The increasing prevalence of musical stimulation in our everyday environment makes studies of musical listening, comprehension and memory important. Music has simply become a pervasive aspect of the experienced environment for most of us; along with enhanced levels of machine sounds, musical sound sources are contributing to a virtual transformation of contemporary soundscapes occurring in many industrial countries. In spite of such trends, arguably the mainstream research in psychology and related fields has been slow to devote concentrated attention to this phenomenon and what it might mean. As a result, with respect to more established fields of research (e.g., visual perception, speech perception, attention and memory etc.), less is known about how people perceive and respond to complex, non-random, acoustic signals found in musical events. Although these topics reside in the domain of music research, this field is a relatively new one, with a history that dates back only about 25 years. Nevertheless, it is now a vibrant and rapidly growing field that draws from multiple disciplines (psychology, psychoacoustics, computer science, music theory, and so forth) to seek answers to questions about how we listen to musical events in our world. It tackles questions about pitch perception in complex patterns, about the role of tonal schemes as well as effects of metrical and rhythmic schemes on musical listening behaviors. It also examines abilities of children and adults to perceive and comprehend dynamic sound patterns. Emotional responses to music are also studied; and overarching all of this are exciting new neuroscience findings concerned with neural responses to musical events.

Music Perception introduces its audience to these and related basic issues concerned with listening to music. It also illustrates how knowledge about music perception may ultimately lead to a broader understanding of conventional concepts regarding perception, attention and memory.

The exponential explosion of diagnostic techniques that is the hallmark of Twentieth Century medicine often makes us forget that the human perceptual senses are still the simplest, most reliable, and most readily available means of recognizing disease and detecting abnormalities in the human body. Improvements in optical telescopes and in glass rod light transmission have enables us to look directly into the human body, and they are indispensable to modern endoscopy. The present monograph is a product of many years of diligent search and tireless work by Professor WOLFGANG DRAF in the field of endoscopy of the parana sal sinuses. Scholastic curiosity, pursuit of academic excellence, and a fervent desire to give patients prompt and lasting relief of symptoms caused by paranasal sinus disease were the author's initial motivations. As time went on and the methodology became more refined, he ventured from the field of endoscopic diagnostic and photographic documentation into the area of endoscopic therapy for selective diseases of maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses. Many of the instruments and most of the optical and photo graphic equipment and accessories have been developed and improved in parallel with the author's professional career; indeed, many of these technical innovations were a product of Professor DRAF'S keen and methodical research.

Close cooperation between those involved in clinical treatment and pathology is imperative in head and neck surgery, as in all surgical fields. The degree of cooperation depends, on the one hand, on the knowledge that the head and neck surgeon has about the possibilities and limits that confront the pathologist, and on the other hand, on the knowledge that the pathologist has about the special problems of head and neck pathology and their management by the surgeon. Within the last 15 years, the knowledge of larynx growths and their treatment has changed rapidly. Parallel to this increase in knowledge, the technical possibilities in histopathology have also increased. For this reason, the authors of this volume present an up-to-date view of the whole scope of the pathology and clinical treatment of larynx tumours.

Since the establishment of magnetic resonance imaging the clinical diagnostic of the head and neck has improved substantially and, therefore, in many cases this technique is used in the first place of radiological diagnosis. The feasibility of non-invasive MR angiography and 3-dimensional reconstruction has enlarged the indication field of MRI. This book presents the meaning of this imaging technique for the diagnosis of diseases in head and neck. Excellent figures show the technicaland diagnostical possibilities of this method, the advantages and limitations of which are explained as well. A comprehensive diagnostic strategy for each diagnostic region is presented. This book is disigned for the use of especially radiologists, ENT specialists and surgeins.

