The question of what environmental statistics is about is particularly important when it comes to the formulation of relevant research and training, whether in academia, agencies, or industries. This volume aims to give a new perception on the subject with some examples that are of concern and interest today. Environmental statistics is in a take-off stage both for reasons of societal challenge and statistical opportunity, and is demanding more and more from non-traditional and innovative statistical approaches. The chapters in this volume, which are specially prepared by several outstanding professionals involved in statistics and the environment, discuss the current state of the art in diverse areas of environmental statistics. The volume provides new perspectives and problems for future research, training, policy and regulation. It will be valuable to researchers, teachers, consultants and graduate students in statistics, environmental statistics, statistical ecology, and quantitative environmental sciences in academia, industries, governmental agencies, laboratories and libraries.

MIC (microbiologically influenced corrosion) is the deterioration of metal by corrosion processes that occur either directly or indirectly as a result of the activity of living organisms. This handbook explains the interdisciplinary nature of MIC - the roles of microbiology, metallurgy and electro-chemistry are interrelated and complex. The text also looks at welding, heat treatment and other metallurgical and process variables relate to corrosion resistance, special emphasis being placed on MIC. Case histories are included and the means of detection, diagnosis and monitoring are discussed. Prevention, mitigation and replacement of MIC are also examined.

Enables the reader both to understand and to use, in a practical manner, laser welding. The author explains the principles of laser welding and provides examples of industrial applications, examines many aspects of laser welding and devotes a complete chapter to safety.

Within the last decade there has been an increasing awareness that use of standards deeply notched fracture mechanics test specimens can result in substantial over-or-under-assessments of the real fracture toughness associated with shallow surface cracks.

Comprehensive advice on applications, techniques and the best available equipment is given in clear, straightforward language.

It is possible to weld materials as diverse as stainless steels, zirconium, titanium and uranium, but it is crucial to understand the chemical reactions likely in the surrounding welding atmosphere. This book describes all the metallurgical phenomena involved in different welding processes, from the most standard to the most modern, such as electron beam welding or high energy laser welding.

In the past, the stability of milk and milk products was the primary consideration, but this is no longer the principal objective due to the evolution of modern sanitary practices as well as pasteurization. Today, the manufacture of dairy products of consistently good flavor and texture is crucial. In previous flavor studies, researchers identified hundreds of volatile compounds, with little or no attention paid to their sensory contribution to overall flavor of dairy products. The availability of powerful chromatographic separation techniques like high resolution gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and olfactory detection ports have revolutionized the work on characterization of dairy flavor. This along with recent developments in sensory methods and our increased knowledge about the genomics of diary culture organisms have allowed great advancements in our understanding of dairy flavor chemistry. Flavor of Dairy Products covers the evolution of dairy flavor research and presents updated information in the areas of instrumental analysis, biochemistry, processing and shelf-life issues related to the flavor of dairy products.

The key to avoidance of fatigue, which is the main cause of service failures, is good design. In the case of welded joints, which are particularly susceptible to fatigue, design rules are available. However, their effective use requires a good understanding of fatigue and an appreciation of problems concerned with their practical application. Fatigue strength of welded structures has incorporates up-to-date design rules with high academic standards whilst still achieving a practical approach to the subject. The book presents design recommendations which are based largely on those contained in recent British standards and explains how they are applied in practice. Attention is also focused on the relevant aspects of fatigue in welded joints which are not yet incorporated in codes thus providing a comprehensive aid for engineers concerned with the design or assessment of welded components or structures. Background information is given on the fatigue lives of welded joints which will enable the engineer or student to appreciate why there is such a contrast between welded and unwelded parts, why some welded joints perform better than others and how joints can be selected to optimise fatigue performance.

Versatility, speed and low cost make wet-stick welding an attractive method for use in underwater repair and construction. This training manual and reference book contains step-by-step procedures for performing basic manual metal arc welding operations together with information on welding equipment, consumables and safety. Exercises are included.

