Industrial desalination of sea and brackish water is becoming an essential part in providing sustainable sources of fresh water for a larger number of communities around the world. Desalination is a main source of fresh water in the Gulf countries, a number of the Caribbean and Mediterranean Islands, and several municipalities in a large number of countries. As the industry expands there is a pressing need to have a clear and well-written textbook that focuses on desalination fundamentals and other industrial aspects.
This book focuses on the processes widely used in industry, which include multistage flash desalination and reverse osmosis. Also, other desalination processes with attractive features and high potential are featured.
It includes a large number of solved examples, which are explained in simple and careful matter that allow the reader to follow and understand the development. The data used in the development of the examples and case studies are extracted from existing desalination plants.
This title also includes comparisons of model predictions against results reported in literature as well as available experimental and industrial data. Several industries include similar unit operation processes, i.e., evaporators, condensers, flashing units, membrane separation, and chemical treatment. Examples of such industries include wastewater treatment, food, petroleum, petrochemical, power generation, and pulp and paper. Process fundamentals and design procedures of such unit processes follow the same procedures given in this textbook.

Coating and lamination offer methods of improving and modifying the physical properties and appearance of fabrics and also the development of entirely new products by combining the benefits of fabrics, polymers and films.
This detailed book covers all aspects of coating and lamination within the textile industry including - compound ingredients, how to set and adhere to strictly controlled processing conditions, the accurate control of production variables, the safe handling of toxic materials and the ongoing research into future products which will facilitate recycling and disposal.
This book is particularly useful in the insight it gives about the challenges and opportunities that these new treatments offer and is essential reading for technologists, chemists and production engineers working in this exciting field.
Authoritative review of the latest developments in coating and lamination processes for textilesFocuses on the importance of setting and adhering to processing conditionsWritten by the author of the well-known Textiles in automotive engineering

This important new handbook provides comprehensive coverage of how high performance fibres are designed and manufactured and covers their capabilities and applications. The high-modulus, high-tenacity (HM-HT) fibres fall naturally into three groups - polymer fibres such as aramids and polyethylene fibres; carbon fibres such as Kevlar; and inorganic fibres based on glass and ceramic fibres.
The books shows how high performance fibres are being increasingly used for a wide range of applications including goetextiles and geomembranes and for construction and civil engineering projects as well as in specialist fibres within composite materials where their ability to fulfil demanding roles makes them an effective choice for the engineer and materials scientist.
Provides a comprehensive overview of how high performance fibres are designed and manufactured and covers their capabilities and applicationsExplains how high performance fibres are being increasingly used for a wide range of applications, including geotextiles and geomembranes and construction and civil engineering projects

This book offers a thorough review of research on intelligent communication systems, focusing on the applications of artificial intelligence to telecommunications that help realize user-friendly interfaces.
Intelligent Communication Systems presents the direct result of more than a decade of the author's experiences, research activity, and education in applying artificial intelligence to telecommunications technology. In this book, several fundamental research areas are covered. Some of the areas covered are human-friendly interfaces for telecommunication services with such concepts as Telesensation and HyperReality, computer vision, and the telecommunication description method based on state space. In artificial intelligence research state space is the set of all attainable states of a problem and the possible alternative courses of action to determine the best solution to the problem.

This ACS Symposium Series is the product of a symposium held at the 241st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Anaheim, CA on March 27-31, 2011. It includes chapters on new biobased building blocks such as the furandicarboxylic acid, polyesters and polyamides from adipic, succinic and sebacic acids with aliphatic diols such as 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,12-dodecylenediol and isosorbide. The conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural, the dehydration product of hexose sugars, to succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol to produce poly(butylene succinate) is described in one chapter. Also the synthesis of new polymers from plant-derived olefinic monomers such as tulipalin A and studies of composites from cotton by-products are featured in other chapters. There is a strong emphasis on biocatalytic synthesis and polymerization within the book. Chapter topics include the synthesis of ?-hydroxyfatty acids and polymers therefrom, an interesting discussion on the structural differences of the products of the biocatalytic and chemical catalytic synthesis of polyesters from oleic diacid and glycerol and the ability to produce polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-PHA copolyesters within a "microbial cell factory". Other areas of interest explored in other chapters include recent developments of biobased polymer fibers and oleate-based pressure sensitive adhesives and composites. One chapter describes a large increase in cold-drawn fiber tensile strength by the blending of a small amount of ultrahigh molecular weight (MW) poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with a much lower MW 3-hydroxybutyrate polymer. The addition of a rubber and inorganic fillers to normally brittle PLA was found to dramatically improve its ductility. Finally, there are several chapters on seed oil-based polyurethanes, one on fibers from soy proteins and composites from starch.

