This study examines the relationship between the Mycenaean palatial administration and the relgious sector, asking whether the religious sector should be considered as a subsidiary part of the central administration, or with, in fact it had its own power and economic independence. The study reassesses linear B tablets, particularly those related to land-holding to reconstruct he economic activities of the sanctuaries and their religious personnel, showing them to have been involved in agriculture, animal husbandry, textile manufacture and bronze working, interacting with the palatial administration in much the same way as the secular collectors.

The identification of the occurence and results of warfare in the archaeological records of prehistoric societies has always been fraught with difficulties. This study investigates this prickly area through the development of a series of correlates, resulting in testable models which can be applied to the archaeological record. Correlates include causal correlates, such as climatic deterioration, or demographic rise; preparatory correlates, such as appearance of fortifications or proliferation of weaponry; functional correlates, such as burned sitesor unburied bodies/weapons trauma; and relative correlates, such as change in subsistence or trading practice. It is based on three case studies - the Middle Thames Region in the Later Bronze Age, Gallica Belgica, and the Salt River Area, Arizona, c.1250-c.1450 AD.

Five papers from the session 'The Aegean Bronze Age in Relation to the Wider European Context' presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists, Cork, 5-11 September 2005. Contents: 1) Late Bronze Age Aegean Trade Routes in the Western Mediterranean (Andrea Vianello); 2) From Diffusion to Interaction: Connections between the Nordic Area and Valcamonica during the First Millennium (Li Winter); 3) On the Alleged Connection between the Early Greek Galley and the Watercraft of Nordic Rock Art (Michael Wedde); 4) Warfare and Religion in the Bronze Age (Helene Whittaker); 5) Perspectives on the 'Bronze Age' (Gullog Nordquist)."

This book looks at the 942 artifacts of foreign origin - from Anatolia, Cyprus, Egypt, Italy, Mesopotamia, and Syro-Palestine - which have been found in the late Bronze Age Aegean area. These objects represent the only group of material in the LBA Aegean that has not disintegrated or disappeared, and as such are unique in providing information about the complex trade networks of the period. Begining with a discussion of trade and transactions in the LBA, Cline then examines the literary and pictorial evidence for international trade and presents a full catalogue of objects with description, origin, and bibliographic references. Three appendices include information on raw materials, problematic objects, and disputed contexts. This information provides a useful database for those studying Aegean and Mediterranean trade.

This book was originally published in 1984. For over a million years rocks provided human beings with the essential raw materials for the production of tools. Nevertheless we still know very little about the behaviour and processes that resulted in the creation of archaeological sites at or near lithic quarries. In the past archaeologists have placed much emphasis on the process of 'exchange' in their analysis of prehistoric economies while largely ignoring the sources of the exchanged objects. However, with the development of interest in the means of production, these sites have begun to take on a new significance. Prehistoric Quarries and Lithic Production is the first systematic study of archaeological sites that served as quarries for stone tools. Its theoretical and methodological importance will extend its appeal beyond those archaeologists concerned with lithic technology and prehistoric exchange systems to archaeologists and anthropologists in general and to geographers and geologists.

Pampa Grande, the largest and most powerful city of the Mochica (Moche) culture on the north coast of Peru, was built, inhabited, and abandoned during the period A.D. 550-700. It is extremely important archaeologically as one of the few pre-Hispanic cities in South America for which there are enough reliable data to reconstruct a model of pre-Hispanic urbanism. This book presents a "biography" of Pampa Grande that offers a reconstruction not only of the site itself but also of the sociocultural and economic environment in which it was built and abandoned. Izumi Shimada argues that Pampa Grande was established rapidly and without outside influence at a strategic position at the neck of the Lambayeque Valley that gave it control over intervalley canals and their agricultural potential and allowed it to gain political dominance over local populations. Study of the site itself leads him to posit a large resident population made up of transplanted Mochica and local non-Mochica groups with a social hierarchy of at least three tiers.

