The fact that tobacco ingestion can affect how people feel and think has been known for millennia, placing the plant among those used spiritually, honori?cally, and habitually (Corti 1931; Wilbert 1987). However, the conclusion that nicotine - counted for many of these psychopharmacological effects did not emerge until the nineteenth century (Langley 1905). This was elegantly described by Lewin in 1931 as follows: "The decisive factor in the effects of tobacco, desired or undesired, is nicotine. . . "(Lewin 1998). The use of nicotine as a pharmacological probe to und- stand physiological functioning at the dawn of the twentieth century was a landmark in the birth of modern neuropharmacology (Limbird 2004; Halliwell 2007), and led the pioneering researcher John Langley to conclude that there must exist some "- ceptive substance" to explain the diverse actions of various substances, including nicotine, when applied to muscle tissue (Langley 1905). Research on tobacco and nicotine progressed throughout the twentieth century, but much of this was from a general pharmacological and toxicological rather than a psychopharmacological perspective (Larson et al. 1961). There was some attention to the effects related to addiction, such as euphoria (Johnston 1941), tolerance (Lewin 1931), and withdrawal (Finnegan et al. 1945), but outside of research supported by the tobacco industry, addiction and psychopharmacology were not major foci for research (Slade et al. 1995; Hurt and Robertson 1998; Henning?eld et al. 2006; Henning?eld and Hartel 1999; Larson et al. 1961).

The past decade has witnessed a revolution in the attempts of scientists to under stand the molecular basis of dementia. Although dementia, as defined by global cogni tive decline involving gradual loss of memory, reasoning, judgment, and orientation, presents most commonly in the form of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an assortment of other less common disorders, such as prion and Pick's disease, can also lead to symp toms that are similar to those observed in patients with AD. The primary goal of Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia is to address the various mechanisms and multi faceted approaches currently being employed to more clearly delineate the etiological and pathogenic events responsible for the onset of dementia. Perhaps the greatest boon to obtaining a clearer understanding of the causes of AD has come from genetic and molecular biological studies carried out over the past decade. At the genetic level, it has become increasingly clear that AD is a heteroge neous disorder that can be broadly classified into two categories. "Late onset" (>60 yr) cases, which account for the vast majority of AD, genetically involve "susceptibility" genes representing risk factors for the disease (e. g. , inheritance of the 84 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene). In many cases, the susceptibility gene can act as a "modifier" that modulates the pathogenic cascade occurring subsequent to a separate etiological event "initiating" or "causing" the disorder.

This book is the first to explore memory, misremembering, forgetting, and anniversaries in the history of psychiatry and mental health. It challenges simplistic representations of the callous nature of mental health care in the past, while at the same time eschewing a celebratory and uncritical marking of anniversaries and individuals. Asking critical questions of the early Whiggish histories of mental health care, the book problematizes the idea of a shared professional and institutional history, and the abiding faith placed in the reform of medicine, administration, and even patients. It contends that much post-1800 legislation drafted to ensure reform, acted to preserve beliefs about the ‘bad old days’ and a ‘brighter future’ in the state memories of imperial powers, which in turn exported these notions around the world. Conversely, the collection demonstrates the variety of remembering and forgetting, building on recent interest in the ideological and cultural linkages between past and present in international psychiatric practice. In this way, it seeks to trace the pathways of memory, exploring the direction of travel, and the perpetuation, remodeling, and uprooting of recollection.Chapter “The New Socialist Citizen and ‘Forgetting’ Authoritarianism: Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and Revolution in Socialist Yugoslavia” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer. com.

Behavior therapists on child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient units have played an increasing role in the treatment of a wide range of disorders. Indeed, behavioral assessment and treatment strategies in these settings have been applied to a diversity of problems, including depression, mental retardation, autism, conduct disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia, and bulimia. More recently, the heuristic value of behavioral methods with substance abuse, pediatric pain, and child maltreatment has been documented as well. Because of the multifaceted and complex challenges posed by children and adoles cents who reach inpatient units, behavioral clinicians have worked close ly with other professionals (e. g., psychiatrists, social workers, psychi atric nurses) in an effort to provide broad-spectrum, comprehensive intervention. However, as a burgeoning body of clinical research attests, the significant contribution of behavior therapy to successful treatment outcome is now indisputable. Yet, surprisingly few texts have been published concerning inpa tient treatment of children and adolescents. The few extant efforts in this area have not covered the broad array of issues and diagnostic popula tions treated, nor have they considered the pragmatic day-to-day diffi culties encountered by behaviorally oriented practitioners working in child and adolescent inpatient settings. This text is an attempt to remedy such shortcomings by providing a comprehensive yet practical approach to the functions of behavior therapists on inpatient psychiatric services for children and youth."