This important book provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development.
Smart fibres, fabrics and clothing starts with a review of the background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fibre science aspects of the technology including: Electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles; Thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics; Cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel; Permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes; optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation; integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures; Wearable electronic and photonic technologies; Adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS); Biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineering
It is essential reading for academics in textile and materials science departments, researchers, designers and engineers in the textiles and clothing product design field. Product managers and senior executives within textile and clothing manufacturing will also find the latest insights into technological developments in the field valuable and fascinating.

Within this book the fundamental concepts associated with the topic of power electronic control are covered alongside the latest equipment and devices, new application areas and associated computer-assisted methods.
*A practical guide to the control of reactive power systems
*Ideal for postgraduate and professional courses
*Covers the latest equipment and computer-aided analysis

This book provides a detailed overview of cancer theranostics applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Their synthesis, characterization, multifunctionality, disease targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity are highlighted, along with current examples of clinical trials of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics, and their future scopes and challenges.

Working through this student-centred text readers will be brought up to speed with the modelling of control systems using Laplace, and given a solid grounding of the pivotal role of control systems across the spectrum of modern engineering. A clear, readable text is supported by numerous worked example and problems.
* Key concepts and techniques introduced through applications
* Introduces mathematical techniques without assuming prior knowledge
* Written for the latest vocational and undergraduate courses

Both technically and economically, additives form a large and increasingly significant part of the polymer industry, both plastics and elastomers. Since the first edition of this book was published, there have been wide-ranging developments, covering chemistry and formulation of new and more efficient additive systems and the safer use of additives, both by processors in the factory and, in the wider field, as they affect the general public.

This new edition follows the successful formula of its predecessor, it provides a comprehensive view of all types of additives, concentrating mainly on their technical aspects (chemistry/formulation, structure, function, main applications) with notes on the commercial background of each. The field has been expanded to include any substance that is added to a polymer to improve its use, so including reinforcing materials (such as glass fibre), carbon black and titanium dioxide.

This is a book which has been planned for ease of use and the information is presented in a way which is appropriate to the users' needs.

Although none of the luxury fibres, including silk, is produced in large quantities, their particular and unique qualities of fineness, softness, warmth and pleasurable handle mean that they occupy a very important place in the luxury apparel and fine furnishing trades.
This book covers all aspects of the growth, physical characteristics, production, marketing and consumption of silk, mohair, cashmere, camelhair, Alpaca, Llama, Vicuna, Guanaco, Yak and Musk Ox fibres. The image of these fabrics is of course all important and the book describes in detail those rare occasions when a lower priced and lower quality version of a luxury fibre has damaged its overall reputation. Some natural fibres covered here including spider silk are also increasingly finding applications within the technical textiles sector where their high performance thermal properties and bio-mimetic qualities in particular, are very useful.
This is an essential reference for all those involved in any part of the luxury fibre trade.
Covers all aspects of the growth, physical characteristics, production, marketing and consumption of silk, mohair, cashmere, camelhair, Alpaca, Llama, Vicuna, Guanaco, Yak and Musk Ox fibresDescribes the rare occasions when a lower priced and lower quality version of a luxury fibre has damaged its overall reputation

""Waves in Ocean Engineering"" covers the whole field of wave studies of interest to applied oceanographers and ocean engineers. It has considerable relevance to coastal engineering.
The book is split into 12 sections, the first of which is devoted to the practical applications of wave studies and to the history of wave research. The rest of the book covers the measurement of waves, including remote sensing; the analysis and interpretation of wave data; estimating the properties of the extreme "Design Wave," as well as of the generality of waves for fatigue calculations; waves in finite depth, wave generation by wind and wave forecasting models; non-linear effects, and errors and uncertainties in wave data.

Texturing is increasingly important in textile production, not only in yarns for weaving and knitting fashion products, but also for carpets, furnishing fabrics and a variety of technical textiles. This book covers all the major techniques including twist-texturing, jet-screeen texturing, false-twist process, BCF processes and air-jet texturingare in detail. Combining a comprehensive review of the physics and chemistry of texturing with a thorough, illustrated description of current practice, this book is invaluable for yarn and fabric manufacturers, textile scientists and students on textile science and technology courses.

Based on the proceedings of the 10th international Cellucon Conference held in Turku/Abo, Finland, this book offers a comprehensive overview of research undertaken in all aspects of cellulosic pulps, fibes and materials including the production and processing of pulp and paper fibre.

