Highlighting new technologies, Remote Sensing of Natural Resources explores advanced remote sensing systems and algorithms for image processing, enhancement, feature extraction, data fusion, image classification, image-based modeling, image-based sampling design, map accuracy assessment and quality control. It also discusses their applications for evaluation of natural resources, including sampling design, land use and land cover classification, natural landscape and ecosystem assessment, forestry, agriculture, biomass and carbon-cycle modeling, wetland classification and dynamics monitoring, and soils and minerals mapping. The book combines review articles with case studies that demonstrate recent advances and developments of methods, techniques, and applications of remote sensing, with each chapter on a specific area of natural resources. Through a comprehensive examination of the wide range of applications of remote sensing technologies to natural resources, the book provides insight into advanced remote sensing systems, technologies, and algorithms for researchers, scientists, engineers, and decision makers.

Building on its heritage in planetary science, remote sensing of the Earth's at- sphere and ionosphere with occultation methods has undergone remarkable dev- opments since the rst GPS/Met 'proof of concept' mission in 1995. Signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) satellites are exploited by radio occ- tation while natural signal sources are used in solar, lunar, and stellar occultations. A range of atmospheric variables is provided reaching from fundamental atmospheric parameters such as density, pressure, and temperature to water vapor, ozone, and othertracegasspecies. Theutilityforatmosphereandclimatearisesfromtheunique properties of self-calibration, high accuracy and vertical resolution, global coverage, and (if using radio signals) all-weather capability. Occultations have become a va- able data source for atmospheric physics and chemistry, operational meteorology, climate research as well as for space weather and planetary science. The 3rd International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate (OPAC-3) was held September 17-21, 2007, in Graz, Austria. OPAC-3 aimed at providing a casual forum and stimulating atmosphere for scienti c disc- sion, co-operation initiatives, and mutual learning and support amongst members of alldifferentoccultationcommunities. Theworkshopwasattendedby40participants from 14 different countries who actively contributed to a scienti c programme of high quality and to an excellent workshop atmosphere. The programme included 6 invited keynote presentations and 16 invited pres- tations, complemented by about 20 contributed ones including 8 posters.

Globally there has been a marked increase in both the frequency and cost of natural disasters occurring due to geological, hydrological and meteorological causes. According to the United States National Academy of Sciences losses caused by natural disasters have quadrupled in the last twenty years. This book, conceived as a technical manual deals with various aspects of geohazards - using photogeology and remote sensing. It is unique in that the succinct text supports the illustrations, and is aimed at geoscience professionals and university students, devised as a quick-reference standardized presentation of 177 globally occurring photo-geomorphological units and an equal number of variants derived from a comprehensive image-resolvable and ordered genetic classification of geounits. The selected geounits are uniquely classed and identified as either agents of, or susceptible to, one or more of the 14 general types of geohazards. The data set of each geounit systematically integrates characterizing graphics, ground- and air- perspective photos to introduce interpreted aerospace mono/stereoscopic photos and images demonstrating their detectability and mappability.

A ground-up approach to explaining dynamic spatial modelling for an interdisciplinary audience. Across broad areas of the environmental and social sciences, simulation models are an important way to study systems inaccessible to scientific experimental and observational methods, and also an essential complement to those more conventional approaches. The contemporary research literature is teeming with abstract simulation models whose presentation is mathematically demanding and requires a high level of knowledge of quantitative and computational methods and approaches. Furthermore, simulation models designed to represent specific systems and phenomena are often complicated, and, as a result, difficult to reconstruct from their descriptions in the literature. This book aims to provide a practical and accessible account of dynamic spatial modelling, while also equipping readers with a sound conceptual foundation in the subject, and a useful introduction to the wide-ranging literature. Spatial Simulation: Exploring Pattern and Process is organised around the idea that a small number of spatial processes underlie the wide variety of dynamic spatial models. Its central focus on three building-blocks of dynamic spatial models forces of attraction and segregation, individual mobile entities, and processes of spread guides the reader to an understanding of the basis of many of the complicated models found in the research literature. The three building block models are presented in their simplest form and are progressively elaborated and related to real world process that can be represented using them. Introductory chapters cover essential background topics, particularly the relationships between pattern, process and spatiotemporal scale. Additional chapters consider how time and space can be represented in more complicated models, and methods for the analysis and evaluation of models. Finally, the three building block models are woven together in a more elaborate example to show how a complicated model can be assembled from relatively simple components. To aid understanding, more than 50 specific models described in the book are available online at patternandprocess.org for exploration in the freely available Netlogo platform. This book encourages readers to develop intuition for the abstract types of model that are likely to be appropriate for application in any specific context. Spatial Simulation: Exploring Pattern and Process will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in environmental, social, ecological and geographical disciplines. Researchers and professionals who require a non-specialist introduction will also find this book an invaluable guide to dynamic spatial simulation.

