A comprehensive description of the current theoretical and numerical aspects of inverse problems in partial differential equations. Applications include recovery of inclusions from anomalies of their gravity fields, reconstruction of the interior of the human body from exterior electrical, ultrasonic, and magnetic measurement. By presenting the data in a readable and informative manner, the book introduces both scientific and engineering researchers as well as graduate students to the significant work done in this area in recent years, relating it to broader themes in mathematical analysis.

This book includes the full research papers accepted by the scientific programme committee for the 22nd AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, held in June 2019 at Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus. It is intended primarily for professionals and researchers in geographic information science, as well as those in related fields in which geoinformation application plays a significant role.

This volume debuts the new scope of Remote Sensing, which was first defined as the analysis of data collected by sensors that were not in physical contact with the objects under investigation (using cameras, scanners, and radar systems operating from spaceborne or airborne platforms). A wider characterization is now possible: Remote Sensing can be any non-destructive approach to viewing the buried and nominally invisible evidence of past activity. Spaceborne and airborne sensors, now supplemented by laser scanning, are united using ground-based geophysical instruments and undersea remote sensing, as well as other non-invasive techniques such as surface collection or field-walking survey. Now, any method that enables observation of evidence on or beneath the surface of the earth, without impact on the surviving stratigraphy, is legitimately within the realm of Remote Sensing. The new interfaces and senses engaged in Remote Sensing appear throughout the book. On a philosophical level, this is about the landscapes and built environments that reveal history through place and time. It is about new perspectives-the views of history possible with Remote Sensing and fostered in part by immersive, interactive 3D and 4D environments discussed in this volume. These perspectives are both the result and the implementation of technological, cultural, and epistemological advances in record keeping, interpretation, and conceptualization. Methodology presented here builds on the current ease and speed in collecting data sets on the scale of the object, site, locality, and landscape. As this volume shows, many disciplines surrounding archaeology and related cultural studies are currently involved in Remote Sensing, and its relevance will only increase as the methodology expands.

Re-envisioning Advances in Remote Sensing: Urbanization, Disasters and Planning aims at portraying varied advancements in remote sensing applications, particularly in the fields of urbanization, disaster management and regional planning perspectives. The book is organized into three sections of overlapping areas of research covering chief remote sensing applications. Apart from introducing the advances in remote sensing through Indian remote sensing developments, it depicts the broader themes of: urbanization and its impacts; geospatial technology for disaster management; and, remote sensing applications in models and planning. It also provides outlook to future research agenda for remote sensing. Features: * Depicts advances in remote sensing in major fields through applications of geospatial technologies. * Covers remote sensing applications in varied aspects of urbanization, urban problems and disasters. * Includes advancements in remote sensing in model building and planning perspectives. * Analyses the usage of smartphones and other digital devices in mapping urban problems and monitoring disaster risks. * Explores future agenda for remote sensing advances and its ever-widening horizon. This book would be of interest to all the researchers and graduate students pursuing studies in the fields of remote sensing, GIS, geospatial technologies, urbanizations, disaster management, regional planning, environmental sciences, natural resource management and related fields.

This is a comprehensive resource that integrates the application of innovative remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools in modeling Earth systems for environmental management beyond customary digitization and mapping practices. It identifies the most suitable approaches for a specific environmental problem, emphasizes the importance of physically based modeling, their uncertainty analysis, advantages, and disadvantages. The case studies on the Himalayas with a complex topography call for innovation in geospatial techniques to find solutions for various environmental problems. Features: Presents innovative geospatial methods in environmental modeling of Earth systems. Includes case studies from South Asia and discusses different processes and outcomes using spatially explicit models. Explains contemporary environmental problems through the analysis of various information layers. Provides good practices for developing countries to help manage environmental issues using low-cost geospatial approaches. Integrates geospatial modeling with policy and analysis its direct implication in decision making. Using a systems' approach analysis, Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management: Case Studies from South Asia shall serve environmental managers, students, researchers, and policymakers.

Solves specific problems surrounding the spectral signature libraries of different minerals in multispectral and hyperspectral data. Helps develop new algorithms for retrieving mineral mining potential zones in remote sensing data. Includes over 200 equations that illustrate how to follow examples in the book.

