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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > The hydrosphere > Oceanography (seas)
A vivid portrait of how Naval oversight shaped American oceanography, revealing what difference it makes who pays for science. What difference does it make who pays for science? Some might say none. If scientists seek to discover fundamental truths about the world, and they do so in an objective manner using well-established methods, then how could it matter who's footing the bill? History, however, suggests otherwise. In science, as elsewhere, money is power. Tracing the recent history of oceanography, Naomi Oreskes discloses dramatic changes in American ocean science since the Cold War, uncovering how and why it changed. Much of it has to do with who pays. After World War II, the US military turned to a new, uncharted theater of warfare: the deep sea. The earth sciences-particularly physical oceanography and marine geophysics-became essential to the US Navy, which poured unprecedented money and logistical support into their study. Science on a Mission brings to light how this influx of military funding was both enabling and constricting: it resulted in the creation of important domains of knowledge but also significant, lasting, and consequential domains of ignorance. As Oreskes delves into the role of patronage in the history of science, what emerges is a vivid portrait of how naval oversight transformed what we know about the sea. It is a detailed, sweeping history that illuminates the ways funding shapes the subject, scope, and tenor of scientific work, and it raises profound questions about the purpose and character of American science. What difference does it make who pays? The short answer is: a lot.
Ocean Science Data: Collection, Management, Networking, and Services presents the evolution of ocean science, information, theories, and data services for oceanographers looking for a better understanding of big data. The book is divided into chapters organized under the following main issues: marine science, history and data archaeology, data services in ocean science, society-driven data, and coproduction and education. Throughout the book, particular emphasis is put on data products quality and big data management strategy; embracing tools enabling data discovery, data preparation, self-service data accessibility, collaborative semantic metadata management, data standardization, and stream processing engines. Ocean Science Data provides an opportunity to start a new roadmap for data management issues, to be used for future collaboration among disciplines. This will include a focus on organizational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration, and continuous improvement of data management organization. This book is written for ocean scientists at postgraduate level and above as well as marine scientists and climate change scientists.
The third edition of this bestselling text has been rigorously updated to reflect major new discoveries and concepts since 2011, especially progress due to extensive application of high-throughput sequencing, single cell genomics and analysis of large datasets. Significant advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses are discussed and their importance in marine processes is explored in detail. Now in full colour throughout, all chapters have been significantly expanded, with many new diagrams, illustrations and boxes to aid students' interest and understanding. Novel pedagogy is designed to encourage students to explore current high-profile research topics. Examples include the impacts of rising CO2 levels on microbial community structure and ocean processes, interactions of microbes with plastic pollution, symbiotic interactions, and emerging diseases of marine life. This is the only textbook addressing such a broad range of topics in the specific area of marine microbiology, now a core topic within broader Marine Science degrees. A Companion Website provides additional online resources for instructors and students, including a summary of key concepts and terminology for each chapter, links to further resources, and flashcards to aid self-assessment.
Flood Geomorphology describes and analyzes global causes, effects and dynamics of floods and includes methods for related environmental management. It reviews recent advances in the interdisciplinary study of floods and their effects on landforms, sediments, human works, and populations. The use of morphometric parameters of drainage basins is covered and standard procedures for measuring geomorphically significant variables following a major flood are established. Specific chapters present data on the neglected topic of sedimentation in bedrock fluvial systems, and discuss, from the viewpoint of Holocene stratigraphy, common alluvial systems leading to flood plains. The book includes numerous photographs, illustrations and diagrams of flood effects around the world.
The Physical Oceanography of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea describes the circulation and the processes in the Arctic Mediterranean, how our present knowledge has developed, and presents recent changes caused by a gradually warmer global climate. The Arctic Mediterranean Sea has been intensively studied in recent years, especially during the fourth International Polar Year, 2007-09, and we have become increasingly aware of the changes presently taking place. This book collects and presents newly acquired knowledge and sets it in perspective to previous studies. Authored by a world-renowned leader in the field, this book explores the role of this small but important sea in the global oceanic circulation and climate-a must-read for researchers and students in the fields of oceanography and climate science.