The iPhone and iPad allow user positioning via multiple methods, including GPS. The growing number location-aware, and location-fenced, applications now arriving in the App Store make heavy use of these abilities. This book walks you through the basic tools you need to build geo-aware applications before diving into the available third-party geo-SDKs available for the iOS platform.

Everyone likes maps and maps are always used to illustrate the many books on the Antarctic. Here the focus is reversed with contemporary maps telling the story - one that should be attractive to the widest audience as it is a unique approach complimenting what has gone before and providing something different for all interested in Antarctica.

One of the key methods of reducing and dealing with criminal activity is to accurately gauge and then analyse the geographical distribution of crime (from small scale to large scale areas). Once the police and government know what areas suffer most from criminal activity they can assess why this is the case and then deal with it in the most effective way.
Crime mapping and the spatial analysis of crime data have become recognised as powerful tools for the study and control of crime. Much of the emerging demand for more information and detailed crime pattern analysis have been driven by legislative changes, such as the UK's new Crime and Disorder Act which has placed a joint statutory duty on Police Forces and Local Authorities to produce crime and disorder audits for their areas.
The book sets out methods used in the fields of Geographical Information Systems and highlights areas of best practice, examines the types of problems to which spatial crime analysis can be applied, reviews the capabilities and limitations of existing techniques, and explores the future directions of spatial crime analysis and the need for training. It centres on a series of case studies highlighting the experiences of academics and practitioners in agencies centrally involved in the partnership approach to crime prevention.
Practitioners and academics not only in the UK but also worldwide should be interested in the book as an up-to-date information resource and a practical guide.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203305868

Land Surface Remote Sensing: Environment and Risks explores the use of remote sensing in applications concerning the environment, including desertification and monitoring deforestation and forest fires. The first chapter covers the characterization of aerosols and gases by passive remote sensing. The next chapter presents the correlation of optical images for quantifying the deformation of the Earth's surface and geomorphological processes. The third chapter is examines remote sensing applications in the mining environment. The fourth chapter depicts the strong potential of radar imagery for volcanology and urban and mining subsidence studies. The next two chapters deal respectively with the use of remote sensing in locust control and the contribution of remote sensing to the epidemiology of infectious diseases. In the last ten years, spatial observation of the Earth-particularly continental surfaces-has expanded considerably with the launch of increasing numbers of satellites covering various applications (hydrology, biosphere, flow of surface, snow, ice, landslide, floods). This has paved the way for an explosion in the use of remote sensing data. This book offers essential coverage of space-based observation techniques for continental surfaces. The authors explore major applications and provide a corresponding detailed chapter for the physical principles, physics of measurement, and data processing requirements for each technique, bringing you up-to-date descriptions of techniques used by leading scientists in the field of remote sensing and Earth observation.

Microwave Remote Sensing of Land Surface: Techniques and Methods brings essential coverage of the space techniques of observation on continental surfaces. The authors explore major applications and provide detailed chapters on physical principles, physics of measurement, and data processing for each technique, bringing readers up-to-date descriptions of techniques used by leading scientists in the field of remote sensing and Earth observation.

The primary focus of this text is on the process of cartographic modeling and GIS modeling. The text goes beyond cartographic modeling to incorporate supplementary or complementary technologies and logics to show that spatio-temporal modeling is not limited to cartographic modeling, nor to Map Algebra. DeMers consistent, friendly and engaging style has been highly praised by reviewers of this title as well as users of his market leading Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems.