The history of life is a nearly four billion year old story of transformative change. This change ranges from dramatic macroscopic innovations such as the evolution of wings or eyes, to a myriad of molecular changes that form the basis of macroscopic innovations. We are familiar with many examples of innovations (qualitatively new phenotypes that can provide a critical advantage) but have no systematic understanding of the principles that allow organisms to innovate. This book proposes several such principles as the basis of a theory of innovation, integrating recent knowledge about complex molecular phenotypes with more traditional Darwinian thinking. Central to the book are genotype networks: vast sets of connected genotypes that exist in metabolism and regulatory circuitry, as well as in protein and RNA molecules. The theory can successfully unify innovations that occur at different levels of organization. It captures known features of biological innovation, including the fact that many innovations occur multiple times independently, and that they combine existing parts of a system to new purposes. It also argues that environmental change is important to create biological systems that are both complex and robust, and shows how such robustness can facilitate innovation. Beyond that, the theory can reconcile neutralism and selectionism, as well as explain the role of phenotypic plasticity, gene duplication, recombination, and cryptic variation in innovation. Finally, its principles can be applied to technological innovation, and thus open to human engineering endeavours the powerful principles that have allowed life's spectacular success.

This book addresses one of the most challenging problems that plagues the environmental field today-subsurface contamination. The past three decades have ushered in various methods for removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from the subsurface to varying degrees of effectiveness. Because of the site-to-site variability in the nature of contamination characteristics, the pattern of waste disposal and accidental releases, the site characteristics and thus contaminant behavior, and hydrologic conditions, predicting the effectiveness of one treatment method over another is a daunting task. Field demonstration of innovative technologies is a key step in their development, however, only after successful scale-up from laboratory testing. This book features chapters written by researchers who have linked laboratory- and field-scales in efforts to find creative, cost-effective methods for prediction of successful remediation of contaminated soil and ground water. State-of-the-art technologies using physicochemical removal methods and biological methods are discussed in the context of not only their effectiveness in remediating organic and inorganic wastes from various subsurface environments but also in terms of useful flask-scale methods for measuring and predicting their field-scale effectiveness. Chapters address sorption and hydrolysis of pesticides by organoclays, use of Fentons agents to destroy chlorinated solvents removed from the subsurface by granulated activated carbon, methanol flushing as a means of removing toxaphene from soils, natural attenuation as a method for effectiveness of remediation metals and biodegrading acid-mine drainage constituents, and biodegradation ofradiologically contaminated soils. Also addressed in this book are current and future methods of assessing microbiological activity potential and diversity and of modeling biodegradation, contaminant flux, and gaseous transport in the subsurface.

The author presents a unique scheme for selecting processes at the drawing board stage where a need for a connection is usually first perceived. Leading the enquirer through a series of diagrams and tables, he reveals the processes which are feasible for a particular joint. The book includes descriptions of 28 joining processes in which the principal method of use, advantages and limitations, application and factors affecting costs are explained. The book is well illustrated and contains much useful advice invaluable to practicing engineers and designers having no previous knowledge of joining.

Under the direction of a distinguished Editorial Board, Professor Madan Singh has commissioned over 90 articles which extend, up-date and revise original material from the highly acclaimed "Systems & Control Encyclopedia." Particular attention has been paid to newly emerging areas of research and the increasing role of computers has been especially emphasized. Supplementary Volume 1 is the first in a series of biennial Supplements ensuring that the "Systems & Control Encyclopedia" remains the most comprehensive and up-to-date compendium of systems ideas, methods and applications available.

We are becoming increasingly aware of the overwhelming pollution of our limited water resources on this planet. And while many contaminants originate from Mother Earth, most water pollution comes as a direct result of anthropogenic activities. This problem has become so immense that it threatens the future of all humanity. If effective measures to reduce and/or remediate water pollution and its sources are not found, it is estimated by UN that 2.7 billion people will face water shortage by 2025 as opposed to 1.2 billion people who do not have access to clean drinking water now. Therefore, development of novel green technologies to address this major problem represents a priority of the highest importance. This book discusses green chemistry and other novel solutions to the water pollution problems which includes some interesting applications of nanoparticles. Novel Solutions to Water Pollution is a useful and informative text for those engaged in issues of water quality and water pollution remediation at operational, administrative, academic, or regulatory levels.

