boards, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, radio frequency microelectromechanical systems as well as to the critical issues of electromagnetic interference, immunity, shielding, and signal integrity. Biomedical problems and EMC test facility characterizations are also thoroughly covered by means of diverse time-domain models and accurate implementations. Furthermore, the analysis covers the case of large-scale applications and electrostatic discharge problems, while special attention is drawn to the impact of contemporary materials in the EMC world, such as double negative metamaterials, bi-isotropic media, and several others. Table of Contents: Introduction / Printed Circuit Boards in EMC Structures / Electromagnetic Interference, Immunity, Shielding, and Signal Integrity / Bioelectromagnetic Problems: Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields / Time-Domain Characterization of EMC Test Facilities / Large-Scale EMC and Electrostatic Discharge Problems / Contemporary Material Modeling in EMC Applications

This book provides an introduction to narrowband array signal processing, classical and subspace-based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation with an extensive discussion on adaptive direction of arrival algorithms. The book begins with a presentation of the basic theory, equations, and data models of narrowband arrays. It then discusses basic beamforming methods and describes how they relate to DOA estimation. Several of the most common classical and subspace-based direction of arrival methods are discussed. The book concludes with an introduction to subspace tracking and shows how subspace tracking algorithms can be used to form an adaptive DOA estimator. Simulation software and additional bibliography are given at the end of the book. Table of Contents: Introduction / Background on Array Processing / Nonadaptive Direction of Arrival Estimation / Adaptive Direction of Arrival Estimation / Appendix

Decreasing the magnetic field signature of a naval vessel will reduce its susceptibility to detonating naval influence mines and the probability of a submarine being detected by underwater barriers and maritime patrol aircraft. Both passive and active techniques for reducing the magnetic signatures produced by a vessel's ferromagnetism, roll-induced eddy currents, corrosion-related sources, and stray fields are presented. Mathematical models of simple hull shapes are used to predict the levels of signature reduction that might be achieved through the use of alternate construction materials. Also, the process of demagnetizing a steel-hulled ship is presented, along with the operation of shaft-grounding systems, paints, and alternate configurations for power distribution cables. In addition, active signature reduction technologies are described, such as degaussing and deamping, which attempt to cancel the fields surrounding a surface ship or submarine rather than eliminate its source. Table of Contents: Introduction / Passive Magnetic Silencing Techniques / Active Signature Compensation / Summary

This work aims to provide new introduction to the particle swarm optimization methods using a formal analogy with physical systems. By postulating that the swarm motion behaves similar to both classical and quantum particles, we establish a direct connection between what are usually assumed to be separate fields of study, optimization and physics. Within this framework, it becomes quite natural to derive the recently introduced quantum PSO algorithm from the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian of the dynamical system. The physical theory of the PSO is used to suggest some improvements in the algorithm itself, like temperature acceleration techniques and the periodic boundary condition. At the end, we provide a panorama of applications demonstrating the power of the PSO, classical and quantum, in handling difficult engineering problems. The goal of this work is to provide a general multi-disciplinary view on various topics in physics, mathematics, and engineering by illustrating their interdependence within the unified framework of the swarm dynamics. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method / Boundary Conditions for the PSO Method / The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization / Bibliography /Index

This lecture presents the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) used to simulate free space when solving the Maxwell equations with such finite methods as the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method or the finite element method. The frequency domain and the time domain equations are derived for the different forms of PML media, namely the split PML, the CPML, the NPML, and the uniaxial PML, in the cases of PMLs matched to isotropic, anisotropic, and dispersive media. The implementation of the PML ABC in the FDTD method is presented in detail. Propagation and reflection of waves in the discretized FDTD space are derived and discussed, with a special emphasis on the problem of evanescent waves. The optimization of the PML ABC is addressed in two typical applications of the FDTD method: first, wave-structure interaction problems, and secondly, waveguide problems. Finally, a review of the literature on the application of the PML ABC to other numerical techniques of electromagnetics and to other partial differential equations of physics is provided. In addition, a software package for computing the actual reflection from a FDTD-PML is provided. It is available here.