M. Verstraete (1) and M. Menenti (2, 3) (1) Space Applications Institute, Ispra, Italy, (2) The Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands and (3) Universite Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France. The European Network for the development of Advanced Models to interpret Optical Remote Sensing data over terrestrial environments (ENAMORS) is a consortium of academic and research institutions involved in methodological research and in applications of remote sensing techniques for Earth Observation. It was supported initially through a Concerted Action from the Environment and Climate Research and Technology Development Program in the 4th Framework Program of the European Commission. Its activities include the organization of international scientific conferences, the first of which took place in Tuusula, Finland, from September 17 to 19, 1997. This book contains the proceedings of that conference and effectively summarizes the discussions and conclusions reached by the participants. The title of this meeting was 'Optical Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Surfaces: New Sensors, Advanced Algorithms, and the Opportunity for Novel Applications'. It aimed at assembling representatives from the policy maker, remote sensing research and end-user communities, as well as from national and international space agencies and aerospace industries. Together, they discussed the need for R&D support, as well as the contents and priorities of such a program in this economic sector during the period covered by the 5th Framework Program (1999--2002)."

This book addresses the mapping of soil-landscape parameters in the geospatial domain. It begins by discussing the fundamental concepts, and then explains how machine learning and geomatics can be applied for more efficient mapping and to improve our understanding and management of 'soil'. The judicious utilization of a piece of land is one of the biggest and most important current challenges, especially in light of the rapid global urbanization, which requires continuous monitoring of resource consumption. The book provides a clear overview of how machine learning can be used to analyze remote sensing data to monitor the key parameters, below, at, and above the surface. It not only offers insights into the approaches, but also allows readers to learn about the challenges and issues associated with the digital mapping of these parameters and to gain a better understanding of the selection of data to represent soil-landscape relationships as well as the complex and interconnected links between soil-landscape parameters under a range of soil and climatic conditions. Lastly, the book sheds light on using the network of satellite-based Earth observations to provide solutions toward smart farming and smart land management.

Provides modern surveying practices with free software algorithm and R toolset for active learning Includes case studies from different geographical areas using arbitrary and international cartographic reference systems Enables and demonstrates the integration of traditional geomatics with nowadays geospatial big data technologies Explains data standards, equipment used, possible analyzes and the importance of error evaluation for scientific surveying Discusses different scales of landscapes and bring together the experiences of leading experts in the field

Co-location pattern mining detects sets of features frequently located in close proximity to each other. This book focuses on data mining for co-location pattern, a valid method for identifying patterns from all types of data and applying them in business intelligence and analytics. It explains the fundamentals of co-location pattern mining, co-location decision tree, and maximal instance co-location pattern mining along with an in-depth overview of data mining, machine learning, and statistics. This arrangement of chapters helps readers understand the methods of co-location pattern mining step-by-step and their applications in pavement management, image classification, geospatial buffer analysis, etc.

Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in Tropical and Subtropical Areas offers a complete and thorough system for using optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing data for improving impervious surface estimation (ISE). Highlighting tropical and subtropical areas where there is significant cloud occurrence and varying phenology, the book addresses the challenges impacting impervious surfaces in tropical and subtropical zones. It examines the potential for estimating urban impervious surfaces in a rainy and cloudy environment, considers the difficulties encountered when using optical remote sensing in this type of climate, and assesses existing methods employing remote sensing data for accurate ISE in tropical and subtropical regions. Using the results of comparative studies conducted during the four seasons and in six different cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, and Cape Town), the authors develop a framework for ISE using optical and SAR image data. They address the advantages and disadvantages of optical and SAR data, consider fusion strategies for combining optical and SAR data, and examine different feature extractions for optical and SAR data. They also detail the limitations of the research, suggest possible topics for future analysis, and cover previous findings on the synergistic use of optical and SAR data. Concentrates on the effect a tropical and subtropical urban climate can have on impervious surface estimation (ISE) Reviews literature on the significance of ISE and the phonological and climatic characteristics of tropical and subtropical regions Describes datasets including satellite data, digital orthophoto data, in situ data, and more Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in Tropical and Subtropical Areas investigates the state of the art in creating new algorithms for digital images processing and remotely sensed images classification, as well as in developing the meteorological modeling of urban heat islands, and the hydrological modeling of surface run-off and urban floods.