9 papers from the session on Mesolithic/Neolithic Interactions in the Balkans and in the Middle Danube Basin held at the 15th UISPP Congress in Lisbon in September 2006. Contents: 1) Mesolithic/Neolithic interactions in the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin: an introduction (Marek Nowak); 2) The chipped stone assemblages of Mentese and the problem of the earliest occupation of Marmara region (Ivan Gatsov, Petranka Nedelcheva); 3) Late Mesolithic of Serbia and Montenegro (Duan Mihailoviae); 4) Mesolithic-Neolithic interactions in the Danube Gorges (Duan Boric); 5) Palaeogeographical background of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlement in the Carpathian Basin (Pal Suemegi); 6) Mesolithic foragers and the spread of agriculture in Western Hungary by (Eszter Banffy, William J. Eichmann, Tibor Marton); 7) Early Neolithic raw material economies in the Carpathian Basin (Katalin T. Biro); 8) Neolithisation of the upper Tisza basin (Janusz K. Kozlowski, Marek Nowak); 9) Problems in reading MesolithicNeolithic relations in South-Eastern Europe (Janusz K. Kozlowski, Marek Nowak)."

This study reinterprets the evidence from the well-known site of Kato Zakro in eastern Crete in the light of Darwinian evolutionary theory. Judith Reid employs a bottom-up approach linking the material evidence to its environmental setting and examining strategies of adaptation. In conclusion the politics, religion and economics of Kato Zakro are all explained in terms of the region's pastoralism.

Fourteen papers, in English or French, describing Palaeolithic sites and discoveries and regional surveys in south east Europe.

Ten papers assess the state of archaeological research in India in the twenty-first century. Topics include an overview of prehistoric research; essays on the Acheulian and Mesolithic cultures of West Bengal; food production in the Neolithic Ganga valley; an experimental approach to tool manufacture from quartz nodules; ancient brass working techniques; the recovery of a middle pleistocene child's skull; and a final assessment of the future of prehistoric archaeology in India.

In perhaps as few as one hundred years, the Inka Empire became the largest state ever formed by a native people anywhere in the Americas, dominating the western coast of South America by the early sixteenth century. Because the Inkas had no system of writing, it was left to Spanish and semi-indigenous authors to record the details of the religious rituals that the Inkas believed were vital for consolidating their conquests. Synthesizing these arresting accounts that span three centuries, Thomas Besom presents a wealth of descriptive data on the Inka practices of human sacrifice and mountain worship, supplemented by archaeological evidence.

Of Summits and Sacrifice offers insight into the symbolic connections between landscape and life that underlay Inka religious beliefs. In vivid prose, Besom links significant details, ranging from the reasons for cyclical sacrificial rites to the varieties of mountain deities, producing a uniquely powerful cultural history.

Papers from the Flint Mining in Prehistoric Europe session held at European Association of Archaeologists 12th Annual Meeting Cracow, Poland, 19th-24th September 2006. Contents: 1) Flint extraction and processing from secondary flint deposits in the north-east of Scotland in the Neolithic period (Alan Saville); 2) Flint working at the early linearbandkeramik settlement of Geleen-Janskamperveld (Marjorie E. Th. de Grooth); 3) An economy of surplus production in the early Neolithic of Hesbaye (Belgium): Bandkeramik blade debitage at Verlaine 'Petit Paradis' (Pierre Allard, Laurence Burnez-Lanotte); 4) The prehistoric flint mining complex at Spiennes (Belgium) on the occasion of its discovery 140 years ago (Helene Collet, Anne Hauzeur, Jacek Lech); 5) A new flint mine at Flins-sur-Seine/ Aubergenville (Yvelines, France) (Francoise Bostyn, Francois Giligny, Adrienne Lo Carmine); 6) The Krzemionki flint mines latest underground research 2001-2004 (Jerzy Babel); 7) Open-cast flint mining, long blade production and long distance exchange: an example from Bulgaria (Laurence Manolakakis); 8) Flint mining in early Neolithic Iberia: a preliminary report on 'Casa Montero' (Madrid, Spain) (Marta Capote, Nuria Castaneda, Susana Consuegra,Cristina Criado, Pedro Diaz-del-Rio); 9) Intensive extraction of non-metallic minerals during the early protohistory in the northern half of Europe (Yoann Gauvry); 10) Ideology and influences behind the Neolithic flint mines of the Southern Britain (Paul Wheeler).

These essays, from a session of the 15th uispp congress, investigate the ways in which prehistoric rock art interacted with the landscape to define symbolic space. The authors look at how the study of rock art can help to define prehistoric cultures and territories, as well as to symbolicaly demarcate space both in the context of a broad landscape and in, for example, an individual cave. Essays in French and English.