One of the main objectives of this lecture is to summarize the results of recent research activities of the authors on the subject of implanted antennas for medical wireless communication systems. It is anticipated that ever sophisticated medical devices will be implanted inside the human body for medical telemetry and telemedicine. To establish effective and efficient wireless links with these devices, it is pivotal to give special attention to the antenna designs that are required to be low profile, small, safe and cost effective. In this book, it is demonstrated how advanced electromagnetic numerical techniques can be utilized to design these antennas inside as realistic human body environment as possible. Also it is shown how simplified models can assist the initial designs of these antennas in an efficient manner.

This book presents the topic in electromagnetics known as Transmission-Line Modeling or Matrix method-TLM. While it is written for engineering students at graduate and advanced undergraduate levels, it is also highly suitable for specialists in computational electromagnetics working in industry, who wish to become familiar with the topic. The main method of implementation of TLM is via the time-domain differential equations, however, this can also be via the frequency-domain differential equations. The emphasis in this book is on the time-domain TLM. Physical concepts are emphasized here before embarking onto mathematical development in order to provide simple, straightforward suggestions for the development of models that can then be readily programmed for further computations. Sections with strong mathematical flavors have been included where there are clear methodological advantages forming the basis for developing practical modeling tools. The book can be read at different depths depending on the background of the reader, and can be consulted as and when the need arises.

This series lecture is an introduction to the finite element method with applications in electromagnetics. The finite element method is a numerical method that is used to solve boundary-value problems characterized by a partial differential equation and a set of boundary conditions. The geometrical domain of a boundary-value problem is discretized using sub-domain elements, called the finite elements, and the differential equation is applied to a single element after it is brought to a "weak" integro-differential form. A set of shape functions is used to represent the primary unknown variable in the element domain. A set of linear equations is obtained for each element in the discretized domain. A global matrix system is formed after the assembly of all elements. This lecture is divided into two chapters. Chapter 1 describes one-dimensional boundary-value problems with applications to electrostatic problems described by the Poisson's equation. The accuracy of the finite element method is evaluated for linear and higher order elements by computing the numerical error based on two different definitions. Chapter 2 describes two-dimensional boundary-value problems in the areas of electrostatics and electrodynamics (time-harmonic problems). For the second category, an absorbing boundary condition was imposed at the exterior boundary to simulate undisturbed wave propagation toward infinity. Computations of the numerical error were performed in order to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method in solving electromagnetic problems. Both chapters are accompanied by a number of Matlab codes which can be used by the reader to solve one- and two-dimensional boundary-value problems. These codes can be downloaded from the publisher's URL: www.morganclaypool.com/page/polycarpou This lecture is written primarily for the nonexpert engineer or the undergraduate or graduate student who wants to learn, for the first time, the finite element method with applications to electromagnetics. It is also targeted for research engineers who have knowledge of other numerical techniques and want to familiarize themselves with the finite element method. The lecture begins with the basics of the method, including formulating a boundary-value problem using a weighted-residual method and the Galerkin approach, and continues with imposing all three types of boundary conditions including absorbing boundary conditions. Another important topic of emphasis is the development of shape functions including those of higher order. In simple words, this series lecture provides the reader with all information necessary for someone to apply successfully the finite element method to one- and two-dimensional boundary-value problems in electromagnetics. It is suitable for newcomers in the field of finite elements in electromagnetics.

As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. Smart antenna systems are capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is a promise for an effective solution to the present wireless systems' problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed high-data-rate transmission. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader a broad view of the system aspects of smart antennas. In fact, smart antenna systems comprise several critical areas such as individual antenna array design, signal processing algorithms, space-time processing, wireless channel modeling and coding, and network performance. In this book we include an overview of smart antenna concepts, introduce some of the areas that impact smart antennas, and examine the influence of interaction and integration of these areas to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In addition, the general principles and major benefits of using space-time processing are introduced, especially employing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques.

This book provides a brief overview of the popular Finite Element Method (FEM) and its hybrid versions for electromagnetics with applications to radar scattering, antennas and arrays, guided structures, microwave components, frequency selective surfaces, periodic media, and RF materials characterizations and related topics. It starts by presenting concepts based on Hilbert and Sobolev spaces as well as Curl and Divergence spaces for generating matrices, useful in all engineering simulation methods. It then proceeds to present applications of the finite element and finite element-boundary integral methods for scattering and radiation. Applications to periodic media, metamaterials and bandgap structures are also included. The hybrid volume integral equation method for high contrast dielectrics and is presented for the first time. Another unique feature of the book is the inclusion of design optimization techniques and their integration within commercial numerical analysis packages for shape and material design. To aid the reader with the method's utility, an entire chapter is devoted to two-dimensional problems. The book can be considered as an update on the latest developments since the publication of our earlier book (Finite Element Method for Electromagnetics, IEEE Press, 1998). The latter is certainly complementary companion to this one.