In our time, sexual harassment has been revealed as a pervasive problem with far-reaching management, legal, and personal implications. While treatment is often mandated through the courts, arbitration, or employers, Relapse Prevention for Sexual Harassers is the first volume specifically devoted to describing effective interventions. Theoretically and empirically based, this clinical manual conceptualizes sexual harassment as a form of sexual abuse, and presents a treatment program based on the tested principles of relapse prevention. Using a stepped care approach, it describes how misinformation about sexual harassment impacts the harasser, and describes how to work with cognitive distortions, seeming irrelevant decisions, high-risk situations and lifestyle balance and myth acceptance and details specific interventions for these problems.
Geared for the mental health clinician, and a useful resource for the human resources professional, this manual emphasizes skills and techniques as well as providing abundant examples from case transcripts. The interventions it presents can be also be applied to a range of psychological problems.

This fascinating, entertaining and often gruelling book by James Mills, examines the lunatic asylums set up by the British in nineteenth-century India. The author asserts that there was a growth in asylums following the Indian Mutiny, fuelled by the fear of itinerant and dangerous individuals, which existed primarily in the British imagination. Once established though, these asylums, which were staffed by Indians and populated by Indians, quickly became arenas in which the designs of the British were contested and confronted. Mills argues that power is everywhere and is behind every action; colonial power is therefore just another way to assert control over the less powerful. This social history draws on official archives and documents based in Scotland, England and India. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in history, sociology, or the general interest reader.

Daydreaming, our ability to give 'to airy nothing a local habitation and a name', remains one of the least understood aspects of human behaviour. As children we explore beyond the boundaries of our experience by projecting ourselves into the mysterious worlds outside our reach. As adolescents and adults we transcend frustration by dreams of achievement or escape, and use daydreaming as a way out of intolerable situations and to help survive boredom, drudgery or routine. In old age we turn back to happier memories as a relief from loneliness or frailty, or wistfully daydream about what we would do if we had our time over again. Why is it that we have the ability to alternate between fantasy and reality? Is it possible to have ambition or the ability to experiment, create or invent without the catalyst of fantasy? Are sexual fantasies an inherent part of human behaviour? Are they universal, healthy, destructive? Is daydreaming itself destructive? Or is it a force which facilitates change and which can even be harnessed to positive advantage? In this provocative book, originally published in 1975, the product of the previous twenty-five years of research, the author debates the nature and function of daydreaming in the light of his own experiments. As well as investigating what is a normal 'fantasy-life' and outlining patterns and types of daydreaming, he describes the role of daydreaming in schizophrenia and paranoia, examines the fantasies and hallucinations induced by drugs and also the nature of altered states of consciousness in Zen and Transcendental Meditation. Among the many topics covered, he explains how it is possible to help children enlarge their capacity for fantasy, how adults can make positive use of daydreaming and how people on the verge of disturbed behaviour are often unconscious of their own fantasies. Advances in scientific methods and new experimental techniques had made it possible at this time to monitor both conscious daydreaming and sub-conscious fantasies in a way not possible before. Professor Singer is one of the few scientists who have conducted substantial research in this area and it is his belief that the study of daydreaming and fantasy is of great importance if we are to understand the workings of the human mind.

In this book, leading-edge investigators offer effective strategies to improve current antidepressive therapies and suggest molecular, biological, and genetic approaches that will lead to the development of novel antidepressants. The contributors' critical reviews and commentaries illuminate our understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for antidepressant action. The book's goal is to move beyond current biogenic amine-based concepts and therapies to the development of new and improved antidepressants that are more effective and have a more rapid onset than current.

In 1987, The Swedish Medical Research Council's Group for Evaluation of Medical Technology approached me on the subject of organizing a conference on Autism - Diagnosis and Treatment. The original idea for this conference had come from a Stockholm politician, Leni Bjorklund, who had felt that, at least in Sweden, autism appeared to be an area in which conflicting views on etiology and treatment had led to children and parents not always receiving adequate help. Professors Agne Larsson, MD, Tore Schersten, MD and Bjorn Smedby, MD in particular showed a keen interest and it was decided to hold a State-of-the-Art-Conference on autism in Gothenburg. The State-of-the-Art-Conference on Autism -Diagnosis and Treatment was held in Gothenburg May 8 -10, 1989. A panel of international experts was selected because of outstanding research or clinical activity in the field and in order to represent a wide variety of professional and theoretical approaches ranging from epidemiology, neurobiology and cognitive psychology to psychiatry, neurology, education, behavioural treatment and psychoanalysis. A group of professional observers involved in the field of autism was chosen so as to cover Sweden in a representative fashion. This group consisted of administrators, child psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, pediatricians, nurses and teachers.