The work on clinical aspects of inner ear deafness started out in 1983/1984 as a general review conceived by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf-und Hals-Chirurgie (German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery) under the presidency of Professor Harald Feldmann, Munster. My task was to sift through the literature available at that time, to record the current status of knowledge, and if appropriate to describe existing new tendencies and potential developments. It was a conscious decision that the subject matter should extend to the entire field of inner ear deafness, though without reproducing too much of the detail given in the reviews already available, such as those by Vosteen (1961) on the biology of the inner ear, Beckmann (1962) on deafness in children, and Lehnhardt (1965) on industrial otopathies. The text contains only brief references to these, followed by more detailed expositions of what has come to light in the interim. In keeping with the broadness of the topic the list of references is extremely long, though we are aware that it is still not absolutely comprehensive. It is intended to give readers interested in specific topics an idea of the literature available and to provide a point of departure for further work. Scientific research is progressing and news insights appearing so fast, however, that the topicality of the material will be limited.

In Videofluorscopic Studies of Speech in Patients with Cleft Palate, Drs. M.L. Skolnick and E.R. Cohn present multiview videofluoroscopy as a technique for the radiological evaluation of speech defects in patients with cleft palate. Dr. Skolnick's invaluable contributions as both the originator and leading authority on the subject are discussed in a concise, clinical fashion. Topics examined include the anatomy and imaging of the velopharyngeal portal; the equipment and techniques of multiview videofluoroscopy; the interpretation of results and various patterns of velopharyngeal closure; Passavant's Ridge and patterns of velopharyngeal closure; normal and abnormal speech production; and the evaluation of test results. This book is the only source which concisely and completely describes the technique and its interpretations for those who need a description of the clinical procedure.

A disease of unknown origin - this is the challenge presented by Meniere's disease and taken up by top clinicians and scientists, members and coworkers of The Vestibular Disorder Research Committee organized by The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. They explore the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Meniere's disease to help physicians faced with treating this intractable ailment. Specialists investigating the etiology of the disease will welcome these reports which clear the picture for future research."

Many books from symposia describe the current status in well established fields of research, where much is known and where the loose ends are only details in the picture. The topic dealt with here does not fall into this pattern. The study of time as a parameter in its own right is difficult, and the loose ends tend to do minate the present picture. Although the book does provide the reader with an overview of the field, its main value is probably to act as a source of "food for thought" for those interested in the function of sense organs and nervous systems as substrates for behaviour. The Introduction is intended to provide the readers of the book with a short guide to the topiCS discussed in the different chapters. The rather detailed Index may help those looking for information on specific topiCS. The Index also explains most of the abbreviations used in the book. The basic idea of the Danavox symposia is to invite a small group of experts to discuss a rather narrow theme in sound communication. The small number of active par tiCipants has the advantage of encouraging intense dis cussions and of avoiding overloading the program. On the other hand, selecting the partiCipants is difficult."

Our common interest in surgery of the vertebral artery was born in 1976, when as residents in the same hospital, we attended an attempt by two senior surgeons to treat an aneurysm of the vertebral artery at the C 3 level. Long discussions had preceded this unsuccessful trial, to decide if surgery was indicated and to choose the surgical route. Finally a direct lateral approach was performed, but access was difficult and correct treatment was impossible, resulting in only partial reduction of the aneurysmal pouch. Following this experience, we decided to seek a regular and well defined approach for exposition of the vertebral artery. Review of the literature indicated some surgical attempts, but the descriptions did not give the impression of safety and reproducibility. No landmark on the described surgical route appeared sufficiently reliable. Henry's anatomical work (1917) gave the only accurate description on vertebral artery anatomy, and it became the basis for our work. When the same patient was referred again one year later, after a new stroke in the vertebro-basilar system, we had behind us repetitive experience on cadavers of an original approach to the distal vertebral artery.

