Fuzzy Cluster Analysis presents advanced and powerful fuzzy clustering techniques. This thorough and self-contained introduction to fuzzy clustering methods and applications covers classification, image recognition, data analysis and rule generation. Combining theoretical and practical perspectives, each method is analysed in detail and fully illustrated with examples. Features include:

• Sections on inducing fuzzy if-then rules by fuzzy clustering and non-alternating optimization fuzzy clustering algorithms
• Discussion of solid fuzzy clustering techniques like the fuzzy c-means, the Gustafson-Kessel and the Gath-and-Geva algorithm for classification problems
• Focus on linear and shell clustering techniques used for detecting contours in image analysis
• Accompanying software and data sets pertaining to the examples presented, enabling the reader to learn through experimentation
• Examination of the difficulties involved in evaluating the results of fuzzy cluster analysis and of determining the number of clusters with analysis of global and local validity measures
• Description of different fuzzy clustering techniques allowing the user to select the method most appropriate to a particular problem

Computer scientists, engineers and mathematicians in industry and research who are concerned with fuzzy clustering methods, data analysis, pattern recognition or image processing will find this a timely and accessible resource. Graduate students in computer science, mathematics or statistics will value this comprehensive overview of the applications of fuzzy methods. Download accompanying program and data sets from our website

The Philosophy of Mathematics Today gives a panorama of the best current work in this lively field, through twenty essays specially written for this collection by leading figures. The topics include indeterminacy, logical consequence, mathematical methodology, abstraction, and both Hilbert's and Frege's foundational programmes. The collection will be an important source for research in the philosophy of mathematics for years to come.

Contributors Paul Benacerraf, George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Charles S. Chihara, Michael Detlefsen, Michael Dummett, Hartry Field, Kit Fine, Bob Hale, Richard G. Heck, Jnr., Geoffrey Hellman, Penelope Maddy, Karl-Georg Niebergall, Charles D. Parsons, Michael D. Resnik, Matthias Schirn, Stewart Shapiro, Peter Simons, W.W. Tait, Crispin Wright.

Fuzzy set theory provides us with a framework which is wider than that of classical set theory. Various mathematical structures, whose features emphasize the effects of ordered structure, can be developed on the theory. Fuzzy topology is one such branch, combining ordered structure with topological structure. This branch of mathematics, emerged from the background - processing fuzziness, and locale theory, proposed from the angle of pure mathematics by the great French mathematician Ehresmann, comprise the two most active aspects of topology on lattice, which affect each other.This book is the first monograph to systematically reflect the up-to-date state of fuzzy topology. It emphasizes the so-called "pointed approach" and the effects of stratification structure appearing in fuzzy sets.The monograph can serve as a reference book for mathematicians, researchers, and graduate students working in this branch of mathematics. After an appropriate rearrangements of the chapters and sections, it can also be used as a text for undergraduates.

This book is an introduction to set theory for beginning graduate students who want to get a sound grounding in those aspects of set theory used extensively throughout other areas of mathematics. Topics covered include formal languages and models, the power and limitation of the Axiomatic Method, the Axiom of Choice, including the fascinating Banach-Tarski Paradox, applications of Zorn's Lemma, ordinal arithmetic, including transfinite induction, and cardinal arithmetic. The style of writing, more a dialogue with the reader than that of the Master indoctrinating the pupil, makes this also very suitable for self-study.

Set theory is concerned with the foundation of mathematics. In the original formulations of set theory, there were paradoxes contained in the idea of the "set of all sets". Current standard theory (Zermelo-Fraenkel) avoids these paradoxes by restricting the way sets may be formed by other sets, specifically to disallow the possibility of forming the set of all sets. In the 1930s, Quine proposed a different form of set theory in which the set of all sets - the universal set - is allowed, but other restrictions are placed on these axioms. Since then, the steady interest expressed in these non-standard set theories has been boosted by their relevance to computer science. The second edition still concentrates largely on Quine's New Foundations, reflecting the author's belief that this provides the richest and most mysterious of the various systems dealing with set theories with a universal set. Also included is an expanded and completely revised account of the set theories of Church-Oswald and Mitchell, with descriptions of permutation models and extensions that preserve power sets. Dr Foster here presents the reader with a useful and readable introduction for those interested in this topic, and a reference work for those already involved in this area.