This book is the first of two volumes which have been created to provide an understanding of the basic principles and applications of electromagnetic fields for electrical engineering students. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 1: Internal Behavior of Lumped Elements focuses upon the DC and low-frequency behavior of electromagnetic fields within lumped elements. The properties of electromagnetic fields provide the basis for predicting the terminal characteristics of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The properties of magnetic circuits are included as well. For slightly higher frequencies for which the lumped elements are a significant fraction of a wavelength in size the second volume of this set, Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 2: Quasistatics and Waves, examines how the low-frequency models of lumped elements are modified to include parasitic elements. Upon completion of understanding the two volumes of this book, students will have gained the necessary knowledge to progress to advanced studies of electromagnetics.

The method-of-moments solution of the electric field and magnetic field integral equations (EFIE and MFIE) is extended to conducting objects modeled with curved cells. These techniques are important for electromagnetic scattering, antenna, radar signature, and wireless communication applications. Vector basis functions of the divergence-conforming and curl-conforming types are explained, and specific interpolatory and hierarchical basis functions are reviewed. Procedures for mapping these basis functions from a reference domain to a curved cell, while preserving the desired continuity properties on curved cells, are discussed in detail. For illustration, results are presented for examples that employ divergence-conforming basis functions with the EFIE and curl-conforming basis functions with the MFIE. The intended audience includes electromagnetic engineers with some previous familiarity with numerical techniques.

This book presents a step-by-step discussion of the 3D integration approach for the development of compact system-on-package (SOP) front-ends.Various examples of fully-integrated passive building blocks (cavity/microstip filters, duplexers, antennas), as well as a multilayer ceramic (LTCC) V-band transceiver front-end midule demonstrate the revolutionary effects of this approach in RF/Wireless packaging and multifunctional miniaturization. Designs covered are based on novel ideas and are presented for the first time for millimeterwave (60GHz) ultrabroadband wireless modules. Table of Contents: Introduction / Background on Technologies for Millimeter-Wave Passive Front-Ends / Three-Dimensional Packaging in Multilayer Organic Substrates / Microstrip-Type Integrated Passives / Cavity-Type Integrated Passives / Three-Dimensional Antenna Architectures / Fully Integrated Three-Dimensional Passive Front-Ends / References

Scanning arrays present the radar or communications engineer with the ultimate in antenna flexibility. They also present a multitude of new opportunities and new challenges that need to be addressed. In order to describe the needs for scanned array development, this book begins with a brief discussion of the history that led to present array antennas. This text is a compact but comprehensive treatment of the scanned array, from the underlying basis for array pattern behavior to the engineering choices leading to successful design. The book describes the scanned array in terms of radiation from apertures and wire antennas and introduces the effects resulting directly from scanning, including beam broadening, impedance mismatch and gain reduction and pattern squint and those effects of array periodicity including grating and quantization lobes and array blindness. The text also presents the engineering tools for improving pattern control and array efficiency including lattice selection, subarrray technology and pattern synthesis. Equations and figurers quantify the phenomena being described and provide the reader with the tools to tradeoff various performance features. The discussions proceed beyond the introductory material and to the state of the art in modern array design. Contents: Basic Principles and Applications of Array Antennas / Element Coupling Effects in Array Antennas / Array Pattern Synthesis / Subarray Techniques for Limited Field of View and Wide Band Applications

Most antenna engineers are likely to believe that antennas are one technology that is more or less impervious to the rapidly advancing semiconductor industry. However, as demonstrated in this lecture, there is a way to incorporate active components into an antenna and transform it into a new kind of radiating structure that can take advantage of the latest advances in analog circuit design. The approach for making this transformation is to make use of non-Foster circuit elements in the matching network of the antenna. By doing so, we are no longer constrained by the laws of physics that apply to passive antennas. However, we must now design and construct very touchy active circuits. This new antenna technology is now in its infancy. The contributions of this lecture are (1) to summarize the current state-of-the-art in this subject, and (2) to introduce some new theoretical and practical tools for helping us to continue the advancement of this technology.