Cytologic and hematologic evaluations are important primary diagnostic activities for veterinarians. Approximately 50% of samples are processed on site in the veterinary office; that number is growing, as veterinarians seek to bring more laboratory revenue to their practices. In doing so, however, it is important for veterinarians and staff to understand correct collection and handling procedures to avoid costly errors and make accurate diagnoses. DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY AND HEMATOLOGY OF THE HORSE is a practical reference that presents common clinical findings in an easy-to-use text/atlas format. Following a general chapter on sample collections and techniques, the remainder of the book takes a "systems" approach, followed by chapters on specific types of fluid. Within systems chapters, normal findings are presented first. Then, abnormal findings are presented by "class" of problems, such as bacterial lesions, fungal lesions, parasitic lesions, and so on, in the case of the eye. Algorithms (flow charts) on sample evaluations enhance text discussions by guiding readers to the most likely cytologic diagnosis. In addition, there is a colour plate section featuring 64 illustrations for quick viewing and comparing cell types and infectious agents. The detailed index will aid utilization of this edition as a quick photographic and textual reference.Logical systems approach allows quick access to information Updated information on all aspects of cytologic and haematologic diagnosis in horses Algorithms, a popular feature of the first edition, guide readers toward likely diagnosis based on sample findings Atlas section at end of book allows readers to quickly view and compare cell types to aid in diagnosis Completely revised/rewritten chapters on gastrointestinal tract, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid, reflecting new tests and methods of collection Completely revamped art program, with hundreds of new full-colour slides Updated terminology reflects current language used in the field (e.g., new bacterial/viral/protozoal species names)

Since the first publication of this definitive work nearly 40 years ago, this fourth edition has been completely rewritten.

Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials.
Incorporating all the recent developments and applications of crystallization technology, Crystallization gives clear accounts of the underlying principles, a review of the past and current research themes and guidelines for equipment and process design. This new edition introduces and enlarges upon such subjects as:
- Control and Separation of polymorphs and chiral crystals
- Micro- and macro-mixing and the use of computer fluid dynamics
- Seeding and secondary nucleation in batch crystallization processes
- Incorporation of upstream and downstream requirements into design procedures for crystallization plant
- Computer-aided molecular design and its use in crystal habit modifier selection
Crystallization provides a comprehensive overview of the subject and will prove invaluable to all chemical engineers and industrial chemists in the process industries as well as crystallization workers and students in industry and academia.
Crystallization is written with the precision and clarity of style that is John Mullin's hallmark - a special feature being the large number of appendices that provide relevant physical property data.
Covers all new developments and trends in crystallization.
Comprehensive coverage of subject area.

'Practical Temperature Measurement' introduces the concepts of temperature and its measurement to engineers, physicists and chemists of all disciplines. The author describes the wide range of techniques and specific devices available for temperature measurement and provides guidance for the selection of a particular method for a given application. It is of value to engineering and physics postgraduates studying modules on instrumentation and process control and, in addition, for practical project work requiring an understanding of temperature measurement methods.
For postgraduates and industrialists faced with the task of selecting a particular measurement method or sensor for an experiment, product or process, this text provides both thorough descriptions of the various techniques, as well as guidance for their selection.
Essential for all those who need to measure temperature in real-life situations
Includes worked examples of real situations commonly found in industry

The third edition of Knitting Technology, widely recognised as the definitive text on the subject, has been thoroughly revised and updated to include all the latest developments. Beginning with the fundamental principles and moving on to more advanced aspects, it combines in a single comprehensive volume the basics of warp and weft knitting, fabric structures and products, the different types of machines, principles of production and terminology to provide an invaluable reference for textiles students, textile engineers and technicians involved in knitted garment design and manufacture.
Fundamental rules and principles are emphasised throughout. Aspects covered include flat, circular, full fashioned, hosiery, raschel, tricot and crochet production. Development of the various types of knitting machines, their actions and mechanisms as well as the construction, properties and end uses of the products which they manufacture are also included.
The book is indexed and referenced in detail and includes numerous labelled diagrams and photographs. Terminology is defined either according to The Textile Institute's terms and definitions or current usage in the industry and is supplemented where necessary by American or continental terminology. Although SI units and the tex yarn count system are explained and used in the text, other systems have also been employed wherever it has been considered that their usage is still important. A number of worked calculations are included to clarify the examples given.
Knitting technology is the ideal textbook for a range of textile courses from technician to degree level and The Textile Institute's examinations as well as being an essential companion to all those involved in the knitting industry.
An essential reference for all textiles student textile engineers and technicians involved in knitted garment design and manufacture

Practically every display technology in use today relies on the flat, energy-efficient construction made possible by liquid crystals. These displays provide visually-crisp, vibrantly-colored images that a short time ago were thought only possible in science fiction. Liquid crystals are known mainly for their use in display technologies, but they also provide many diverse and useful applications: adaptive optics, electro-optical devices, films, lasers, photovoltaics, privacy windows, skin cleansers and soaps, and thermometers. The striking images of liquid crystals changing color under polarized lighting conditions are even on display in many museums and art galleries - true examples of science meeting art. Yet, although liquid crystals provide us with visually stunning displays, fascinating applications, and are a rich and fruitful source of interdisciplinary research, their full potential may remain untapped.