Dear colleagues, Promotion of the development of ENT is one of the most important tasks of IFOS (International Federation of Otorhinolaryngology). Apart from organizing the World Congresses it supports different international and regional meetings, organizes symposiums on well determined subjects, etc. Since the last World Congress in 1981, in addition to the Danube Symposium in 1982 and the Congress of ENT Societies in Asia Oceania in 1983, an international symposium was organized in Antwerp by the Belgian ENT Society on evaluation problems of middle ear surgery. This is a very controversial question on which there is no concensus. During a four-day meeting many anatomical and pathological aspects, operative methods, possibilities of the evaluation of the results with computers, were widely discussed. You will find all the lectures presented in this book. I am convinced that these papers will prove to be a good basis for further discussion and hope that finally we shall achieve an international agreement on the evaluation of our results in middle ear surgery. My thanks go to Professor Marquet for organizing the meeting and for publishing the papers. Professor Dr. L. Surjan President of IFOS 10 WELCOME Dear colleagues and especially dear Professor Marquet, In my function as pro-rector of the University of Antwerp I am very proud of welcoming you to the opening of the International Conference on "The Postoperative Evaluation in Middle Ear Surgery." It gives me the opportunity to stress the importance of this congress and to honour Prof. Marquet."

Several years ago Coleman (1981) reported that in 1979 one of the many in ternational cosmetics companies had an annual sales figure of $2. 38 billion, nearly 1. 25 million sales representatives, and over 700 products, the majority of these being for the face. Cash and Cash (1982) noted that in 1979 U. S. consumers spent over $4 million on cosmetic products. They stated that, "Although this practice would seem to be a fascinating aspect of human be havior on the basis of its generality and resilience, social-behavioral scientists have largely ignored the phenomenon so plainly (or pleasingly) in front of their eyes. " Why should people be so concerned with their facial appearance? Many psychologists have argued (e. g., Kleck & Rubenstein, 1975) not only that facial information is usually the first that is available to the perceiver, but also that it is continuously available during social interaction. Maruyama and Miller (1981) stated that "appearance is often the first dimension upon which a stranger can be evaluated. Since people tend to see others as integrated and consistent units, rather than as collections of situation-specific behaviors, a potent and immediately evident basis for an evaluation, such as physical appearance, should intrude into and affect any overall and subsequent evalua tion."

In planning The Handbook volumes on Audition, we, the editors, made the decision that there should be many authors, each writing about the work in the field that he knew best through his own research, rather than a few authors who would review areas of research with which they lacked first hand familiarity. For the purposes of the chapters on Audition, sensory physiology has been defined very broadly to include studies from the many disciplines that contribute to our understanding of the structures concerned with hearing and the processes that take place in these structures in man and in lower animals. A number of chapters on special topics have been included in order to present information that might not be covered by the usual chapters dealing with anatomical, physi ological and behavioral aspects of hearing. We wish to thank all authors of the volumes on Audition for the contributions that they have made. We feel confident that their efforts will also be appreciated by the many scientists and clinicians who will make use of the Handbook for many years to come. WOLF D. KEIDEL WILLIAM D. NEFF Erlangen Bloomington August 1974 Contents Introduction. By G. v. BEKESY t. With 3 Figures. . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 Consideration of the Acoustic Stimulus. By R. R. PFEIFFER. With Chapter 2 19 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Comparative Anatomy of the Middle Ear. By O. W. HENSON Jr. With Chapter 3 23 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . ."

This book has been assembled from the radiographic and photo graphic records of patients presenting to craniofacial units on four continents over 7 years. It is our purpose to illustrate a wide range of craniofacial deformities with the technique of three-dimensional com puted tomography. Many topics are briefly addressed with descriptive text intended to amplify the accompanying images but not to exclude the need for more comprehensive references as recommended in the reading list of each chapter. The ability to generate three-dimensional radiographic images rep resents a successful integration of computed tomography with com puter graphics. Although this technique remains an electronic substi tute for the study of dry skull specimens, it offers a permanent pictorial record of anatomical structures with the opportunity for fu ture interactive data manipulation. It is hoped, therefore, that this work will assist others to gain a more complete understanding of disorders of the craniofacial region. We encourage other surgeons and investigators to examine and employ the techniques used to gather these images but also to ensure that standardized scanning regimens are adapted. The importance of data collection within its full anatomical context was borne out with many of our early studies, which were limited owing to computational con straints. Often an image requirement for surgical intervention is much less than an image necessary for strict scientific inquiry."

