This bibliography on the procurement and exploitation of chert resouces during prehistory does not aim to be exhaustive, although it is certainly extensive, but it intends to offer a broad range of publications for specialists from a variety of fields. Following an introductory discussion of lithic raw material procurement, the bibliography is divided into geological and archaeological studies. The publications listed are mainly in English but include others in European languages and encompass the years 1870 to 2001. Includes a chronological index.

In addressing the question of whether economically specialised sites had specialised lithic technologies, Elefanti draws on evidence from three broadly contemporary sites in north-west and southern Greece. Defining Klithi as a seasonally-occupied and possibly specialised site and Kastrista and Franchthi as sites with access to a diverse range of resources and more favourable conditions for longterm occupation, lithic evidence from the three is reassessed and compared. The theoretical and methodological premises of the research are clearly laid out and Elefanti concludes by stating that either Klithi is not truly representative of a specialised site, or there are no discernible differences in lithic technology between the two site types.

This volume, another in the series publishing the acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress held at the University of Liege in 2001, comprises twenty-two papers on human occupation and industry during the Lower Palaeolithic. Sections examine new evidence for lithic industry across southern and western Europe, Palaeolithic habitats, and human and Neanderthal remains. The majority of papers are in French, all have English and French abstracts.

This selection of papers from the XIVth UISPP Congress held at the University of Liege in 2001 comprises eleven contributions from the field of archaeometry. Mainly comprising case studies, the papers examine lithic, copper and ceramic technology and evidence from sites in France, Argentina, Spain, Carpathia, Portugal, Italy and the Mediterranean. The emphasis is on the Palaeolithic with contributions on both modern human and Neanderthal technology and their use of raw resources. Papers in English and French; all have abstracts in both languages.

This volume forms a review of the maritime archaeology and topography of the Aeolian islands, located off Sicily at the centre of the south Tyrrhenian Sea, from the prehistoric to Roman period. The background to historical and archaeological surveys around the Aeolian islands is presented ahead of detailed discussions of ancient navigation and marine-meteorological conditions, as well as reviews of literary and archaeological evidence. New data on maritime topography including wrecks, cargoes, anchorages, ancient coast lines and sites relating to shipping, is also discussed. Although islands are often regarded as rather backward and, by definition, insular places, the concluding assessment of the evidence from the Neolithic to late Roman period, demonstrates the degree of extra-island contact, interaction and overall influence of other regions on these islands through increased trade and exchange.

Bronzeworking was an important industry in the late Bronze Age Aegean and this thesis draws on a large database of material related to Late Minoan bronze objects, raw materials, evidence for workshops and so on. Lena Hakulin not only presents an overview of the bronzeworking industry on Late Minoan Crete but she also tackles some of the fundamental questions associated with identifying the sources used, where the skills and technology originated and how they developed, and seeks to account for changes in object types, find contexts, technology and copper sources over time. The text is short (36 pages) with much of the volume taken up by appendices presenting tables of data.

Based on the author's thesis, this study examines the processes and chronology of the early human dispersal Out of Africa' to the Old World. Immersing himself in the debate surrounding early human occupation outside of Africa, Marco Langbroek begins by assessing and critiquing claims for the early occupation of Eurasia before 1.4MA, and from 1.4-0.5MA, looking at dating evidence, sites, artefacts and fossil finds. By developing a colonisation model which builds a framework for analysing the evolution of hominin capacities', he suggests an initial occupation of Eurasia c.1.3MA.

These seventeen essays are written in honour of Lorraine Copeland which reflect her interest in the prehistory of the Near East and her belief that river sediments were the key to providing a preliminary chronological framework for lithic industries' during the Palaeolithic and Neolithic. The majority of the papers, which all begin with French and English abstracts, focus on archaeological investigations, lithic assemblages and environmental remains from specific sites and areas, including the north Levantine rift valley, El Meirah and El Kowm in Syria, neanderthal burials in the Dederiyeh cave in Syria, Mureybet, the Kahabur basin and Tell Sabi Abyad. Other contributors discuss more general themes such as the idea of frontiers and territories, the transition from the Epipalaeolithic to the Neolithic and the Palaeolithic of the Euphrates Valley in Syria. The papers are supported by numerous illustrations and tables of data. Ten papers in French, seven in English.