The papers published in these peer-reviewed proceedings represent the latest developments in nondestructive characterization of materials and were presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials held on June 26 - 30, 2000 in Karuizawa, Japan. The symposium was held concurrently with three other symposia and one workshop. This symposium is the tenth in the series that began in 1983 and became an international meeting in 1986.
The symposium started with a Plenary Lecture entitled 'Application of Non-contact Ultrasonics to Nondestrctive Characterization of Materials' by Professor R.E. Green, Jr. Various characterization methods were presented at the symposium, including ultrasonics, X-ray, eddy currents, laser, thermal wave, acoustic emission, optical fibers, optics, magnetics and ultrasonic microscope. Thin films and coatings as well as smart materials were also emphasized in this symposium.

The Coming of Materials Science both covers the discipline of materials science, and draws an impressionistic map of the present state of the subject.

The first chapter examines the emergence of the materials science concept, in both academe and industry. The second and third chapters delve back into the prehistory of materials science, examining the growth of such concepts as atoms, crystals and thermodynamics, and also examine the evolution of a number of neighbouring disciplines, to see what helpful parallels might emerge.

The book contains numerous literature references. Many refer to the earliest key papers and books, while others are to sources, often books, offering a view of the present state of a topic. Early references are to the past but as the book continues, it brings the reader up to date with more recent sources.

The author, Professor Robert Cahn FRS, has striven to be critical about the history of the discipline of materials science and to draw general conclusions about scientific practice from what he has discovered about the evolution of materials science. Further issues that the book highlights include: What is a scientific discipline? How do disciplines merge and differentiate? Can a discipline also be interdisciplinary? Is materials science a real discipline? A large range of themes is presented in the book and readers are invited to interact with the author if they reach alternative conclusions. This book is not just for reading and reference, but exists to stimulate thought and provoke discussion as well.

Engineering Rock Mechanics Part II: Illustrative Worked Examples can be used as an independent book or alternatively it complements an earlier publication called Engineering Rock Mechanics: An Introduction to the Principles by the same authors.
It contains illustrative worked examples of engineering rock mechanics in action as the subject applies to civil, mining, petroleum and environmental engineering. The book covers the necessary understanding and the key techniques supporting the rock engineering design of structural foundations, dams, rock slopes, wellbores, tunnels, caverns, hydroelectric schemes and mines. There is a question and worked answer presentation with the question and answer sets collated into twenty chapters which match the subject matter of the first book.

Focusing on the great variety of research being done in the field of postharvest pathology, this volume presents a collection of topics concerning the diseases of harvested fruits and vegetables.

Each chapter represents a separate unit which taken together create a better understanding of the whole subject. Topics include the causal agents of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables, their sources and their ways of penetration into the host; factors that may accelerate the development of the pathogen in the host - and those that suppress them; a list of the main pathogens of fruits and vegetables, their hosts and the diseases elicited by them; and a detailed description of the major diseases of selected groups of fruits and solanaceous vegetable fruits. Attack mechanisms of pathogens and defense mechanisms of the host are examined as are treatments aimed at suppressing postharvest diseases. The search for natural and safe chemical compounds and the variety of alternative physical and biological methods for use in postharvest disease control are emphasized.

Teachers and students who focus on postharvest pathology, scientists in research institutes, companies dealing with fruit and vegetable preservation technologies and for all those striving to improve the quality of harvested fruits and vegetables will find this book of great interest.

Switched reluctance motors have steadily increased in commercial importance since their introduction in the early 1980's, while their technology - especially of their electronic control - has made great progress. Their unique characteristics introduce a delicate balance, in which the copper and iron are diminished in quantity, complexity and cost, in favour of a greater reliance on sophistication in the controller. Thus mastery of the control is the key challenge in the application of these machines.
This book is intended for engineer's in industry and in the large research community in electrical machines and drives. It introduces the techniques for controlling switched reluctance machines, starting from first principles and building up to the most advanced forms of sensorless control. It covers the recent advances in electronic control and includes aspects of motion control, automation, acoustic noise reduction and energy efficiency.
covers the recent changes in control technology
includes up-to-date equipment and methods
contains applications and case studies