This unique text/reference presents a unified approach to the formulation of Gestalt laws for perceptual grouping, and the construction of nested hierarchies by aggregation utilizing these laws. The book also describes the extraction of such constructions from noisy images showing man-made objects and clutter. Each Gestalt operation is introduced in a separate, self-contained chapter, together with application examples and a brief literature review. These are then brought together in an algebraic closure chapter, followed by chapters that connect the method to the data - i.e., the extraction of primitives from images, cooperation with machine-readable knowledge, and cooperation with machine learning. Topics and features: offers the first unified approach to nested hierarchical perceptual grouping; presents a review of all relevant Gestalt laws in a single source; covers reflection symmetry, frieze symmetry, rotational symmetry, parallelism and rectangular settings, contour prolongation, and lattices; describes the problem from all theoretical viewpoints, including syntactic, probabilistic, and algebraic perspectives; discusses issues important to practical application, such as primitive extraction and any-time search; provides an appendix detailing a general adjustment model with constraints. This work offers new insights and proposes novel methods to advance the field of machine vision, which will be of great benefit to students, researchers, and engineers active in this area.

"Proceedings of the 3rd China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC2012)" presents selected research papers from CSNC2012, held on 15-19 May in Guanzhou, China. These papers discuss the technologies and applications of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and the latest progress made in the China BeiDou system especially. They are divided into 9 topics to match the corresponding sessions in CSNC2012, which broadly covered key topics in GNSS. Readers can learn about the BeiDou system and keep abreast of the latest advances in GNSS techniques and applications.

SUN Jiadong is the Chief Designer of the Compass/BeiDou system, and the Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences; LIU Jingnan is a professor at Wuhan University, and the Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering; YANG Yuanxi is a professor at China National Administration of GNSS and Applications, and the Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences; FAN Shiwei is a researcher on satellite navigation.

Although GIS provides powerful functionality for spatial analysis, data overlay and storage, these spatially oriented systems lack the ability to represent temporal dynamics, which is a major impediment to its use in surface modeling. However, rapid development of computing technology in recent years has made real-time spatial analysis and real-time data visualization become realizable. Based on newly developed methods, Surface Modeling: High Accuracy and High Speed Methods explores solutions to big-error and slow-efficiency problems, two critical challenges that have long plagued those working in with geographical information system (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD). By developing high accuracy and high speed methods for surface modeling, the book builds a bridge between the mathematical-oriented theory of surface modeling and the user-oriented application where the user is actually able to retrieve information on the method itself. The author examines a novel method of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) in terms of the fundamental theorem of surfaces. He then analyzes the coefficient matrix and develops an adaptive method of HASM (HASM-AM), a multi-grade method of HASM (HASM-MG), and an adjustment method of HASM (HASM-AD). He uses numerical tests and real world studies to demonstrate that HASM-AM, HASM-MG, and HASM-AD have highly accelerated computational speed, especially for simulations with huge computational work. Building on this, the book discusses a HASM-based method for dynamic simulation (HASM-FDS), and then applies HASM methods to simulate terrains, climate change, ecosystem change, land cover, and soil properties. It demonstrates HASM's potential for simulating population distribution, human carrying capacity, ecosystem services, ecological diversity, change detection, and wind velocity. The book concludes with a discussion of the problems that exist in surface modeling on a global level and evaluates possible solutions to these problems.

During the past years, Saudi Arabia has been affected by particularly severe torrential rains and floods. This book presents an in-depth and all-encompassing study on the floods that occurred in the Jeddah area in 2009 and 2011, including water-flow mechanisms, state-of-the-art techniques for flood assessment, flood control and appropriate management approaches. It highlights a number of methods and concepts that can be applied in similar areas in Saudi Arabia in order to reduce and mitigate the impact of torrential rains and floods.