This technical study of biological population affinities amongst Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age humn skeletal examples' is based on the author's analysis of 686 samples from eight sites in Cyprus, Greece and Syria. Parras focused on age, sex and non-metric traits from the dentition, crania and post-crania.

These fifteen papers originated at the Origins of LBK symposium held at the 8th Meeting of the EAA in Thessaloniki in Greece in 2002. Their aim is to summarise recent developments in research and fieldwork in order to encourage debate surrounding the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in eastern Europe. The contributions are divided into three sections which look at theoretical approaches to the LBK, problems of chronology and defining characteristics of the LBK, and life and times in the early LBK. This last section includes papers on zooarchaeology, landscape and settlements, the bone industry and symbolic objects. The papers cover evidence from across central and eastern Europe including the Balkans, Slovakia, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, and include case studies and synthetic discussions.

Early humans did not simply drift northward from their African origins as their abilities to cope with cooler climates evolved. The initial settlement of places like Europe and northern Asia, as well as the later movement into the Arctic and the Americas, actually occurred in relatively rapid bursts of expansion. A Prehistory of the North is the first full-length study to tell the complex story, spanning almost two million years, of how humans inhabited some of the coldest places on earth. In an account rich with illustrations, John Hoffecker traces the history of anatomical adaptations, diet modifications, and technological developments, such as clothing and shelter, that allowed humans the continued ability to push the boundaries of their frontier. The book concludes by showing how in the last few thousand years, peoples living in the circumpolar zone--with the exception of western and central Siberia--developed a thriving maritime economy. Written in no technical language, A Prehistory of the North provides compelling new insights and valuable information for professionals and students.

A session held at the TAG conference in Cardiff in 1999 sought to steer Mesolithic debates away from traditional lithic approaches and instead considered social aspects of Mesolithic life. The seventeen papers given here, many of which are from that conference, discuss a wide range of subjects: the people behind the lithics', interaction with the landscape, with animals, food and subsistence, body ornament and burial practices, settlement, violence and death, revisiting Star Carr. Contributors are: Marek Zvelebil, Peter Jordan, Lynne Bevan, Biddy Simpson, Jenny Moore, Malcolm Lillie, Richard Chatterton, C Richards, R J Schulting, Christophe Cupillard, George Nash, I J N Thorpe, Rebekah Judeh .

The people behind the pots' are never far away from these thirteen papers which cover many aspects of the use and manufacture of prehistoric pottery. The papers, which are all in English, form the proceedings of a conference jointly organised by the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group and the Ceramics Petrology Group, held in Bradford in 2002. Subjects include: the introduction of pottery in the Somerset Levels during the early Neolithic; the use of ceramics in the Upper Palaeolithic; the potential role of ceramics for recognising evidence for the exploitation of fish; the use of pottery in Dutch Hunebedden; the technological evidence for continuity and change in the late Neolithic in southern France; Proto-Common Ware from Pompeii; Iron Age pottery from Little Paxton near Bedford; the provenance of prehistoric pottery in the East Midlands; new pots or new people? La Tene pottery from Celtic Germany; late prehistoric material from Iberia; organic residues in storage vessels from the Toumba Thessalonikis; new dates for Scottish Bronze Age cinerary urns.

The question of whether a Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition took place is reassessed here based on recent finds. Evidence from seven sites is presented and compared using statistical methods. A technological analysis of reduction strategies and the major tool types in the assemblages supports the idea of changes in Middle to Upper Palaeolthic technologies. This therefore adds weight to the argument for a transitional phenomemon in northern Israel.

These seven papers from a session held at the XIVth UISSP congress held in Liege in 2001, focus on the little-studied subject of water management on the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age taking case studies from across Europe and the Near East. The contributors define water as an appropriate category for study within prehistoric societies drawing on a range of archaeological, historical, geographical, cultural and ethnographic sources. The case studies cover a broad range of subjects including engineering and water management schemes, the construction of dams and dykes, methods of drawing water, cultural interaction and communication facilitated by water, anthropological models and the impact of the intensified exploitation of water.