Endoscopic Techniques in Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery comprehensively addresses both the aesthetic and reconstructive aspects of endoscopic surgery as applied to plastic surgery. The editors, renowned pioneers of these techniques, have assembled a group of distinguished contributors to present, step-by-step, the operative strategies for incorporation of endoscopic procedures to the armamentarium of the practicing plastic surgeon. The procedures are precisely and exquisitely rendered by 721 illustrations, including over 300 full color endoscopic views and operative photographs. This book is the essential, definitive source for mastery of these state-of-the-art techniques.

This book is based largely upon a series of articles which originally appeared in Update. The purpose of the series was to give medical practitioners an insight into dental and oral disease. The diagnosis of oral disease is not a subject which receives particular emphasis in most medical curricula and it is almost com pletely absent from many. Postgraduate courses in this field are not generally available to medical practitioners. The prevention and early detection of dental and oral disease can be a very positive contribution to the health of our patients. The dental profession sees only about half the population on a regular basis, though it has been shown that over 99 per cent of the population will suffer from oral disease at some time. This places the burden of responsibility on the shoulders of the medical practitioner. There are many diseases which originate in and are peculiar to the oral cavity. Many systemic diseases have their early visible manifestations in this area. The early detection and identification of disease and deformity of the oral cavity is an important part of diagnosis in the field of general medicine. The book is designed to present basic knowledge about the diseases found in the mouth, which will aid in their early recognition, prompt referral and treatment."

The need for better implant materials was a stimulus for the increa sing knowledge of Biomaterial Scientists. Different surgical disciplines were very successful in the use of prostheses, especially because they based their surgery on a good cooperation with fundamental scientists. The use of alloplastic implant materials in the reconstruction of the middle ear has not always been successful. We all know the initial suc cess in the sixties and the disappointments after short term follow-up periods. Because of these failures, Otology missed contact with the new developments in Biomaterial Science. However, we must realize that in the reconstruction of a sound conducting system our most successful results are achieved with alloplastic implants. John Shea introduced the use of Teflonprostheses in the restoration of hearing in otosclerosis and ever since this has been the most rewarding reconstructive middle ear opera tion. With the development of the intact canal wall techniques and the use of homologous implant materials the problems of middle ear surgery see med to be solved. However, we now know that closed techniques have dis advantages after longer post-operative periods and the use of homologous implant materials give problems. Collection of these implants is not al ways easy and the preservation is still in discussion. Furthermore, pro blems of resorption, rejection or fixation give uncertain post-operative results. Middle ear prostheses of different new implant materials are promoted by industry and good results are published, but also disappointments after shorter or longer periods."

A brilliant collection of colour pictures, augmented by appropriate discussion, describing both common and unusual afflictions. Sections on clinical manifestations, histologic findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment, complemented by significant references, have been written by selected authorities in the field. Dermatologists, dentists, and even primary care physicians will find this an indispensable volume in their practices.

This volume describes a new direction in technological and biomedical developments for profoundly deaf individuals. The first section covers topics of tissue characteristics, such as responses to electrical stimulation and computer modelling of cochlea currents. Perception of acoustic signals, responses and behavioral pattern as well as psychophysical aspects are treated in the second part. Part III is addressed to perspectives and challenges of encoding schemes. Reports on studies of acoustic and electrical encoding of temporal information, speech features with cochlear implants as well as psychophysical and speech perceptual studies will allow further strategies for cochlea implants.