This book provides an analysis of the evolution of navigation and seaborne trade in the Black Sea, considering the geographic, geological, and hydro-meteorological data, including information from the historical, geopolitical, economic, social, and military frames. In ancient times the Black Sea was at the edge of the known world, and together with its coasts it preserves traces of the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. Many of the ancient ports were important and essential towns, which remains the case in modern times. The complex geographical conditions that have historically influenced, and continue to influence the development of maritime trade and transport in the Black Sea, have not been thoroughly researched or optimized for these activities. The book is divided into ten chapters. Chapter I describes the physical - geographical conditions of the Black Sea's basin, and the geological evolution of its recent history, with application to the hypothesis of Noah's flood. Chapter 2 presents a short history of the research conducted on the Black Sea upto present day. Chapter 3 summarizes the specific characteristics of the Black Sea's morphohydrography and morphodynamics. Chapter 4 contains the conclusions regarding the influence of coastal relief on the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 5 analyzes the Black Sea basin's meteo-climatic regime. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the influence of weather and climate factors on the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 7 describes the specific hydrological factors of the Black Sea. Chapter 8 contains the conclusions regarding the influence of the hydrological factors for the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 9 presents the Black Sea's specific hydrobiological elements specific, as a "unicum hydrobiologicum", and the main features of the Black Sea's ecology. Chapter 10 is concentrated on the historical, social, political, economic, and geopolitical framework of the Black Sea basin influencing navigation and maritime transportation, from ancient times to the present. The book is written from the perspective of a Romanian Navy officer, with more than 40 years' experience in the Romanian Navy
Annotated Atlas of Coastal and Marine Winds provides a quick-reference on major, prevailing near-surface wind systems, along with concise explanations of the features that cause these winds and a quick qualitative assessment. As accessibility to the most recent and complete atmospheric datasets is often limited, either because they are subscription-based or because they are available only in netCDF format, this book alleviates roadblocks by providing the major, prevailing near-surface wind systems, concise explanations, the features that cause these winds, and a qualitative assessment on the amount of moisture that such winds typically carry to coastal and marine scientists and engineers. This book will be an ideal resource on coastal and marine winds for a variety of professionals, including coastal scientists, marine scientists, and engineers who study phenomena that are affected directly by weather and climate.
Oceans play a pivotal role in our weather and climate. Ocean-borne
commerce is vital to our increasingly close-knit global community.
Yet we do not fully understand the intricate details of how they
function, how they interact with the atmosphere, and what the
limits are to their biological productivity and their tolerance to
wastes. While satellites are helping us to fill in the gaps,
numerical ocean models are playing an important role in increasing
our ability to comprehend oceanic processes, monitor the current
state of the oceans, and to a limited extent, even predict their
future state.
Since the mid-nineteenth century, agricultural development and fisheries management in northern Japan have been profoundly shaped by how people within and beyond Japan have compared Hokkaido's landscapes to those of other places, as part of efforts to make the new Japanese nation-state more legibly "modern." In doing so, they engaged in non-conforming modes of thinking that reached out to diverse places, including the American West and southern Chile. Today, the comparisons made by Hokkaido fishing industry professionals, scientists, and Ainu indigenous groups between the island's forests, fields, and waters and those of other places around the world continue to dramatically affect the region's approaches to environmental management and its physical landscapes. In this far-ranging ethnography, Heather Anne Swanson shows how this traffic in ideas shapes the course of Hokkaido's development, its fish, and the lives of people on and beyond the island while structuring trade dynamics, political economy, and multispecies relations in watersheds around the globe.