The recognition and concomitant study of discoid flaking procedures in Early and Middle European Palaeolithic lithic assemblages, is at a very early stage. This volume contains fifteen studies which present new data and research from sites in France, Spain, Italy, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The contributors seek to add clarity to the definition of this flaking method and to study variability in techno-morphological features, and in the use and procurement of raw materials. Papers in French and English; abstracts in English, French and Italian.

Based on the author's thesis, this study presents a series of period-based reconstructions of the occupation and exploitation of the Wolds in East Yorkshire from the late Bronze Age to the early medieval period. Tracing the transformation and re-orientation of the landscape during this long time-frame, Fenton-Thomas reveals a cyclical pattern of change primarily concerned with an increase in land division and an expansion of settlement from the Wold edge to the interior alongside or due to shifts in land-use practices and social change.

An examination of later Mesolithic fishing strategies based primarily on indirect evidence and conjecture. Archaeological evidence from coastal sites and shell middens for example is considered alongside ethnographic parallels and modern fishing practices. Indirect evidence for the exploitation of fish and other marine resources include possible traps, bait, hooks, boats and dugouts, and much broader processes of sea level change, the impact of the introduction of farming, settlement and dietary change are also considered.

In the last twenty years historians and social scientists have seen a veritable explosion of research into food and its consumption and social context. And yet archaeology has been slow to catch on. This is all the more surprising since the 'bread and butter' of archaeology are the residues of food preparation and consumption - animal bones, pottery and other containers, cooking places and other technologies of preparation, plant remains (micro and macro), landscapes and settlements, grave goods, etc., etc. This volume of papers arises out of a conference held in Sheffield in 1999, organised jointly by The Prehistoric Society and the Sheffield University Archaeology Society, on 'Food, Identity and Culture in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age'. The aim was to bring together the different archaeological interests - from archaeological science and humanities perspectives - in food as cultural artefact/ecofact, to examine the potential of the new and developing scientific techniques for reconstructing prehistoric food habits, and to foster an integrated approach to the archaeology of food regardless of different researchers' specialisms.The 12 papers in this volume include: (1) Food, culture and identity: an introduction and overview; (2) Explaining the dietary isotope evidence for the rapid adoption of the Neolithic in Britain; (3) In the kinship of cows: the social centrality of cattle in the earlier Neolithic of southern Britain; (4) Animals into ancestors: domestication, food and identity in Late Neolithic Orkney; (5) Early Neolithic diets: evidence from pathology and dental wear; (6) The use of dental microwear to infer diet and subsistence patterns in past human populations; (7) You are where you ate: isotopic analysis in the reconstruction of prehistoric residency; (8) Diet and culture in southern Britain: the evidence from Yarnton; (9) Dairying, dairy products and milk residues: potential studies in European prehistory; (10) Neolithic and Early Bronze Age 'food' from northern Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence; (11) Changing paradigms: food as a metaphor for cultural identity among prehistoric fisher-gatherer-hunter communities of northern Europe; (12) Mead, chiefs and feasts in later prehistoric Europe.

In accordance with European Science Foundation regulations, Exploratory Workshops with a maximum of 20 participants were designed to encourage researchers from across Europe to put forward innovative and creative ideas in European research. The workshop 'Lower Palaeolithic small tools in Europe and the Levant' was accordingly held in Liege (Belgium) between September 3 - 7, 2001 (in cooperation with the XIVth Congress of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences). Since the famous 1960s' excavations in Vertesszolos (Hungary), Lower Palaeolithic assemblages of very small tools have been known in Europe and referred to as microlithic assemblages. They were so different from the known European Lower Palaeolithic assemblages, that the Hungarian archaeologist L. Vertes introduced the new generic name 'Buda Industry', and sparked a wider interest in this whole area of study. This volume (bringing together the current knowledge on a topic that includes the oldest hunting weapons known in the world: the Schoningen (Lower Saxony, Germany) wooden spears) includes the 15 papers that were prepared for the Workshop.Taking the main theme of the Workshop (the comparative technological and stylistic analysis of small tool assemblages in Europe and Asia) as a starting point, the 15 papers presented here (ordered spatially from west to east and temporally from the Lower to the Middle Palaeolithic: c. 1000 - 300 kyr BP), as well as discussing the "Buda Industry", also extend to cover such areas of interest as the "Lower Palaeolithic Microlithic Tradition", the "Colombanian", the "Archaic Industries" or "Taubachian", etc: (1) Lower Palaeolithic Sites at Schoningen, Lower Saxony; (2) Bilzingsleben - Homo erectus, his culture and his environment; (3) The small flint tool industry from Bilzingsleben - Steinrinne; (4) Lower Palaeolithic sites with small artefacts in Poland; (5) A new Lower Palaeolithic site with a small toolset at Raeinives (Central Bohemia); (6) Changing environment - unchanged culture at Vertesszolos, Hungary; (7) The small tools of Evron-Quarry, western Galilee, Israel; (8) The use of raw material at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Bizat Ruhama, Israel; (9) Small instruments of the Lower Palaeolithic site Kuldara and their geoarchaeological meaning; (10) The role of raw material in explaining tool assemblage variability in Palaeolithic China; (11) Some Observations on Microlithic Assemblages in Central Europe during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Kulna and Pooedmosti II (Czech Republic); (12) The Taubachian, a Middle Palaeolithic Small Tool Industry in the Czech Republic and Slovakia; (13) The Middle Palaeolithic Microlithic Assemblage from Wroc3 aw,Southwest Poland; (14) Palaeolithic micro-industries: value and significance; (15) Research problems of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic small tool assemblages.