This book addresses the environmental challenges that Libya and similar countries in the regions are currently facing. Each chapter of this book provides a methodology using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) dealing with one of these environmental challenges such as monitoring and mapping soil salinity and prediction of soil properties, monitoring and mapping of land degradation, spatiotemporal land use/cover, agricultural drought monitoring, hydrological applications such as spatial rainfall distribution, surface runoff, geo-morphometric analysis, flood hazard assessment and mapping, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, pollution hazard assessment, and climate-related geophysical processes. This book also assesses the impacts of climate change on natural resources using both RS and GIS, as well as other applications, covering different parts of Libya. This book is beneficial for graduate students, researchers, policy planners, and stakeholders in Libya as well as other countries that share similar environmental issues. Also, the methodologies followed in the book's chapters can be applied to any other regions around the world with similar landscapes and climatic conditions.

The considerable progress in instrumentation and in the development of methods for the processing and analysis of data places remote sensing at the center of various international programs for the surveillance and tracking of climatic and anthropogenic changes and effects on the environment. This volume presents optical imaging and LiDAR systems: their instrumentation, physics of measurement, processing methods and data analysis. The estimation of a digital terrain model based on optical images and LiDAR data is also discussed. This book, part of a set of six volumes, has been produced by scientists who are internationally renowned in their fields. It is addressed to students (engineers, Masters, PhD), engineers and scientists, specialists in Earth observation techniques and imaging systems. Through this pedagogical work, the authors contribute to breaking down the barriers that hinder the use of Earth observation data.

Geocomputation is the use of software and computing power to solve complex spatial problems. It is gaining increasing importance in the era of the 'big data' revolution, of 'smart cities', of crowdsourced data, and of associated applications for viewing and managing data geographically - like Google Maps. This student focused book: Provides a selection of practical examples of geocomputational techniques and 'hot topics' written by world leading practitioners. Integrates supporting materials in each chapter, such as code and data, enabling readers to work through the examples themselves. Chapters provide highly applied and practical discussions of: Visualisation and exploratory spatial data analysis Space time modelling Spatial algorithms Spatial regression and statistics Enabling interactions through the use of neogeography All chapters are uniform in design and each includes an introduction, case studies, conclusions - drawing together the generalities of the introduction and specific findings from the case study application - and guidance for further reading. This accessible text has been specifically designed for those readers who are new to Geocomputation as an area of research, showing how complex real-world problems can be solved through the integration of technology, data, and geocomputational methods. This is the applied primer for Geocomputation in the social sciences.

Plant leaves collectively represent the largest above-ground surface area of plant material in virtually all environments. Their optical properties determine where and how energy and gas exchange occurs, which in turn drives the energy budget of the planet, and defines its ecology and habitability. This book reviews the state-of-the-art research on leaf optics. Topics covered include leaf traits, the anatomy and structure of leaves, leaf colour, biophysics and spectroscopy, radiometry, radiative transfer models, and remote and proximal sensing. A physical approach is emphasised throughout, providing the necessary foundations in physics, chemistry and biology to make the context accessible to readers from various subject backgrounds. It is a valuable resource for advanced students, researchers and government agency practitioners in remote sensing, plant physiology, ecology, resource management and conservation.

Clear, up-to-date coverage of methods for analyzing geographical information in a GIS context

"Geographic Information Analysis, Second Edition" is fully updated to keep pace with the most recent developments of spatial analysis in a geographic information systems (GIS) environment. Still focusing on the universal aspects of this science, this revised edition includes new coverage on geovisualization and mapping as well as recent developments using local statistics.

Building on the fundamentals, this book explores such key concepts as spatial processes, point patterns, and autocorrelation in area data, as well as in continuous fields. Also addressed are methods for combining maps and performing computationally intensive analysis. New chapters tackle mapping, geovisualization, and local statistics, including the Moran Scatterplot and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). An appendix provides a primer on linear algebra using matrices.

Complete with chapter objectives, summaries, "thought exercises," explanatory diagrams, and a chapter-by-chapter bibliography, "Geographic Information Analysis" is a practical book for students, as well as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the industry.