Present civilization faces a serious choice. Nuclear winter is not the only way to self-destruction. The other one is the uncontrolled and non-scientific usage of the planet's resource in the name of "progress." The rates and technologies of development of the energetic industry (especially the chemical industry), agriculture and transportation in the last fifteen years will bring bad air quality and drinking water in the next several decades. Global warming will wash away the lines of seasons. The Black Sea is a closed sea, a water gathering basin of East and Middle Europe, a Region with well-developed energy, industry, agriculture, and tourism. The volume of pollutants since 1970 has increased to such an extent that the impact on the Black Sea ecosystems began to be noticed considerably. Also there is the undercurrent from the Sea of Marmara through Bosporus and the rainfalls driven by the Atlantic cyclones and the northeasterly wind that contribute to the pollution. The ecological breakdowns in the northwest part of the sea, periodic blossoming of plankton, changes in quality and quantity of the fish catch, a decrease of water transparency, appearance of a new settler Mnemiopsis leidyi all qualitatively illustrate this fatal influence on Black Sea ecosystems. This book elucidates the ecology of the Black Sea and presents realistic recommendations for solution of these pressing problems.
The goals of wind wave research are relatively well defined: to be
able to predict the wind wave field and its effect on the
environment. That environment could be natural (beaches, the
atmosphere etc.) or imposed by human endeavour (ports, harbours,
coastal settlements etc.). Although the goals are similar, the
specific requirements of these various fields differ
considerably. This book attempts to summarise the current state of this
knowledge and to place this understanding into a common frame work.
It attempts to take a balanced approach between the pragmatic
engineering view of requiring a short term result and the
scientific quest for detailed understanding. Thus, it attempts to
provide a rigorous description of the physical processes involved
as well as practical predictive tools.
Tsunamiites: Features and Implications, Second Edition, is an overview of the state-of-the art developments in sedimentology of tsunami-induced and tsunami-affected deposits, namely tsunamiites. It also highlights new problems and issues calling for additional investigation and provides insight into the direction for future tsunamiite research. New to this edition: discussion of the impact of 2011 tsunami in Northern Japan as well as additional coverage of offshore tractive current deposition and deposition of boulders.
This book introduces the new discipline of urban oceanography, providing a deeper understanding of the physics of the coastal ocean in an urban setting. The authors explore how the coastal ocean impacts with the humans who live, work and play along its shores; and in turn how human activities impact the health and dynamics of the coastal ocean. Fundamental topics covered include: the governing dynamical equations; tidal and circulation processes; variation of salinity and freshwater fluxes; watershed pollutants; observing systems; and climate change. Bridging the gaps between the fields of engineering, physical and social sciences, economics, and policy, this book is for anyone who wishes to learn about the physics, chemistry, and biology of coastal waters. It will support an introductory course on urban oceanography at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level, and will also prove invaluable as a reference text for researchers, professionals, coastal urban planners, and environmental engineers.
This book is dedicated to the analysis of bottom waters flows through underwater channels of the Atlantic Ocean. The study is based on recent observations of the authors, analysis of historical data, numerical modeling, and literature review. For example, studying both the measurements from the World Ocean Circulation experiment in the 1990s and recent measurements reveals the decadal variations of water properties in the ocean. Seawater is cooled at high latitudes, descends to the ocean bottom, and slowly flows to the tropical latitudes and further. This current is slow in the deep basins, but intensifies in the abyssal channels connecting the basins. The current overflows submarine topographic structures and sometimes forms deep cataracts when water descends over slopes by several hundred meters. The flow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is studied on the basis of CTD sections combined with Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiling (LADCP) carried out annually, and long-term moored measurements of currents. This book is a collection of oceanographic data, interpretation, and analysis, which can be used by field oceanographers, specialists in numerical modeling, and students who specialize in oceanography.
This set of conference papers covers such topics as: the need for water to maintain life; the atmospheric water vapour in all layers of the troposphere; the measurement of cloud water contents and the partitionof its liquid and solid phases; and land and ocean nutrients.