Computational Electronics is devoted to state of the art numerical techniques and physical models used in the simulation of semiconductor devices from a semi-classical perspective. Computational electronics, as a part of the general Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) field, has become increasingly important as the cost of semiconductor manufacturing has grown exponentially, with a concurrent need to reduce the time from design to manufacture. The motivation for this volume is the need within the modeling and simulation community for a comprehensive text which spans basic drift-diffusion modeling, through energy balance and hydrodynamic models, and finally particle based simulation. One unique feature of this book is a specific focus on numerical examples, particularly the use of commercially available software in the TCAD community. The concept for this book originated from a first year graduate course on computational electronics, taught now for several years, in the Electrical Engineering Department at Arizona State University. Numerous exercises and projects were derived from this course and have been included. The prerequisite knowledge is a fundamental understanding of basic semiconductor physics, the physical models for various device technologies such as pndiodes, bipolar junction transistors, and field effect transistors.

Support Vector Machines (SVM) were introduced in the early 90's as a novel nonlinear solution for classification and regression tasks. These techniques have been proved to have superior performances in a large variety of real world applications due to their generalization abilities and robustness against noise and interferences. This book introduces a set of novel techniques based on SVM that are applied to antenna array processing and electromagnetics. In particular, it introduces methods for linear and nonlinear beamforming and parameter design for arrays and electromagnetic applications.

This monograph is a comprehensive presentation of state-of-the-art methodologies that can dramatically enhance the efficiency of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique, the most popular electromagnetic field solver of the time-domain form of Maxwell's equations. These methodologies are aimed at optimally tailoring the computational resources needed for the wideband simulation of microwave and optical structures to their geometry, as well as the nature of the field solutions they support. That is achieved by the development of robust "adaptive meshing" approaches, which amount to varying the total number of unknown field quantities in the course of the simulation to adapt to temporally or spatially localized field features. While mesh adaptation is an extremely desirable FDTD feature, known to reduce simulation times by orders of magnitude, it is not always robust. The specific techniques presented in this book are characterized by stability and robustness. Therefore, they are excellent computer analysis and design (CAD) tools. The book starts by introducing the FDTD technique, along with challenges related to its application to the analysis of real-life microwave and optical structures. It then proceeds to developing an adaptive mesh refinement method based on the use of multiresolution analysis and, more specifically, the Haar wavelet basis. Furthermore, a new method to embed a moving adaptive mesh in FDTD, the dynamically adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) FDTD technique, is introduced and explained in detail. To highlight the properties of the theoretical tools developed in the text, a number of applications are presented, including: Microwave integrated circuits (microstrip filters, couplers, spiral inductors, cavities). Optical power splitters, Y-junctions, and couplers Optical ring resonators Nonlinear optical waveguides. Building on first principles of time-domain electromagnetic simulations, this book presents advanced concepts and cutting-edge modeling techniques in an intuitive way for programmers, engineers, and graduate students. It is designed to provide a solid reference for highly efficient time-domain solvers, employed in a wide range of exciting applications in microwave/millimeter-wave and optical engineering.

This lecture explores the emerging area of reconfigurable antennas from basic concepts that provide insight into fundamental design approaches to advanced techniques and examples that offer important new capabilities for next-generation applications. Antennas are necessary and critical components of communication and radar systems, but sometimes their inability to adjust to new operating scenarios can limit system performance. Making antennas reconfigurable so that their behavior can adapt with changing system requirements or environmental conditions can ameliorate or eliminate these restrictions and provide additional levels of functionality for any system. For example, reconfigurable antennas on portable wireless devices can help to improve a noisy connection or redirect transmitted power to conserve battery life. In large phased arrays, reconfigurable antennas could be used to provide additional capabilities that may result in wider instantaneous frequency bandwidths, more extensive scan volumes, and radiation patterns with more desirable side lobe distributions. Written for individuals with a range of experience, from those with only limited prior knowledge of antennas to those working in the field today, this lecture provides both theoretical foundations and practical considerations for those who want to learn more about this exciting subject. Contents: Introduction / Definitions of Critical Parameters for Antenna Operation / Linkage Between Frequency Response and Radiation Characteristics: Implications for Reconfigurable Antennas / Methods for Achieving Frequency Response Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Polarization Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability / Methods for Achieving Compound Reconfigurable Antennas / Practical Issues for Implementing Reconfigurable Antennas / Conclusions and Directions for Future work