Due to the rapid increase in the number of mobile device users worldwide, location-based services (LBSs) have become pervasive, and the demand for them will continue to grow. Exploring recent changes in the technology and its uses, Advanced Location-Based Technologies and Services takes an in-depth look at new and existing technologies, techniques, applications, and opportunities. Under the editorial guidance of Hassan Karimi, with contributions from experts in the field, the book examines the breadth and depth of advanced LBS technologies and techniques. The book provides up-to-date information on LBSs, including WiFi fingerprinting, geo-crowdsouring, and location privacy as well as application areas such as LBSs for public health, indoor navigation, pedestrian navigation, and advertising. Highlights include discussions of Location-Based Social Networking (LBSN) and the latest developments in geospatial clouds and how they can be used. It takes a look into the future with coverage of emerging technologies that will shape the future generation of LBSs. Carefully designed to cover a range of topics for readers at different levels and with different backgrounds, the book provides a balance of knowledge between LBS theories, technologies, and applications. The caliber of the contributions coupled with the depth of coverage make the book an essential resource for anyone exploring the potential of the latest developments in LBSs.

A balanced review of differing approaches based on remote sensing tools and methods to assess and monitor biodiversity, carbon and water cycles, and the energy balance of terrestrial ecosystem. Earth Observation of Ecosystem Services highlights the advantages Earth observation technologies offer for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem functions and services. It provides a multidisciplinary reference that expressly covers the use of remote sensing for quantifying and monitoring multiple ecosystem services. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible ecosystem services, this book takes a global look at the most relevant remote sensing approaches to estimate key ecosystem services from satellite data. Structured in four main sections, it covers carbon cycle, biodiversity, water cycle, and energy balance. Each section contains a review of conceptual and empirical methods, techniques, and case studies linking remotely sensed data to the biophysical variables and ecosystem functions associated with key ecosystem services. The book identifies relevant issues and challenges of assessment, presents cutting-edge sensing techniques, uses globally implemented tools to quantify ecosystem functions, and presents examples of successful monitoring programs. Covering recent developments undertaken on the global and national stage from Earth observation satellite data, it includes valuable lessons and recommendations and novel ways to improve current global monitoring systems. The book delineates the use of Earth observation data so that it can be used to quantify, map, value, and manage the valuable goods and services that ecosystems provide to societies around the world.

This book provides a state-of-the art overview of satellite archaeology and it is an invaluable volume for archaeologists, scientists, and managers interested in using satellite Earth Observation (EO) to improve the traditional approach for archaeological investigation, protection and management of Cultural Heritage.

The recent increasing development of EO techniques and the tremendous advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have resulted primarily in Cultural Heritage applications. The book focuses on new challenging prospects for the use of EO in archaeology not only for probing the subsurface to unveil sites and artifacts, but also for the management and valorization as well as for the monitoring and preservation of cultural resources. The book provides a first-class understanding of this revolutionary scenario which was unthinkable several years ago.

The book offers: (i) an excellent collection of outstanding articles focusing on satellite data processing, analysis and interpretation for archaeological applications, (ii) impressive case studies, (iii) striking examples of the high potential of the integration of multi-temporal, multi-scale, multi-sensors techniques.

Each chapter is composed as an authoritative contribution to help the reader grasp the value of its content. The authors are renowned experts from the international scientific community.

"Audience" This book will be of interest to scientists in remote sensing applied to archeology, geoarcheology, paleo-environment, paleo-climate and cultural heritage.

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This book explores how we create deep maps, delving into the development of methods and approaches that move beyond standard two-dimensional cartography. Deep mapping offers a more detailed exploration of the world we inhabit. Moving from concept to practice, this book addresses how we make deep maps. It explores what methods are available, what technologies and approaches are favorable when designing deep maps, and what lessons assist the practitioner during their construction. This book aims to create an open-ended way in which to understand complex problems through multiple perspectives, while providing a means to represent the physical properties of the real world and to respond to the needs of contemporary scholarship. With contributions from leading experts in the spatial humanities, chapters focus on the linked layers of quantitative and qualitative data, maps, photographs, images, and sound that offer a dynamic view of past and present worlds. This innovative book is the first to offer these insights on the construction of deep maps. It will be a key point of reference for students and scholars in the digital and spatial humanities, geographers, cartographers, and computer scientists who work on spatiality, sensory experience, and perceptual learning.