Nonlinear Ocean Dynamics: Synthetic Aperture Radar delivers the critical tools needed to understand the latest technology surrounding the radar imaging of nonlinear waves, particularly microwave radar, as a main source to understand, analyze and apply concepts in the field of ocean dynamic surface. Filling the gap between modern physics quantum theory and applications of radar imaging of ocean dynamic surface, this reference is packed with technical details associated with the potentiality of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The book also includes key methods needed to extract the value-added information necessary, such as wave spectra energy, current pattern velocity, internal waves, and more. This book also reveals novel speculation of a shallow coastal front: named as Quantized Marghany's Front. Rounding out with practical simulations of 4-D wave-current interaction patterns using using radar images, the book brings an effective new source of technology and applications for today's coastal scientists and engineers.
A large part of the world s coastlines consists of sandy beaches and dunes that may undergo dramatic changes during storms. Extreme storm events in some cases dominate the erosion history of the coastline and may have dramatic impacts on densely populated coastal areas. Policy, research and historical background are essential elements that need to be interconnected for effective coastal planning and management. This book discusses this framework, with Chapter 1 providing an insight into policy settings and science-policy interactions in the area of coastal risks related to storms and flooding, and integrated coastal zone management. This is followed by a review of the current understanding of the processes generating extreme coastal events, the morphological evolution of coastlines during and after the events, and the methods for monitoring the process as it occurs or for post-event appraisal. The final chapter discusses the importance of historical approaches regarding coastal threats, taking the Xynthia storm as an example.
Combining images from world's leading marine and nature photographers and the latest in underwater photography techniques, The Life & Love of the Sea is a breathtaking visual tour of the ocean's many facets. Readers will experience the land meeting the sea with images of dramatic coastlines, barrier reefs and island chains, and the breathtaking power of the ocean through a stunning collection of wave photographs. Forming an extensive survey of the ocean's many fascinating inhabitants, Blackwell presents an incredible image collection of everything from whales, to manta rays, to seals, to endless schools of fish, to the creatures that reside in the deepest recesses of the ocean floor, and much more. The book also includes bonus footage via a scannable QR code from multi award-winning underwater cameraman Steven Hathaway, whose work has featured in numerous documentaries on BBC, Discovery Channel and National Geographic.
The spectacular Cape Cod coastline encompasses a variety of diverse habitats that are home to thousands of species of plants and animals. This beautifully illustrated guide highlights over 140 familiar and unique species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, nearshore fishes, seashore creatures, seashells and plants. It also includes a map featuring prominent wildlife-viewing areas. On waterproof paper, this lightweight, pocket-sized folding guide is an ideal source of portable information and ideal for field use by visitors and residents alike. Made in the USA.
The rationale for publishing a second edition of this monograph is that this area of research continues to show remarkable advancement. The new generation of synthetic aperture radar satellites has provided unprecedented spatial resolution of sea surface features. In addition, satellites to measure sea surface salinity have been launched. Computational fluid dynamics models open new opportunities in understanding the processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean and their visibility from space. Passive acoustic methods for monitoring short surface waves have significantly progressed. Of importance for climate research, processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean contribute to errors in satellite estimates of sea surface temperature trends. Due to growing applications of near-surface science, it is anticipated that more students will be trained in this area of research. Therefore this second edition of the monograph is closer to a textbook format.
DK brings you a beautifully illustrated and engaging ocean encyclopedia to teach young readers all about what lies beneath! Introducing How Deep is The Ocean? - A captivating kid's fact book set out to answer over 200 burning questions your child may have about the world's oceans, such as: Where do waves come from? How do icebergs float? Do fish sleep? And many more! A practical yet enticing guide to our world's waters, your child can dive straight in to discover: -5 neatly structured chapters, covering each key theme in great detail -A diverse range of topics encompassing all aspects of ocean life -Detailed diagrams and stunning photography of the world's oceans -'Quick-quiz' boxes giving readers a chance to reflect and test their knowledge Steve Setford takes you on an enticing journey to the bottom of the deep blue, to discover everything from tsunamis to shipwrecks; currents to coral reefs; the fiercest of sharks and so much more! The ideal book for 7-9 year olds, this children's encyclopedia is a must-have volume for budding marine biologists, young oceanographers and those who wish to broaden their horizons on the impact of climate change on our oceans. At DK, we believe in the power of discovery. So let us plant the seed of curiosity in the minds of our young readers, and watch as it blossoms into a life-long love of reading, exploring, and discovering the diverse world around us. Encourage your child to seas the day!