From Simon & Schuster, Fuzzy Logic is about the revolutionary computer technology that is changing our world. Fuzzy logic is a way to program computers so that they can mimic the imprecise way that humans make decisions. This technology allows for many innovative applications, including cars that virtually drive themselves, washing machines that pick the right wash cycles and water temperature automatically and air conditioning and heaters that adjust to the number of people in the room.

This book casts new light on mathematics through its consideration of metaphysical materialism. The author identifies natural, real and imaginary numbers and sets with specified physical properties and relations.

Set theory tempts us into misunderstanding the nature of mathematics; Bigelow challenges the myth that mathematical objects can be defined into existence. By reconstruing numbers as real, non-linguistic, physical properties or relations, mathematics can be drawn back from its sterile, abstract exile into the midst of the physical world to which we belong.

Both a stepping stone to higher analysis courses and a foundation for deeper reasoning in applied mathematics, this book provides a broad foundation in real analysis. In connection with this, within the chapters, readers are pointed to numerous accessible articles from The College Mathematics Journal and The American Mathematical Monthly. Axioms are presented with an emphasis on their distinguishing characteristic, culminating with the axioms that define the reals. Set theory is another theme found in this book, running underneath the rigorous development of functions, sequences and series, and ending with chapters on transfinite cardinal numbers and basic point-set topology. Differentiation and integration are developed rigorously with the goal of forming a firm foundation for deeper study. A historical theme interweaves throughout the book, with many quotes and accounts of interest to all readers. Over 600 exercises, dozens of figures, an annotated bibliography, and several appendices help the learning process.

The fractional Laplacian, also called the Riesz fractional derivative, describes an unusual diffusion process associated with random excursions. The Fractional Laplacian explores applications of the fractional Laplacian in science, engineering, and other areas where long-range interactions and conceptual or physical particle jumps resulting in an irregular diffusive or conductive flux are encountered. Presents the material at a level suitable for a broad audience of scientists and engineers with rudimentary background in ordinary differential equations and integral calculus Clarifies the concept of the fractional Laplacian for functions in one, two, three, or an arbitrary number of dimensions defined over the entire space, satisfying periodicity conditions, or restricted to a finite domain Covers physical and mathematical concepts as well as detailed mathematical derivations Develops a numerical framework for solving differential equations involving the fractional Laplacian and presents specific algorithms accompanied by numerical results in one, two, and three dimensions Discusses viscous flow and physical examples from scientific and engineering disciplines Written by a prolific author well known for his contributions in fluid mechanics, biomechanics, applied mathematics, scientific computing, and computer science, the book emphasizes fundamental ideas and practical numerical computation. It includes original material and novel numerical methods.

Set Theoretical Aspects of Real Analysis is built around a number of questions in real analysis and classical measure theory, which are of a set theoretic flavor. Accessible to graduate students, and researchers the beginning of the book presents introductory topics on real analysis and Lebesgue measure theory. These topics highlight the boundary between fundamental concepts of measurability and nonmeasurability for point sets and functions. The remainder of the book deals with more specialized material on set theoretical real analysis. The book focuses on certain logical and set theoretical aspects of real analysis. It is expected that the first eleven chapters can be used in a course on Lebesque measure theory that highlights the fundamental concepts of measurability and non-measurability for point sets and functions. Provided in the book are problems of varying difficulty that range from simple observations to advanced results. Relatively difficult exercises are marked by asterisks and hints are included with additional explanation. Five appendices are included to supply additional background information that can be read alongside, before, or after the chapters. Dealing with classical concepts, the book highlights material not often found in analysis courses. It lays out, in a logical, systematic manner, the foundations of set theory providing a readable treatment accessible to graduate students and researchers.