Subsistence practices are frequently argued to have been important factors in the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition, although all too often very little systematic research has provided any empirical data on which to base such arguments. The research on which this volume is based analysed archaeobotanical evidence retrieved from five sites in Macedonia and Thrace covering the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age period. Valamoti aims to provide a better understanding of the nature of settlements, settlement expansion and the development of hierarchies during this period through the interrogation of plant remains. In so doing, she provides valuable insights into aspects of land use, plant exploitation (wild versus cultivated), husbandry methods, seasonality, grazing patterns, animal feeding and so on and is able to make some preliminary arguments for the role of agricultural practices in socio-economic organisation and settlement patterns, leading the way for future research.

This detailed study of the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Britain and Ireland examines evidence related to changes in social behaviour. Martin King discusses economic and subsistence data, burial practices, mobility, social order, construction, land clearance and the deposition of artefacts, interpreting this material evidence in social terms. This study concludes that the Mesolithic and Neolithic should be seen as one long-term trend where differences have previously been overplayed in an attempt to bring the Neolithic into line with a more recognisable modern world. Importantly, his approach allows for the identification of human social behaviour which may have no parallels in the modern world.

Offering a fresh archaeological interpretation, this work reconceptualizes the Bronze Age prehistory of the vast Eurasian steppe during one of the most formative and innovative periods of human history. Michael D. Frachetti combines an analysis of newly documented archaeological sites in the Koksu River valley of eastern Kazakhstan with detailed paleoecological and ethnohistorical data to illustrate patterns in land use, settlement, burial, and rock art. His investigation illuminates the practical effect of nomadic strategies on the broader geography of social interaction and suggests a new model of local and regional interconnection in the third and second millennia B.C.E. Frachetti further argues that these early nomadic communities played a pivotal role in shaping enduring networks of exchange across Eurasia.

The objective of this monograph is to elucidate the nature of the health, diet and lifestyles of the two Iron Age populations buried at the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg, Tuva, south Siberia, through an osteological and palaeopathological examination of their skeletal remains. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted which saw the integration of archaeological, documentary, and environmental evidence with the data derived from the skeletal analysis. During this work a rich array of traumatic lesions were identified among the remains, injuries which shed light on the everyday activities, occupations and warfare practices of the two population groups. This study provides an in-depth account of the palaeopathological evidence for trauma, placing it in its archaeological context. Additional data is presented in appendices.

Wet, wooded and largely unattractive is how some have characterised the northern Midlands in the Bronze Age. In this thesis, David Mullin undertakes an archaeological investigation of the ill-studied regions of Cheshire, northern Shropshire and northern Staffordshire. Despite the paucity of work carried out to investigate the prehistory of the area, Mullin pieces together evidence for Bronze Age burials, lithics, settlements, the exploitation of the landscape, metalwork and metal production. He argues for the importance of social networks, memory and attachments to the landscape in the Bronze Age and highlights the potential of the area for more thorough archaeological research.