This monograph is a compilation of a number of research studies presented in fourteen chapters dealing with the impact and restoration of coastal environments that have been affected by earthquakes and tsunamis. The focus is mainly on rivers, estuaries, coastal lagoons, beaches, and related ecosystems. In addition to direct impact and response due to flooding and subsequent abrasion, this publication covers physical, chemical and biological responses in coastal morphology, water quality and ecosystems and includes also topics dealing with risk reduction and vulnerability. This compilation mainly covers examples from large magnitude earthquake and tsunami events in the Indian and Pacific Ocean that are complemented with other events in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Comprehensive descriptions of multi-scale impacts of tsunami and earthquake events, both spatially and temporally, will help the reader to understand the complicated interactions which occur in coastal zones in order to create a sustainable, resilient environment and achieve a society with smart post-event recovery planning. This book is aimed at researchers and students in coastal science and engineering as well as at policy makers, environmental planners and coastal managers.
Plastiglomerate finds our world in the midst of environmental disaster: from plastic pollution and wrecked shipping to fires in the Amazon rainforest. Geographer-poet Tim Cresswell writes with the forensic eye of a professional, bending the hard vocabulary of science into a jagged but compelling lyric that telescopes from the vast to the cellular in the space of a line. Plastiglomerate completes a trilogy of poetry books that examines mankind's impact on the earth; its central poem recycles the British folk ballad 'The Twa Magicians' to make an ecological protest song fit for the Anthropocene age. But among powerful depictions of the natural world under threat - from beached whales to lost birds - it is the humanity of Cresswell's imagery that wins through: leaf-blowers in surgical masks, blue nail polish, the biro 'leaking in the heat of my pocket'. 'Engaging and unsettling poems that tell it like it is, looking unflinchingly at environmental beauty and disaster. There is redemption here too, in the warmth of human relationships - while this is indeed a world of 'ruin and plunder', it is also a place 'full of love and sap'. A powerful and memorable collection.' - Jean Sprackland
Winner of the Sustainability Science Award 2020, Ecological Society of America Winner of the PROSE Award (Biological Sciences category) 2020, Association of American PublishersThere is a growing crisis in our oceans: mysterious outbreaks of infectious disease are on the rise. Marine epidemics can cause mass die-offs of wildlife from the bottom to the top of food chains, impacting the health of ocean ecosystems as well as lives on land. Portending global environmental disaster, ocean outbreaks are fueled by warming seas, sewage dumping, unregulated aquaculture, and drifting plastic. Ocean Outbreak follows renowned scientist Drew Harvell and her colleagues into the field as they investigate how four iconic marine animals—corals, abalone, salmon, and starfish—have been devastated by disease. Based on over twenty years of research, this firsthand account of the sometimes gradual, sometimes exploding impact of disease on our ocean’s biodiversity ends with solutions and a call to action. Only through policy changes and the implementation of innovative solutions from nature can we reduce major outbreaks, save some ocean ecosystems, and protect our fragile environment. Â
This revised and updated second edition details the vast progress that has been achieved in the understanding of the physical mechanisms of rogue wave phenomenon in recent years. The selected articles address such issues as the formation of rogue waves due to modulational instability of nonlinear wave field, physical and statistical properties of extreme ocean wave generation in deep water as well as in shallow water, various models of nonlinear water waves, special analysis of nonlinear resonances between water waves and the relation between in situ observations, experimental data and rogue wave theories. In addition, recent results on tsunami waves due to subaerial landslides are presented. This book is written for specialists in the fields of fluid mechanics, applied mathematics, nonlinear physics, physical oceanography and geophysics, and for students learning these subjects. |
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