73 articles, newly commissioned or revised from the acclaimed "Encyclopedia of Materials Science & Engineering," cover the whole range of knowledge and current research in wood science. Topics discussed include the availability of economics and timber resources, wood products such as plywood and mineral-bonded wood composites, the major commercial and wood species of the world, fundamentals of wood properties and behavior, factors causing deterioration and their control and principal processing methods. Recent developments in the use of acoustic emission techniques and biotechnology in wood processing are dealt with and the range of materials covered includes woody materials such as bamboo, coconut wood and rattan, not hitherto treated by any similar publication. Extensively illustrated, with nearly 200 photographs, drawings and tables in over 300 pages, each article is intended to serve as the primary source of information on a given topic. The reader is guided to further reading by helpful cross-references and nearly 500 up-to-date citations in the bibliographies at the end of each article. A comprehensive, three-level subject index is also provided. "The Concise Encyclopedia of Wood & Wood-Based Materials" will be invaluable to architects, engineers, builders, plant managers, wood technologists, purchasing agents, politicians, timber merchants, and furniture manufacturers.

Rheology is, by common consent, a difficult subject and some of the theoretical components are often viewed as being of prohibitive complexity by scientists without a strong mathematical background. There are also the difficulties inherent in any multidisciplinary science like rheology for those with a specific training. Therefore, newcomers to the field are sometimes discouraged, and for them the existing texts on the subject - some of which are outstanding - are of limited assistance because of their depth of detail and highly mathematical nature.
This book introduces the subject of rheology in terms understandable to non-experts and describes the application of rheological principles to many industrial products and processes. It provides a simple but authoritative guide which shows clearly how mathematics, physics and chemistry have contributed to the development of rheology. The generic features of all liquid-like materials are summarised, i.e. viscosity, linear viscoelasticity, normal stresses and extensional viscosity. Particular systems are then discussed, i.e. polymeric liquids and suspensions. The final chapter gives an outline of the theoretical advances which have been made. Consistent notation and nomenclature have been used throughout the book, and the key textbooks and publications which will enable the reader to follow up particular topics are listed.

This is the only book you need to understand our new world – from the ultimate AI insider, the CEO of Microsoft AI and co-founder of the pioneering AI company DeepMind.

Soon you will live surrounded by AIs. In a world of quantum computers, robot assistants and abundant energy, they will organise your life, operate your business, and run government services.

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Mustafa Suleyman has been at the centre of this revolution. The next decade, he explains, will be defined by a wave of powerful, fast-proliferating new technologies. These will create immense prosperity but also present risks.

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Be prepared. Read The Coming Wave.

The American Chemical Society (ACS) Committee on Analytical Reagents sets the specifications for most chemicals used in analytical testing. Currently, the ACS is the only organization in the world that sets requirements and develops validated methods for determining the purity of reagent chemicals. These specifications have also become the de facto standards for chemicals used in many high-purity applications. Publications and organizations that set specifications or promulgate analytical testing methods-such as the United States Pharmacopeia and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-specify that ACS reagent-grade purity be used in their test procedures. The Eleventh Edition incorporates the "supplements" accumulated over the past eight years, removes some obsolete test methods, improves instructions for many existing ones, and also introduces some new methods. Overall, the safety, accuracy, or ease of use in specifications for about 70 of the 430 listed reagents has been improved, and seven new reagents have been added.

This book presents a hands-on, activity-based approach to the use of AutoCAD as a drafting tool-complete with techniques, tips, shortcuts, and insights that improve efficiency. Topics and tasks are carefully grouped to lead students logically through the AutoCAD command set, with the level of difficulty increasing steadily as skills are acquired through experience and practice. Straightforward explanations focus on what is relevant to actual drawing procedures, and illustrations show exactly what to expect on the computer screen. This edition features updates for the latest release of AutoCAD, projects, and test questions for each chapter. Lessons are broken down into tasks listed at the beginning of each section, introducing students to the AutoCAD commands using a structured, intuitive approach and helping students anticipate what information will be needed at each new phase of the learning process. General Procedure boxes appear as new commands are introduced, providing a simple overview of basic command procedures in a step-by-step format. Detailed graphics appear throughout the text, demonstrating what students should expect to see on their screens and encouraging self-paced study. Drawing problems appear at the end of the chapter, helping students apply newly learned techniques immediately to realistic drawing situations. This includes drawing suggestions, timesaving tips, and explanations of how to use techniques in actual situations. High-quality working drawings accompany end-of-chapter drawing problems, appearing in a large, clearly dimensioned format on each right-hand page. This includes mechanical, architectural, civil, and electrical drawings.