Here, one of the most respected otoplasty surgeons has written the definitive book on the latest techniques. Jack Davis brings the plastic surgeon and the otolaryngologist up to date with the newest concepts and methods for reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery of the ear. The volume contains such hot topics as secondary otoplasty, "eplasty", "sandwich" methods, radical auriculoplasty and stereotaxic surgery, but also covers histogenesis and growth of cartilage, auricular functional properties and embryology of the external ear. With the authors own beautiful drawings and preceded by a foreword by Dr. Blair Rogers, Otoplasty: Aesthetic and Reconstructive Techniques will undoubtedly fill an important niche in the market.

As the population in the U.S. becomes more diverse, healthcare professionals have a responsibility to adapt their services to meet the needs of the diverse populations they serve. However, many providers lack access to the appropriate resources to provide high quality care to their Spanish-speaking patients. Audiology Services in Diverse Communities is a professional resource designed to decrease language barriers, improve patient-clinician interactions, and create more culturally competent hearing services. Written by a clinician for clinicians working on daily basis with minority communities experiencing existing systemic barriers, this unique text begins with an overview of cultural competence and the barriers that exist in Audiology services. The next section provides an evidence-based, cross-cultural approach to addressing some of those barriers and generating a discussion of what professionals can do in their own clinical settings. The final, and largest, section of the text is a language tool presented in both English and Spanish to aid clinicians as they communicate and work with Spanish-speaking patients. Key Features The only book that provides clinicians with a compilation of resources, in English and Spanish, ready to use in clinic More than 25 resources such as clinical history forms, test instructions, standardized questionnaires, self-assessment tools available in English and Spanish to help clinicians provide with language concordance during clinical encounters. Evidence-based ideas that can help clinicians assess, develop, implement, and monitor cultural-competent services A unique format that allows clinicians to visualize English resources on the left side and Spanish resources on the right-side, facilitating communication between patient and clinician

The sellar region and paranasal sinuses constitute the anatomical sections of the skull base in which pathological entities warrant interdisciplinary management. Processes originating in the paranasal sinuses can reach and involve the skull base in and around the sella, sometimes not respecting the natural dural boundary. On the other hand, lesions involving the sellar block, such as pituitary adenomas and meningiomas, can also extend downwards into the paranasal sinuses. The orbit and cavernous sinus may be subject to involvement and infiltration by both paranasal and sellar pathology. The advancement and new achievements of modern diagnostic procedures, such as high-resolution CT, three-dimensional reconstruc tion, MRI, and MRI angiography, as well as the detailed selective angiographic protocols and endovascular techniques, have increased the possibilities for surgical management of this type of pathology with extra- and intracranial involvement. Long-standing and intense inter disciplinary work has led to sophisticated operative approaches which for benign tumors allow total excision with preservation of structures and function, and for some malignant lesions permit an en bloc resec tion via a combined intracranial-extracranial approach. This volume reflects the work and scientific exchange which took place during the IV International Congress of the Skull Base Study Group, held in Hanover. Leading authorities in the basic sciences including anatomy joined with diagnosticians, clinicians, and surgeons from different fields to evaluate the state of the art of this topic in skull base surgery."

For more than three decades the methods for assessing cell pro liferation have been largely the preserve of experimental biologists, and in their hands such techniques have contributed greatly to our understanding of the dynamic organisation of normal and patho logical tissues. In recent years, with the advent of novel method ologies, there has been increased interest among both pathologists and clinicians, particularly oncologists and others interested in neoplasia, in assessing cell proliferation. This interest has been stimulated by the possibility that indices of cell proliferation may have direct clinical relevance, for example in being useful predictors of outcome in patients with certain forms of malignancy. In addi tion, interest in assessing cell proliferation has been fuelled by the tremendous advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of cell proliferation and their deregulation in pathological processes. Consequently, the time is ripe for a monograph critically reviewing the available methods for assessing cell proliferation, their potential and their problems. We have been particularly concerned to present a balanced view of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods currently available for assessing cell proliferation. The assessment of cell proliferation often requires some familiarity with mathematical methods, but in this book we have attempted to keep detailed mathematical analyses to a minimum. We have asked exponents of each of the well-recognised methods to critically review the tech niques and the ways in which they may be applied to clinical mate rial."