Embitterment is a distinct state of mood known to everyone. It can be seen in the context of exceptional though "normal" negative life events. It is an emotional reaction e.g. to humiliation, to being severely disappointed by others, or to violations of basic values. Embitterment is accompanied by other emotions like feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, poor moods and a lack of drive, and aggression towards oneself and others. It can end in suicide or even murder-suicide and in adistinctpathological state known as "Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED)." But despite the high prevalence rates, the detrimental effects on individuals and its forensic and societal importance, embitterment has yet to receive due scientific attention.
In this book pioneers in embitterment research summarize the current knowledge on embitterment, its triggers, phenomenology and consequences. The work is intended to stimulate international debate and to contribute to a better understanding of embitterment and a deeper appreciation of the impact of exceptional but normal negative life events on psychological well-being.

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Important clinical issues as the outcome of long term treatment with antidepressants, the time of onset of the antidepressant response and the limitations of the antidepressants currently available are covered in this monograph. Leading researchers in the area of clinical and experimental psychopharmacology critically assess the progress in their specialist fields. The mechanisms of action of antidepressants are considered, followed by clinical research into the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system in the biology of depression and in response to treatment. The final chapter deals with the important chemical entities now undergoing development as antidepressants. The purpose of this monograph is not only to inform but also to stimulate research into the biology of depression and the mechanisms behind the action of effective antidepressants. This monograph is of interest to psychiatrists, psychologists, pharmacologists, neuroscientists and endocrinologists.

Responding to the Homeless: Policy and Practice is largely a product of a unique collaboration between Russell K. Schutt and Gerald R. Garrett and their Boston community. As such, it offers a rich perspective on the problem of homelessness that is derived from the authors' shared experience with researchers, academics, students, providers, policymakers, and homeless persons themselves. Schutt and Garrett take the reader into the shelters and acquaint him or her with the philosophical and practical dilemmas facing line workers as well as policymakers. They also take the reader into the community to better understand the housing market and the dysfunctional continuities among shelter, housing, treatment, and social supports. There are sensitive discussions of the salient health problems that too commonly touch the lives of homeless individuals, such as substance abuse and AIDS. The volume also includes clear descriptions of the sometimes elusive processes of counseling and case management for homeless individuals. The sidebars of "what to do" and "what not to do" contain useful information that will both inform and empower individuals who are working on the front lines, and inspire and prepare future caregivers. While the eminently readable organization and style of the book are sugges tive of a highly practical handbook on the basics of homelessness, the authors and their contributors have also produced a scholarly volume that is replete with current research findings, programs descriptions, case studies, and vignettes."

Focusing on patients with severe impairments, including mixed and multiple diagnoses, this volume describes how behavior therapy fits into the clinical environment. Psychiatrists, medical clinicians, and residents will appreciate the in-depth coverage of a broad range of difficult issues.

This first-of-its-kind volume describes the cognitive and educational characteristics of people with autism. Leading experts in the field contribute papers to this book, explaining intervention techniques and strategies. Parents, researchers, professionals, and clinicians interested in educating people with autism will appreciate this volume.

"This gathering of post-modern metafreudians is entertaining, provocative and thoughtful. The quality of thought is playful and kaleidoscopic...Looking at Sophocles' Oedipus, Shakespeare's Hamlet, or Augustine's Confessions, the essays consistently reveal (and revel in) the forbidden."
--Martin Gliserman, Editor of "American Imago"

The psychoanalyst dares to explore the most intimate recesses of the human soul, to throw open long-barred doors, and to confront the forbidden knowledge beneath the surface. In "Freud and Forbidden Knowledge," nine exceptional essays use psychoanalysis to uncover the theme of forbidden knowledge in canonical works of the Western tradition, from the "Bible" to "Hamlet," Psychoanalysis is a discipline that seeks to understand and alleviate human suffering. Its practice is therefore an inherently dangerous activity. The psychoanalyst dares to explore the most intimate recesses of the human soul, to throw open long-barred doors, and to confront the monsters that may lie in wait. In facilitating the patient's process of self- discovery, psychoanalysis concerns forbidden knowledge.