Information granules, as encountered in natural language, are implicit in nature. To make them fully operational so they can be effectively used to analyze and design intelligent systems, information granules need to be made explicit. An emerging discipline, granular computing focuses on formalizing information granules and unifying them to create a coherent methodological and developmental environment for intelligent system design and analysis. Granular Computing: Analysis and Design of Intelligent Systems presents the unified principles of granular computing along with its comprehensive algorithmic framework and design practices. Introduces the concepts of information granules, information granularity, and granular computing Presents the key formalisms of information granules Builds on the concepts of information granules with discussion of higher-order and higher-type information granules Discusses the operational concept of information granulation and degranulation by highlighting the essence of this tandem and its quantification in terms of the associated reconstruction error Examines the principle of justifiable granularity Stresses the need to look at information granularity as an important design asset that helps construct more realistic models of real-world systems or facilitate collaborative pursuits of system modeling Highlights the concepts, architectures, and design algorithms of granular models Explores application domains where granular computing and granular models play a visible role, including pattern recognition, time series, and decision making Written by an internationally renowned authority in the field, this innovative book introduces readers to granular computing as a new paradigm for the analysis and synthesis of intelligent systems. It is a valuable resource for those engaged in research and practical developments in computer, electrical, industrial, manufacturing, and biomedical engineering. Building from fundamentals, the book is also suitable for readers from nontechnical disciplines where information granules assume a visible position.

Michael Potter presents a comprehensive new philosophical introduction to set theory. Anyone wishing to work on the logical foundations of mathematics must understand set theory, which lies at its heart. Potter offers a thorough account of cardinal and ordinal arithmetic, and the various axiom candidates. He discusses in detail the project of set-theoretic reduction, which aims to interpret the rest of mathematics in terms of set theory. The key question here is how to deal with the paradoxes that bedevil set theory. Potter offers a strikingly simple version of the most widely accepted response to the paradoxes, which classifies sets by means of a hierarchy of levels. What makes the book unique is that it interweaves a careful presentation of the technical material with a penetrating philosophical critique. Potter does not merely expound the theory dogmatically but at every stage discusses in detail the reasons that can be offered for believing it to be true. Set Theory and its Philosophy is a key text for philosophy, mathematical logic, and computer science.

The Philosophy of Mathematics Today gives a panorama of the best current work in this lively field, through twenty essays specially written for this collection by leading figures. The topics include indeterminacy, logical consequence, mathematical methodology, abstraction, and both Hilbert's and Frege's foundational programmes. The collection will be an important source for research in the philosophy of mathematics for years to come.

Contributors Paul Benacerraf, George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Charles S. Chihara, Michael Detlefsen, Michael Dummett, Hartry Field, Kit Fine, Bob Hale, Richard G. Heck, Jnr., Geoffrey Hellman, Penelope Maddy, Karl-Georg Niebergall, Charles D. Parsons, Michael D. Resnik, Matthias Schirn, Stewart Shapiro, Peter Simons, W.W. Tait, Crispin Wright.

Celebrating the work of world-renowned mathematician Sam B. Nadler, Jr., this reference examines the most recent advances in the analysis of continua. The book offers articles on the contributions of Professor Nadler, theorems on the structure and uniqueness of hyperspaces, results on the dynamics of solenoids, examples involving inverse limits of maps of the interval conditions on embeddability of hyperspaces and symmetric products, open problems on a number of topics. It examines boundary bumping theorems, fixed point theorems for nonseparating plane continua, Whitney maps and Whitney properties, topological entropy for arc-like continua, a variety of mapping properties, and more.

The requirement to reason logically forms the basis of all mathematics, and hence mathematical logic is one of the most fundamental topics that students will study. Assuming no prior knowledge of the topic, this book provides an accessible introduction for advanced undergraduate students.

The requirement to reason logically forms the basis of all mathematics, and hence mathematical logic is one of the most fundamental topics that students will study. Assuming no prior knowledge of the topic, this book provides an accessible introduction for advanced undergraduate students.