Drive innovation, expand capacity, coordinate maintenance, and reduce costs. Location intelligence is changing the way transportation agencies and departments protect and maintain their infrastructure and achieve operational excellence. Mapping plays a big part, but geospatial analytics, real-time dashboards, and mobile applications are driving new, more efficient workflows and paving the way for innovative, cost-effective solutions. With advancements in smart technologies, location intelligence for transportation management is not just for GIS specialists. In Moving Forward: GIS for Transportation, see how ports, airports, transit authorities, and departments of transportation around the world have implemented geographic information systems (GIS) to visualize and analyze data for operational efficiency, safety and security, asset management, and planning and sustainability. In this collection of case studies and guidance, learn about how GIS was used to: * Expand airport capacity within limited space, while saving millions. * Centralize multi-faceted port security for monitoring daily operations. * Coordinate daily transit maintenance work on $1 trillion in hard assets. * Plan modern data governance for a state-wide department of transportation. Through web apps, online maps, dashboards, and other GIS solutions, transportation professionals develop a deeper understanding of infrastructure maintenance and operational performance within a real-world context, increasing efficiency, while improving communication and collaboration. Discover how GIS and location intelligence are helping transportation organizations strengthen their ability to maintain roads and highways, railway systems, and other vital infrastructures with Moving Forward: Applying GIS for Transportation. -- Keith Mann

This open access book is the first comprehensive overview of maritime or marine spatial planning. Countries across the globe are beginning to implement maritime spatial plans; however the authors of this collection have identified several key questions that are emerging from this growing body of MSP experience. How can maritime spatial planning deal with a complex and dynamic environment such as the sea? How can MSP be embedded in multiple levels of governance across regional and national borders - and how far does the environment benefit from this new approach? This book actively engages with the problems encapsulated in these questions, and explores possible solutions. Situated at the intersection between theory and practice, the volume draws together several strands of interdisciplinary research, reflecting on the history of MSP as well as examining current practice and looking towards the future. The authors and contributors examine MSP from disciplines as diverse as geography, urban planning, political science, natural science, sociology and education; reflecting the growing critical engagement with MSP in many academic fields. This innovative and pioneering volume will be of interest and value to students and scholars of maritime spatial planning, as well as planners and practitioners.

This book explores expertise relevant for two working groups of NeDiMAH, a European Science Foundation (ESF) funded Research Networking Programme. It examines mapping methods, procedures, tools, criticism, awareness, challenges and solutions around the concepts of "Space and Time" and "Information Visualization". The chapters explore digital methods in the representation of natural disasters, industrial design, cultural, and the history of architecture. The conclusions link to related research and present suggestions for further work including representing landscape not just as another 3D model but as historic evolution with specialised tools.

Spatial dimensions need to be properly captured if modelling and engineering techniques are to be successfully applied in addressing environmental problems. The links between the geographical information systems (GIS) that capture this data, simulation modelling, and engineering offer tremendous possibilities for building versatile support systems for managing the environment. GIS, Environmental Modelling and Engineering focuses on using GIS and external models to solve real environmental problems, promoting the critical thinking needed for the effective applications of these systems and their analytical outputs.
Divided into three major sections, this textbook first concentrates on defining GIS, identifying how data is structured, and explaining common functionality. The text examines GIS from a technological perspective, exploring the evolution of its scientific basis and its synergies with other technologies within a geocomputational paradigm. The next section explores modelling from a neutral scientific perspective in its role of simulating phenomena, as well as from a more specific perspective in its role within environmental science and engineering. The third and largest section looks at how GIS and simulation modelling are joined. It provides case studies and covers issues such as interoperability, data quality, model validity, space-time dynamics, and decision-support systems.
This volume provides seniors and postgraduate students with a structured, coherent text that goes beyond introductory subject matter by enabling readers to think critically about the data acquisition process and the results they get from the technology.

International scholarship is increasingly aware that the 'geographical tradition' is a contentious and contested field: while critical reflections on the imperial past of the discipline are still ongoing, new tendencies including de-colonial studies and geographies of internationalism are focusing on the progressive aspects of plural geographical traditions. This volume contains selected papers presented at two Symposia of the Commission on the History of Geography of the International Geographical Union within the 25th International Congress of History of Science and Technology which took place in Rio de Janeiro in July 2017. The papers address processes of 'decolonising' and 'internationalising' science in the 19th and 20th century, with a special emphasis on geography. Internationalization, circulation and dissemination of geographical concepts and ideas are in the focus. The volume includes case studies on Latin America, tropical regions as well as Europe and Japan. There is also an emphasis on the history of international congresses and organizations and on the international circulation of knowledge.