Following Freud's lead, Rudnytsky and Spit approach works of art as constituting psychoanalytic knowledge. Divining that in literature we find the deposits of forbidden knowledge, this collection of nine exceptional essays pursues the theme of forbidden knowledge in canonical works of the Western tradition, from the "Hebrew Bible" to Boccaccio's "The Decameron" to Shakespeare's "Hamlet," These papers pointedly address the canonical status of these works, positing that the canon must be re-visioned in order to recover the history of transgression. "Freud and ForbiddenKnowledge" offers a series of wide-ranging meditations on the tragic dimensions of human experience; cumulatively, they invite reflection on the significance of forbidden knowledge to Freud.

The two Animal Models in Psychiatry volumes are loosely organized by subject. The first volume contains a number of chapters concerned with schizophrenia, psyc- ses, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesias, and other d- orders that may involve dopamine, such as attention deficit disorder and mania. Also included is a chapter describing a behavioral model for activity-induced anorexia. The second volume deals with affective and anxiety disorders, but also includes chapters on subjects not easily classified as either psychotic, affective, or anxiety-related, such as aggression, mental retardation, and memory disorders. Four chapters on animal models of schizophrenia or psychoses are included in Volume 18 because of the importance of these disorders in psychiatry. Likewise, three chapters in the present v- ume deal with affective disorders, with a fourth chapter on circadian rhythms that also contributes to methods for a- mal models in affective disorders. Following the first four chapters are two chapters dealing with models of anxiety and panic, two chapters on aggression, one on mental retardation, and a final chapter covering memory disorders. Many of the behaviorally-based models of affective disorders involve inducing stress in a- mals, usually on a chronic basis. The first chapter by Anisman, Zalcman, Shanks, and Zacharko describes some of the neurochemical effects that are associated with the chronic application of sensors.

Current Lacanian ideas on psychosis have much to contribute to the complex and often surprising forms of psychotic symptomatology encountered in clinical practice. By focussing on the unique experience of individuals with psychosis, this book examines the centrality of body phenomena to both the onset and stabilisation of psychosis.

This handbook shows the wide perspective cognitive-behavioural treatment can offer to health professionals, the vast majority of whom now recognize that cognitive behavioural procedures are very useful in treating many 'mental' disorders, even if certain disciplines continue to favour other kinds of treatment. This book offers a wide range of structured programmes for the treatment of various psychological/psychiatric disorders as classified by the DSM-IV. The layout will be familiar to the majority of health professionals in the description of mental disorders and their later treatment. It is divided into seven sections, covering anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, dissociative, somatoform, impulse control disorders, emotional disorders and psychotic and organic disorders. Throughout the twenty-three chapters, this book offers the health professional a structured guide with which to start tackling a whole series of 'mental' disorders and offers pointers as to where to find more detailed information. The programmes outlined should, it is hoped, prove more effective than previous approaches with lower economic costs and time investment for the patient and therapist.

In this informative and inspiring book the author narrates the stories of 12 patients whom he treated during their recovery from serious mental illness. These narratives reveal their common struggles: misdiagnosis, dual-diagnosis, impeded access to medication, medication-adherence issues, homelessness, employment/unemployment issues, and problems with governmental agencies. They also reveal some of the satisfactions of practicing outreach psychiatry: appreciating the patients' resilience, persistence, and talents, and the cooperation of outside service-providers, all of which promote recovery. Each patient's path is unique. Their successes remind us that schizophrenia, paranoia, bipolar illness, and substance abuse need not preclude a productive and satisfying life. * Direct quotations from patients demonstrate their awareness of their problems and progress. * Patients' acceptance promotes flexibility and creativity from their psychiatrist. * Team members provide innovative and targeted support. * The psychiatrist identifies aspects his interactions with these patients that contributed to his professional development. * A unique feature is the documentation of patients' monthly progress for up to 6 years. Though no one knows what initiates recovery, this book vividly describes how it does so. For psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers these are compelling stories of hope and a powerful call to consider outreach psychiatry.