Collaboration by the universities of Sheffield and Kalmar and Stockholm in Sweden led to two conferences being held. The second, held at Sheffield in 2006, sought collaboration and the sharing of information on archaeological data and theoretical thought on material culture diversity in the third millennium BC. Nineteen papers are presented in this volume arranged under three headings: material culture diversity in the Baltic; British Beaker burials and the Beaker People Project; Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Riverside Project. General overviews and wide-ranging discussions are joined by results from particular field orr laboratory projects.

This study presents the material assemblage of the Neolithic and Early Helladic strata from the excavations at Ayios Dhimitrios, ancient Triphylia in the SW Peloponnese, Greece. The data is used to compare the culture of Ayios Demetrios with the northern Peloponnese, and show that it was not left outside the cultural evolution of the northern areas, but was involved in and contributed to this evolution.

Archaeological investigations in response to the expansion of Pode Hole sand and gravel quarry (Cambridgeshire, east England), exposed a well-preserved prehistoric Fen-edge landscape covering an area of approximately 24 hectares. Pottery dates and a series of radiocarbon determinations reveal that the site was occupied throughout the second millennium BC, with activity apparently intensifying later in that period. A substantial assemblage of locally made Bronze Age pottery and other artefacts was gathered during the excavations.

13 papers which focus on the interaction between all aspects of pastoralism and agriculture in the southern Levant, from the Bronze Age to the present. They make the point that agriculture, pastoralism, trade, exchange and other forms of subsistence were all pursued with the same communities, and that the often assumed divide between settled 'sowers' and nomads is largely illusory.

Papers from a symposium held in May 2006 in Rome on the Italian Late Glacial. Contents: 1) Lineamenti della vegetazione tardoglaciale in Italia peninsulare e in Sicilia (Donatella Magri); 2) L'uso degli isotopi nella ricostruzione delle migrazioni delle faune nel Tardiglaciale (Maura Pellegrini, Randolph E. Donahue, Julia Lee-Thorp, Jane Evans, Janet Montgomery, Carolyn Chenery, Margherita Mussi); 3) Il livello di conoscenza sulle strategie di sussistenza e i modelli di insediamento nel Tardiglaciale italiano: un bilancio dopo piu di 15 anni (Francesca Alhaique, Amilcare Bietti); 4) Continuita e discontinuita nel panorama funerario del Paleolitico superiore in Italia (Vincenzo Formicola); 5) Evolution des concepts de productions lithiques et artistiques a l'epigravettien recent: analyses de collections des prealpes de la Venetie et des prealpes du sud Francaises (Cyril Montoya); 6) La caccia a Riparo Dalmeri nel Tardiglaciale dell'Italia nord-orientale (Ivana Fiore, Antonio Tagliacozzo); 7) Grotta del Clusantin, un sito inusuale nel sistema insediativo epigravettiano delle Alpi italiane (Marco Peresani, Ornella De Curtis, Rossella Duches, Fabio Gurioli, Matteo Romandini, Benedetto Sala); 8) Madonna dell'Ospedale, un sito epigravettiano antico al margine dell'Appennino Marchigiano: osservazioni sulla produzione litica (Mara Silvestrini, Emanuele Cancellieri, Marco Peresani); 9) Une approche taphonomique de l'occupation humaine au Tardiglaciaire dans la vallee du Gallero (Prov. de Pescara, Abruzzes) (Yann Le Jeune, Monique Olive); 10) Tempi e modi del ripopolamento dell'Appennino centrale nel Tardiglaciale: nuove evidenze da Grotta di Pozzo (AQ) (Margherita Mussi, Enzo Cocca, Emanuela D'Angelo, Ivana Fiore, Rita Melis, Hannah Russ); 11) Il Gravettiano di Roccia San Sebastiano (Mondragone, Caserta)( Carmine Collina, Ivana Fiore, Rosalia Gallotti, Massimo Pennacchioni, Marcello Piperno, Loretana Salvadei, Antonio Tagliacozzo); 12) Recenti ricerche sul Tardoglaciale del basso versante tirrenico (Fabio Martini, Andre Carlo Colonese, Zelia Di Giuseppe, Massimiliano Ghinassi, Lisa Govoni, Domenico Lo Vetro, Silvia Ricciardi).