In the context of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) the book offers a timely review Map Projections. The first chapters are of foundational type. We introduce the mapping from a left Riemann manifold to a right one specified as conformal, equiaerial and equidistant, perspective and geodetic. In particular, the mapping from a Riemann manifold to a Euclidean manifold ("plane") and the design of various coordinate systems are reviewed . A speciality is the treatment of surfaces of Gaussian curvature zero. The largest part is devoted for mapping the sphere and the ellipsoid-of-revolution to tangential plane, cylinder and cone (pseudo-cone) using the polar aspect, transverse as well as oblique aspect. Various Geodetic Mappings as well as the Datum Problem sre reviewed.

In the first extension we introduce optimal map projections by variational calculus for the sphere, respectively the ellipsoid generating harmonic maps. The second extension reviews alternative maps for structures, namely torus (pneu), hyperboloid (cooling tower), paraboloid (parabolic mirror), onion shape (church tower) as well as clothoid (Hight Speed Railways) used in Project Surveying. Third, we present the Datum Transformation described by the Conformal Group C10

(3) in a threedimensional Euclidean space, a ten parameter conformal transformation. It leaves infinitesimal angles and distance ratios equivariant.

Numerical examples from classical and new map projections as well as twelve appendices document the Wonderful World of Map Projections."

A comprehensive resource of basic principles and practical algorithms

Remote sensing of land surfaces has entered a new era. A series of operating satellites from the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) program, other international programs, and commercial programs are producing tremendous volumes of data at significantly higher levels of measurement precision. In order to effectively interpret the data and estimate Earth surface variables, scientists require ever more sophisticated and targeted quantitative algorithms. Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces fills this reference need, connecting theoretical, physically based modeling to specific applications.

Shunlin Liang divides his much-needed resource into two parts. The first presents the current understanding of optical remote sensing with an emphasis on radiative transfer modeling of the atmosphere, canopy, soil, and snow. The second, greater part of the text, discusses a variety of practical algorithms for estimating land surface variables quantitatively. It includes state-of-the-art quantitative algorithms for:

• Sensor calibration
• Atmospheric and topographic correction
• Estimation of a variety of biophysical and geophysical variables
• Four-dimensional data assimilation

The book cites more than 1,300 references, and the companion CD-ROM includes useful computer program codes and valuable data sets. The author assumes no special mathematical background beyond a good working knowledge of statistics, calculus, and linear algebra on an undergraduate level.

Graduate students as well as practitioners of interdisciplinary research on the Earth’s land surface environment will find Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces to be a peerless addition to the professional literature.

This open access volume contains the proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Terrestrial Gravimetry: Static and Mobile Measurements (TG-SMM2019) held in St. Petersburg, Russia, October 1 – 4, 2019. The symposium was hosted by the State Research Center of the Russian Federation Concern CSRI Elektropribor, JSC and was attended by 75 participants from 15 different countries. 32 oral and 20 poster contributions were presented in four different topical sessions: Terrestrial, shipboard and airborne gravimetry, Absolute gravimetry, Relative gravimetry, gravity networks and applications of gravimetry and Cold atom and superconducting gravimeters, gravitational experiments.

Global Positioning System; Planes, Trains and GPS Satellites; Summary of Global Positioning System (GPS) Integrated Precipitable Water (IPW); Low Cost GPS - Based System for Site - Specific Farming at Flat Terrains - Case Study; Error Analysis of Satellite - Based Global Navigation System over the Low - Latitude Region; The Future of Global Navigation Satellite Systems; The Future of GPS; Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Applications: An Overview; Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System; Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Coastal Hazards and Disasters; Monitoring the Coseismic Movement of Koyna Using GPS; Practical Applications for Global Positioning System Data from Solid Waste Collection Vehicles; Application of GPS for Monitoring Land Subsidence; Comparative Assessment of Techniques for Bioresource Monitoring Using GIS and Remote Sensing; Hydrogeomorphological Mapping for Groundwater Prospects Using Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study of a Part of Bhind District, Madhya Pradesh; Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies in Disaster Management in Algeria; Wireless Technologies for Logistic Distribution Process.