This book offers a unique multidisciplinary integration of the physics of turbulence and remote sensing technology. Remote Sensing of Turbulence provides a new vision on the research of turbulence and summarizes the current and future challenges of monitoring turbulence remotely. The book emphasizes sophisticated geophysical applications, detection, and recognition of complex turbulent flows in oceans and the atmosphere. Through several techniques based on microwave and optical/IR observations, the text explores the technological capabilities and tools for the detection of turbulence, their signatures, and variability. FEATURES Covers the fundamental aspects of turbulence problems with a broad geophysical scope for a wide audience of readers Provides a complete description of remote-sensing capabilities for observing turbulence in the earth's environment Establishes the state-of-the-art remote-sensing techniques and methods of data analysis for turbulence detection Investigates and evaluates turbulence detection signatures, their properties, and variability Provides cutting-edge remote-sensing applications for space-based monitoring and forecasts of turbulence in oceans and the atmosphere This book is a great resource for applied physicists, the professional remote sensing community, ecologists, geophysicists, and earth scientists.

Detailed and accurate information on the spatial distribution of individual species over large spatial extents and over multiple time periods is critical for rapid response and effective management of environmental change. The twenty first century has witnessed a rapid development in both fine resolution sensors and statistical theories and techniques. These innovations hold great potential for improved accuracy of species mapping using remote sensing. Fine Resolution Remote Sensing of Species in Terrestrial and Coastal Ecosystems is a collection of eight cutting-edge studies of fine spatial resolution remote sensing, including species mapping of biogenic and coral reefs, seagrasses, salt and freshwater marshes, and grasslands. The studies illustrate the power of fine resolution imagery for species identification, as well as the value of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery as an ideal source of high-quality reference data at the species level. The studies also highlight the benefit of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data for species identification, and how this varies depending on the species of interest as well as the nature of the context in which the species is found. The broad range of applications explored in the book demonstrates the major contribution of remote sensing to species-level terrestrial and coastal ecosystem studies as well as the potential for future advances. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the International Journal of Remote Sensing.

This book presents the forensic geoscience in general and, in particular, in Italy and their application to peculiar crimes. Italy is internationally relevant due to the presence of different kinds of "geo-crimes" (in the first place, environmental mafia), and is emblematic to understanding the best way to fight these crimes. This book will not only offer a new view point to comprehending these "geo-crimes", but also fresh and updated results of the different methods applied to fight against these crimes. This book is unique in that it is not a collection of articles but an individual work with the same theme beginning with a state-of-the-art of these disciplines to their international value passing through several case studies.

This book highlights studies of differentiation problems of natural geosystems because of anthropogenic impact. The systematic methodology of comprehensive ecological assessment of anthropogenic impact on natural geosystems and their differentiations on the level of technogenic conditionality for ensuring rational environmental management and environmental protection are discussed. The practical importance of this book lies in the evidence-based recommendations and actions for conservation and quality management of the environment in order to decrease the degree of anthropogenic impact and in prevention of degradation processes. The book is useful to the researchers, industrial, scientific, and other organizations in establishing the purpose of the problem and solution to environmental protection and rational environmental management.

Satellite images acquired at night provide a visually arresting perspective of the Earth and the human activities that light up the otherwise mostly dark Earth. These night-time light satellite images can be compiled into a geospatial time series that represent an invaluable source of information for both the natural and social sciences. Night-time light remote sensing has been shown to be particularly useful for a range of natural science and social science applications, including studies relating to urban development, demography, sociology, fishing activity, light pollution and the consequences of civil war. Key sensors for these time-series include the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Satellite's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band (Suomi NPP/VIIRS DNB). An increasing number of alternative sources are also available, including high spatial resolution and multispectral sensors. This book captures key methodological issues associated with pre-processing night-time light data, documents state of the art analysis methods, and explores a wide range of applications. Major sections focus on NPP/VIIRS DNB processing; inter-calibration between NPP/VIIRS and DMPS/OLS; applications associated with socio-economic activities, applications in monitoring urbanization; and fishing activity monitoring. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the International Journal of Remote Sensing.