This volume represents the efforts of a significant collaborative project and provides a completely up-to-date interpretation of the Cave of Hearths (Makapan Cave Valley, Limpopo Province, South Africa), which has played a key role in furthering knowledge of hominin prehistory and evolution in southern Africa. This work provides new analyses and interpretations of this important site and its archaeology, geology and palaeontology.

Papers from the session Le concept de territoires dans le Paleolithique superieur europeen (Vol. 3, Session C16) presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Contents: 1) Le concept de territoires pour les chasseurs cueilleurs du Paleolithique superieur europeen (Francois Djindjian); 2) Le concept de territoire au Paleolithique superieur: la Pologne en peripherie septentrionale de loecumene (Janusz K. Kozlowski); 3) Le concept de territoire a partir des donnees des sites des regions du Dniepr au Paleolithique superieur recent en Europe orientale (Lioudmila Iakovleva ); 4) Ukrainian Upper Palaeolithic between 40/10 000 BP: Current Insights into Environmental-Climatic Change and Cultural Development (Vadim N. Stepanchuk, Igor V. Sapozhnikov, Mikhail I.Gladkikh, Sergei N.Ryzhov); 5) Mobilite des groupes prehistoriques et approvisionnement en matieres premieres a la fin du Paleolithique superieur dans le Petit Caucase: donnees recentes sur le site de plein air de Kalavan 1 (nord du lac Sevan, Armenie) (Liagre J., Arakelyan D., Gasparyan B., Nahapetyan S., Chataigner C.); 6) Searching for territoriality over a limited territory: the case of Greece (Eugenia Adam ); 7) Cultural regionalization in the Palaeolithic of the middle Danube basin and western Balkans (Duan Mihailovic, Bojana Mihailovic); 8) Le concept de territoire dans le Paleolithique superieur morave (Martin Oliva); 9) Methods of stone raw material characterisation and raw material origins in the Palaeolithic: State of art in Hungary (Katalin T. Biro, Viola T. Dobosi, Andras Marko); 10) Constancy and change in Upper Palaeolithic, Hungary (V.T. Dobosi); 11) The Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician and the limits of Aurignacian expansion on the Northern European Plain (Damien Flas); 12) Le territoire de la basse vallee du Rhin, de la Meuse et de leurs affluents a la fin du paleolithique superieur (Belgique, Hollande, Allemagne du nord-ouest) (Marcel Otte, Pierre Noiret); 13) Provenance de diverses matieres premieres: un indice pour definir circulations et territoires au Magdalenien superieur en Suisse (Marie-Isabelle Cattin, Jehanne Affolter, Nigel Thew); 14) Le territoire des chasseurs aurignaciens dans les Prealpes de la Venetie: lexemple de la grotte de Fumane (Stefano Bertola, Alberto Broglio, Giampaolo De Vecchi, Alessandra Facciolo, Ivana Fiore, Fabio Gurioli, Pasquino Pallecchi, Antonio Tagliacozzo); 15) Ressources lithiques en Languedoc-Roussillon et territoires dexploitations au Paleolithique superieur (Sophie Gregoire, Frederic Bazile, Guillaume Boccaccio); 16) Exploitation des ressources et territoire dans le Massif central francais au Paleolithique superieur: approche methodologique et hypotheses (Laure Fontana, Mahaut Digan, Thierry Aubry, Javier Mangado Llach, Francois-Xavier Chauviere); 17) Mobilite, territoires et relations culturelles au debut du Magdalenien moyen cantabrique: nouvelles perspectives (M Soledad Corchon Rodriguz, Antonio Tarrino Vinagre, Jimena Martinez); 18) Territorial patterns during Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Cantabrian Iberia (Ordono, Javier Arrizabalaga, Alvaro ); 19) Fashion and glamour: weaponry and beads as territorial markers in Southern Iberia (Nuno Bicho); 20) Ibex as indicator of hunter-gatherer mobility during the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic (Paolo Boscato, Ursula Wierer).

Two reports are published in this volume: Prehistoric and Early Historic Activity, Settlement and Burial at Walton Cardiff, near Tewkesbury: Excavations at Rudgeway Lane 2004-2005 (by Jonathan Hart and E.R. McSloy), and Romano-British Agriculture at the former St James's Railway Station, Cheltenham: Excavations in 2000-2001 (by Laurent Coleman and Martin Watts). Significant remains from Rudgeway Lane include two Middle Bronze Age parallel ditches (the remains of an enclosure, or possibly a long barrow), and a Middle Iron Age enclosure superseded by 1st century AD unenclosed settlement, that was in turn replaced by a 2nd to late 3rd-century AD enclosed rectilinear settlement featuring a roundhouse, a well, several burials and an associated trackway. Two 6th-century burials, one with grave goods, were later made within the abandoned farmstead. At the St James's site in Cheltenham, excavation revealed a field system that was used and developed throughout the Roman period, together with a number of pits and postholes, with two late 4th century AD burials.