Acquired aural cholesteatoma poses a unique procedural dilemma with regard to pathogenetic research and theory building. Because cholesteatoma spontane ously occurs only in the poorly pneumatized human ear, its pathogenesis is specific to humans. Nonetheless, because of the ethical questions surrounding human experimentation, pathogenetic study has almost exclusively involved nonhuman subjects. Indeed, attempts have failed in almost all animal expe riments except with the gerbil, and even here experimental designs have been improbable compared with human cholesteatoma. Cholesteatoma in the gerbil is useful, therefore, only for the study of pathology and not for human pathogenesis. I hold that the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma will be understood by studying the cholesteatomatous ear, that is, the malpneumatized ear of the human. The anatomical difference between the normal and malpneumatized ear is a probable cause of cholesteatoma. This difference may be found clinically in facial nerve decompression and cholesteatoma surgery, as, for example, facial nerve palsy occurs usually in the normal, well-pneumatized ear. Of course, conventional animal experimentation will not confirm this clinical difference since there is no ideal animal model for the poorly pneumatized human ear. Present surgical techniques for cholesteatoma vary greatly according to indi vidual otosurgeon's opinion. The most extreme difference of opinion is focused on whether to remove the external ear canal wall. Normally, the best option would be not to remove the canal wall if cholesteatoma recurrence can be prevented. Simply put, recurrence of cholesteatoma comes about when its cause has not been removed during primary surgery."

At the age of four, Jaipreet Virdi's world went silent. A severe case of meningitis left her alive but deaf, suddenly treated differently by everyone. Her deafness downplayed by society and doctors, she struggled to "pass" as hearing for most of her life. Countless cures, treatments, and technologies led to dead ends. Never quite deaf enough for the Deaf community or quite hearing enough for the "normal" majority, Virdi was stuck in aural limbo for years. It wasn't until her thirties, exasperated by problems with new digital hearing aids, that she began to actively assert her deafness and reexamine society's--and her own--perception of life as a deaf person in America. Through lyrical history and personal memoir, Hearing Happiness raises pivotal questions about deafness in American society and the endless quest for a cure. Taking us from the 1860s up to the present, Virdi combs archives and museums in order to understand the long history of curious cures: hearing trumpets, violet-ray apparatuses, pneumomassages, electrotherapy machines, airplane diving, bloodletting, skull hammering, and many more. Hundreds of procedures and products have promised grand miracles but always failed to deliver--a legacy that is still present in contemporary biomedicine. Weaving Virdi's own experiences together with her exploration into the fascinating history of deafness cures, Hearing Happiness is a powerful story that America needs to hear.

Contemporary laryngology had its beginnings near the close of the 19th century and is probably best exemplified in the work of Morel McKenzie and of Czermak. Subsequent to their pioneering efforts, another surge of interest could be said to have centered about the efforts of the Chevalier Jacksons in the 1920's. After those bold steps, and for almost 40 years, research in laryngology and interest in laryngology continued, but at considerably and increasingly less intense levels, certainly so far as the otolaryngologist population was concerned. In the 1940's Julius Lempert sparked a renaissance in otologic research, deVelopment, and surgery, and exciting new frontiers opened in otology. In our own time, otology remains a large basic and fundamental segment of the otolaryngologic purview, but the flood of new discoveries which followed Lempert, like those which had followed the Jacksons in the 1920's in laryngology, appears to have diminished. When the authors of this publication made acquaintance in the late 1960's, there were approximately 10 centers in the United States for laryngologic research which could be truly designated as voice research facilities. The senior author was at that time instrumental in formulating the major criteria for laboratories to be so designated. In the early 1980's interest in laryngology has revived. At a recent meeting it was possible to list over 40 such laboratories which now were known to the authors over a broad geographic sweep, covering the entire United States.