In mathematics we are interested in why a particular formula is true. Intuition and statistical evidence are insufficient, so we need to construct a formal logical proof. The purpose of this book is to describe why such proofs are important, what they are made of, how to recognize valid ones, how to distinguish different kinds, and how to construct them. This book is written for 1st year students with no previous experience of formulating proofs. Dave Johnson has drawn from his considerable experience to provide a text that concentrates on the most important elements of the subject using clear, simple explanations that require no background knowledge of logic. It gives many useful examples and problems, many with fully-worked solutions at the end of the book. In addition to a comprehensive index, there is also a useful `Dramatis Personae` an index to the many symbols introduced in the text, most of which will be new to students and which will be used throughout their degree programme.

How can the infinite, a subject so remote from our finite experience, be an everyday tool for the working mathematician? Blending history, philosophy, mathematics, and logic, Shaughan Lavine answers this question with exceptional clarity. Making use of the mathematical work of Jan Mycielski, he demonstrates that knowledge of the infinite is possible, even according to strict standards that require some intuitive basis for knowledge.

Presents a novel approach to set theory that is entirely operational. This approach avoids the existential axioms associated with traditional Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, and provides both a foundation for set theory and a practical approach to learning the subject.

Intermediate Logic is an ideal text for anyone who has taken a first course in logic and is progressing to further study. It examines logical theory, rather than the applications of logic, and does not assume any specific technical grounding. The author introduces and explains each concept and term, ensuring that readers have a firm foundation for study. He provides a broad, deep understanding of logic by adopting and comparing a variety of different methods and approaches. In the first section, Bostock covers such fundamental notions as truth, validity, entailment, qualification, and decision procedures. Part Two lays out a definitive introduction to four key logical tools or procedures: semantic tableaux, axiomatic proofs, natural deduction, and sequent calculi. The final section opens up new areas of existence and identity, concluding by moveing from orthodox logic to an examination of free logic'. Intermediate Logic provides an ideal secondary course in logic for university students, and a bridge to advanced study of such subjects as model theory, proof theory, and other specialized areas of mathematical logic. This book is intended for university students from second-year und

This text provides a wide-ranging introduction to convex sets and functions, suitable for final-year undergraduates and also graduate students. Demanding only a modest knowledge of analysis and linear algebra, it discusses such diverse topics as number theory, classical extremum problems, combinatorial geometry, linear programming, game theory, polytopes, bodies of constant width, the gamma function, minimax approximation, and the theory of linear, classical, and matrix inequalities.

Is the continuum hypothesis still open? If we interpret it as finding the laws of cardinal arithmetic (really exponentiation since addition and multiplication were classically solved), it was thought to be essentially solved by the independence results of Goedel and Cohen (and Easton) with some isolated positive results (like Galvin-Hajnal). It was expected that only more independence results remained to be proved. The author has come to change his view: we should stress ]*N0 (not 2] ) and mainly look at the cofinalities rather than cardinalities, in particular pp (), pcf ( ). Their properties are investigated here and conventional cardinal arithmetic is reduced to 2]*N (*N - regular, cases totally independent) and various cofinalities. This enables us to get new results for the conventional cardinal arithmetic, thus supporting the interest in our view. We also find other applications, extend older methods of using normal fiters and prove the existence of Jonsson algebra.

Les buts principaux de cet ouvrage qui comble un vide sont de:

- donner les concepts et r sultats fondamentaux sur les ensembles ordonn?'s finis,

- pr senter leurs usages dans des domaines vari?'s (de la RO ou l IA la micro- conomie),

- signaler un certain nombre de r sultats et de recherches en cours.

Collecting, curating, and illuminating over 75 years of progress since Tarski's seminal work in 1941, this textbook in two volumes offers a landmark, unified treatment of the increasingly relevant field of relation algebras. Clear and insightful prose guides the reader through material previously only available in scattered, highly-technical journal articles. Students and experts alike will appreciate the work as both a textbook and invaluable reference for the community. This set charts relation algebras from novice to expert level. The first volume, Introduction to Relation Algebras, offers a comprehensive grounding for readers new to the topic. The second, Advanced Topics in Relation Algebras, build on this foundation and advances the reader into the deeper mathematical results of the past few decades. Such material offers an ideal preparation for research in relation algebras and Boolean algebras with operators. Note that the second volume contains numerous, essential references to the first. Readers of the advanced material are encouraged to purchase the pair as a set, as access to the first book is necessary to make use of the second.