The aim of this book is to demonstrate the value of psychology in the study of ancient art, enabling emphasis on the individual, in the sense of a human being or person in a general way, in addition to denoting a discrete human being possessing an individual identity. Not all aspects of psychology lend themselves to application to the set of data which has been preserved in the archaeological record in Late Bronze Age Greece. This book primarily explores the knowledge of visual perception acquired via psychological research, which has provided valuable information on the production of images by artists. In addition, the nature of aggression, that is, conflict between members of the same species, is discussed. The case studies focus on art from the periods described as 'Early Mycenaean' and 'Mycenaean', roughly the fifteenth to the thirteenth centuries BC. Contents: Introduction: The Mycenaean World; Chapter 1: How Humans See: an introduction to the visual system; Chapter 2: Methods of Representation of the Human Form; Chapter 3: The recognition of the individual; Chapter 4: Composition in Mycenaean Art; Chapter 5: Colour and Form in Mycenaean Art; Chapter 6: Warfare and Aggression: their effects on Mycenaean art.

This volume presents the methodology and results for the excavations at Cairnderry and Bargrennan, south-west Scotland. A comparative chapter compares the excavation results from both sites, and presents interpretations of these results, particularly in terms of the architecture and the early Bronze Age mortuary practices. Chapter 5 considers the architecture of Cairnderry and Bargrennan in terms of wider trends in the construction of chambered cairns throughout the British Isles and throughout the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Chapter 6 places the early Bronze Age activity at Cairnderry and Bargrennan within a local context by examining mortuary practices across Dumfries and Galloway. It focuses on comparisons with other sites where cremated bones were deposited and cinerary urns used and/or sites where cairns were constructed or re-used in the early Bronze Age. Chapter 7 provides a summary of conclusions as to the finds and revisits the problem of dating Bargrennan chambered cairns, before suggesting avenues for future research in Galloway. The appendices draw together the specialists reports on finds from the excavations (including a substantial contextualisation of some of the early Bronze Age artefacts), context descriptions and radiocarbon dating results.

The Isles of Scilly are located 48km south-west of Lands End (Cornwall) England, and comprise a small archipelago of granite islands. The interpretation of the islands' archaeology has received no recent detailed consideration and has therefore not been studied within a contemporary archaeological framework. This research seeks to redress this by considering the prehistory of Scilly from the earliest evidence for a human presence on the islands until the end of the 1st century BC (Mesolithic until Iron Age). It will draw upon recent approaches to the study of landscapes, seascapes and islands and from within archaeology and anthropology, as well as other approaches developed within the broader social sciences.

This volume presents 10 papers from the 6th Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, held at the University of Bristol in September 2004. Contents: 1) Climatic influences on craniofacial variability in modern humans (Mallett, X.D.G.); 2) Canopy height utilisation and trauma in three species of cercopithecoid monkeys (Chapman, C., Legge, S.S. and Johns S.E.); 3) Developmental stress and its morphological correlates (Buckley, C.); 4) Teeth and diet: what more is there? Teeth as markers for population history (Zakrzewski, S.R.); 5) Tracing change. Childhood diet at the Anglo-Saxon Blackgate Cemetery, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (Macpherson, P.M., Chenery, C.A., Chamberlain, A.T.); 6) Growth in modern Western children: A representative sample? (Clegg, M.); 7) Tuberculosis at Spitalfields, London: an initial insight into medieval urban living (Gray Jones, A. & Walker, D.); 8) Klippel-Feil syndrome: Examples from two skeletal collections of Alaskan Natives (Legg, S.S.); 9) The specificity of palaeopathological diagnosis: A case of bilateral Scapholunate Advanced Collapse in a Romano-British skeleton from Ancaster (Roberts, A.M. & Robson Brown, K.); 10) A zooarchaeological contribution to Biological Anthropology: Working towards a better understanding of cut marks and butchery (Seetah, K.).