This book is the second of two volumes which have been created to provide an understanding of the basic principles and applications of electromagnetic fields for electrical engineering students. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 2: Quasistatics and Waves examines how the low-frequency models of lumped elements are modified to include parasitic elements. For even higher frequencies, wave behavior in space and on transmission lines is explained. Finally, the textbook concludes with details of transmission line properties and applications. Upon completion of this book and its companion Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Vol 1: Internal Behavior of Lumped Elements, with a focus on the DC and low-frequency behavior of electromagnetic fields within lumped elements, students will have gained the necessary knowledge to progress to advanced studies of electromagnetics.

Advanced communication scenarios demand the development of new systemswhere antenna theory, channel propagation and communication models are seen from a common perspective as a way to understand and optimize the system as a whole. In this context, a comprehensive multiantenna formulation for multiple-input multiple-output systems is presented with a special emphasis on the connection of the electromagnetic and communication principles. Starting from the capacity for amultiantenna system, the book reviews radiation, propagation, and communicationmechanisms, paying particular attention to the vectorial, directional, and timefrequency characteristics of the wireless communication equation for low- and high-scattering environments. Based on the previous concepts, different space-time methods for diversity and multiplexing applications are discussed, multiantenna modeling is studied, and specific tools are introduced to analyze the antenna coupling mechanisms and formulate appropriate decorrelation techniques.Miniaturization techniques for closely spaced antennas are studied, and its fundamental limits and optimization strategies are reviewed. Finally, different practical multiantenna topologies for new communication applications are presented, and its main parameters discussed. A relevant feature is a collection of synthesis exercises that review the main topics of the book and introduces state-of-the art system architectures and parameters, facilitating its use either as a text book or as a support tool for multiantenna systems design. Table of Contents: Principles of Multiantenna Communication Systems / The Radio Channel for MIMO Communication Systems / Coding Theory for MIMO Communication Systems / Antenna Modeling for MIMO Communication Systems / Design of MPAs for MIMO Communication Systems / Design Examples and Performance Analysis of Different MPAs / References / List of Acronyms / List of Symbols / Operators and Mathematical Symbols

This book presents a new global optimization technique using Taguchi's method and its applications in electromagnetics and antenna engineering. Compared with traditional optimization techniques, Taguchi's optimization method is easy to implement and very efficient in reaching optimum solutions. Taguchi's optimization method is developed based on the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which offers a systematic and efficient way to select design parameters. The book illustrates the basic implementation procedure of Taguchi's optimization method and discusses various advanced techniques for performance improvement. In addition, the integration of Taguchi's optimization method with commercial electromagnetics software is introduced in the book. The proposed optimization method is used in various linear antenna arrays, microstrip filters, and ultra-wideband antenna designs. Successful examples include linear antenna array with a null controlled pattern, linear antenna array with a sector beam, linear antenna array with reduced side lobe levels, microstrip band stop filter, microstrip band pass filter, coplanar waveguide band stop filter, coplanar ultra-wide band antenna, and ultra-wide band antenna with band notch feature. Satisfactory results obtained from the design process demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed Taguchi's optimization method. Contents: Introduction / Orthagonal Arrays / Taguchi's Optimization Method / Linear Antenna Array Designs / Planar Filter Designs / Ultra-wide Band (UWB) Antenna Designs / OA-PSO Method / Conclusions

This book presents a method that allows the use of multiresolution principles in a time domain electromagnetic modeling technique that is applicable to general structures. The multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) technique, as it is often called, is presented for general basis functions. Additional techniques that are presented here allow the modeling of complex structures using a subcell representation that permits the modeling discrete electromagnetic effects at individual equivalent grid points. This is accomplished by transforming the application of the effects at individual points in the grid into the wavelet domain. In this work, the MRTD technique is derived for a general wavelet basis using a relatively compact vector notation that both makes the technique easier to understand and illustrates the differences between MRTD basis functions. In addition, techniques such as the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) for arbitrary wavelet resolution and non-uniform gridding are presented. Using these techniques, any structure that can be simulated in Yee-FDTD can be modeled with in MRTD.