What is a child? For Freud, the child was never a category or concept of any theoretical value. Instead he proposed the notion of the infantile as a time outside of history. Thus there are different notions of time and history at play in the psychoanalysis of a child, as well as in the history of the field itself. In clinical practice, in society, and in law, however, childhood is defined in reference to age and development.Within psychoanalysis there has been a confusion of childhood as construed through the retrospective memories of adults, with the child who is observed and educated. This conflation marked the early history of psychoanalysis of the child, a field which began as a family affair. It was Hermine Hug-Hellmuth who first declared that it was impossible for anyone to analyze his own child. This foundational statement also enabled her to theorize the place of the parents in the analysis of the child.Our modern notion of the child emerged historically since the decline of the Middle Ages and through the Enlightenment. The child became a subject of Church and State, coinciding with a new repression of sexuality and death in childhood. This produced an idealized notion of the child to which Freud referred as "His Majesty the baby." Despite this, the emergence of the modern notion of the child made possible Freud s discovery of infantile sexuality and of the unconscious.Each child must also uncover his or her own sexuality and find a means to appropriate it in order to come to the place of subject, in the necessary detachment from parental authority. To do so is not, as is usually asserted, a process of continuous development. Rather, it is an act of destruction in which the subject must break the mold in which he or she has been conceived."

This book is an exploration of key systemic and socio-political considerations when working with people whose lives have been impacted by neurological injury and those who care for them. Expert contributors consider the impact of intersectionality across domains that include gender, sexuality, class, education, religion and spirituality, race, culture, and ability/disability. It offers relevant literature in the field of neuropsychology as well as clinical case studies that provide inspiration and key reflections for clinicians, neurological specialist therapists, and medical staff alike. Chapters discuss navigating intersectionality in couple therapy, hidden social inequalities in paediatric neurorehabilitation, racial microaggression in inpatient settings, and more. This book is essential for all health and social-care practitioners working in the field of brain injury and chronic illness who want to challenge the status quo and advocate for diversity and inclusion.

1: Fundamentals.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Data Aquisition.- Map Construction.- Interpolation.- 1.3 Spatial Sampling.- 1.4 Reference and Reference-Dependence.- 1.5 Map Display Methods.- Scaling and Floating Voltage Scales.- Summary Maps.- 1.6 Identification of Topographic Features.- 1.7 Spike Mapping.- 1.8 Post-Processing.- Analog Front-end.- Digital Filtering.- Reference Manipulation.- Statistical Mapping.- Global Field Power.- Correlation Analysis.- Source Localization.- 1.9 Frequency Analysis.- 2: Source Modelling and Analysis.- 2.1 Concepts of a Source.- 2.2 Physical Model.- 2.3 Inverse Solution.- 2.4 Stability of Dipole Solutions.- 2.5 Data Characterization.- 3: Magnetoencephalography.- 3.1 Instrumentation.- 3.2 Meg Measurements and Generators.- Meg Generators.- Regional Generators.- The Inverse Problem for MEG.- 3.3 Spontaneous MEG Rhythms.- 3.4 Review of MEG Studies.- 3.5 Concerns and Outlook.- 4: Statistical Approaches.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Assumptions and Difficulties.- 4.3 Normative Data.- 4.4 Statistical Comparisons.- 4.5 Classification.- 4.6 Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Analysis.- 5: Selected Normative Data.- Flash VEP.- Pattern Reversal VEP.- P300 AEP.- Resting EEG.- References.

The official death rates from suicide vary considerably between countries in the world for which data are available. They range from 3 to 45 persons a year, per 100,000 of population. Historically, the higher rates of suicide are in the older age groups and in males. However, the general trend in the last twenty years has been for suicide increasing in the younger age groups (15-34) and in femah;s. It has been suggested that thi~ development is related to the phenomenon of attempted suicide, of which the rates in most industrialized countries have doubled and in some countries even tripled over the past two decades. The average rate of attempted suicide is now estimated to be around 200 per 100,000 for males and 350 for females. Almost two-thirds of these occur before the age of thirty. Although the majority of attempted suicide are not intended to be lethal, once a suicide attempt has been made, there is more likelihood of subsequent death by suicide. As many as ten percent of people who have made a previous unsuccessful attempt commit suicide at a later stage in their lives. rersons with increased likelihood to commit suicide are youngsters from disrupted families and from families with a history of suicide, drug and alcohol addiction, those who have failed at school, the unemployed and those suffering from depression.

Based on sophisticated clinical descriptions and characteristic symptom patters occurring during the long-term course of psychiatric diseases, Leonhards classification requires that all the clinical features fit for a diagnosis to be made. Always using his own life-long case studies, Leonhard divided the endogenous psychoses into five main nosological groups: on the one hand, the prognostically favourable unipolar affective psychoses, bipolar affective psychoses and cycloid psychoses, and, on the other hand, the prognostically unfavourable unsystematic and systematic schizophrenia. In the meantime, the reliability and validity of this classification have been confirmed by scientific studies and early results provide guidelines for the different origins and varied therapeutic approaches for the specific disease profiles.