Architecture of Mathematics describes the logical structure of Mathematics from its foundations to its real-world applications. It describes the many interweaving relationships between different areas of mathematics and its practical applications, and as such provides unique reading for professional mathematicians and nonmathematicians alike. This book can be a very important resource both for the teaching of mathematics and as a means to outline the research links between different subjects within and beyond the subject. Features All notions and properties are introduced logically and sequentially, to help the reader gradually build understanding. Focusses on illustrative examples that explain the meaning of mathematical objects and their properties. Suitable as a supplementary resource for teaching undergraduate mathematics, and as an aid to interdisciplinary research. Forming the reader's understanding of Mathematics as a unified science, the book helps to increase his general mathematical culture.

Fuzzy social choice theory is useful for modeling the uncertainty and imprecision prevalent in social life yet it has been scarcely applied and studied in the social sciences. Filling this gap, Application of Fuzzy Logic to Social Choice Theory provides a comprehensive study of fuzzy social choice theory. The book explains the concept of a fuzzy maximal subset of a set of alternatives, fuzzy choice functions, the factorization of a fuzzy preference relation into the "union" (conorm) of a strict fuzzy relation and an indifference operator, fuzzy non-Arrowian results, fuzzy versions of Arrow's theorem, and Black's median voter theorem for fuzzy preferences. It examines how unambiguous and exact choices are generated by fuzzy preferences and whether exact choices induced by fuzzy preferences satisfy certain plausible rationality relations. The authors also extend known Arrowian results involving fuzzy set theory to results involving intuitionistic fuzzy sets as well as the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem to the case of fuzzy weak preference relations. The final chapter discusses Georgescu's degree of similarity of two fuzzy choice functions.

For propositional logic it can be decided whether a formula has a deduction from a finite set of other formulas. This volume begins with a method to decide this for the quantified formulas of those fragments of arithmetic which express the properties of order-plus-successor and of order-plus-addition (Pressburger arithmetic). It makes use of an algorithm eliminating quantifiers which, in turn, is also applied to obtain consistency proofs for these fragments.

This introduction to mathematical logic takes Goedel's incompleteness theorem as a starting point. It goes beyond a standard text book and should interest everyone from mathematicians to philosophers and general readers who wish to understand the foundations and limitations of modern mathematics.

Presents Results from a Very Active Area of Research Exploring an active area of mathematics that studies the complexity of equivalence relations and classification problems, Invariant Descriptive Set Theory presents an introduction to the basic concepts, methods, and results of this theory. It brings together techniques from various areas of mathematics, such as algebra, topology, and logic, which have diverse applications to other fields. After reviewing classical and effective descriptive set theory, the text studies Polish groups and their actions. It then covers Borel reducibility results on Borel, orbit, and general definable equivalence relations. The author also provides proofs for numerous fundamental results, such as the Glimm-Effros dichotomy, the Burgess trichotomy theorem, and the Hjorth turbulence theorem. The next part describes connections with the countable model theory of infinitary logic, along with Scott analysis and the isomorphism relation on natural classes of countable models, such as graphs, trees, and groups. The book concludes with applications to classification problems and many benchmark equivalence relations. By illustrating the relevance of invariant descriptive set theory to other fields of mathematics, this self-contained book encourages readers to further explore this very active area of research.

Boolean algebras have historically played a special role in the development of the theory of general or "universal" algebraic systems, providing important links between algebra and analysis, set theory, mathematical logic, and computer science. It is not surprising then that focusing on specific properties of Boolean algebras has lead to new directions in universal algebra. In the first unified study of polynomial completeness, Polynomial Completeness in Algebraic Systems focuses on and systematically extends another specific property of Boolean algebras: the property of affine completeness. The authors present full proof that all affine complete varieties are congruence distributive and that they are finitely generated if and only if they can be presented using only a finite number of basic operations. In addition to these important findings, the authors describe the different relationships between the properties of lattices of equivalence relations and the systems of functions compatible with them. An introductory chapter surveys the appropriate background material, exercises in each chapter allow readers to test their understanding, and open problems offer new research possibilities. Thus Polynomial Completeness in Algebraic Systems constitutes an accessible, coherent presentation of this rich topic valuable to both researchers and graduate students in general algebraic systems.

The Banach-Tarski Paradox is a most striking mathematical construction: it asserts that a solid ball can be taken apart into finitely many pieces that can be rearranged using rigid motions to form a ball twice as large. This volume explores the consequences of the paradox for measure theory and its connections with group theory, geometry, set theory, and logic. This new edition of a classic book unifies contemporary research on the paradox. It has been updated with many new proofs and results, and discussions of the many problems that remain unsolved. Among the new results presented are several unusual paradoxes in the hyperbolic plane, one of which involves the shapes of Escher's famous 'Angel and Devils' woodcut. A new chapter is devoted to a complete proof of the remarkable result that the circle can be squared using set theory, a problem that had been open for over sixty years.

In this volume, logic starts from the observation that in everyday arguments, as brought forward by say a lawyer, statements are transformed linguistically, connecting them in formal ways irrespective of their contents. Understanding such arguments as deductive situations, or "sequents" in the technical terminology, the transformations between them can be expressed as logical rules. The book concludes with the algorithms producing the results of Gentzen's midsequent theorem and Herbrand's theorem for prenex formulas.

The contents in this volume are based on the program Sets and Computations that was held at the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore from 30 March until 30 April 2015. This special collection reports on important and recent interactions between the fields of Set Theory and Computation Theory. This includes the new research areas of computational complexity in set theory, randomness beyond the hyperarithmetic, powerful extensions of Goodstein's theorem and the capturing of large fragments of set theory via elementary-recursive structures.Further chapters are concerned with central topics within Set Theory, including cardinal characteristics, Fraisse limits, the set-generic multiverse and the study of ideals. Also Computation Theory, which includes computable group theory and measure-theoretic aspects of Hilbert's Tenth Problem. A volume of this broad scope will appeal to a wide spectrum of researchers in mathematical logic.

Ordered sets are ubiquitous in mathematics and have significant applications in computer science, statistics, biology and the social sciences. As the first book to deal exclusively with finite ordered sets, this book will be welcomed by graduate students and researchers in all of these areas. Beginning with definitions of key concepts and fundamental results (Dilworth's and Sperner's theorem, interval and semiorders, Galois connection, duality with distributive lattices, coding and dimension theory), the authors then present applications of these structures in fields such as preference modelling and aggregation, operational research and management, cluster and concept analysis, and data mining. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter with helpful hints provided for some of the most difficult examples. The authors also point to further topics of ongoing research.

Kurt Godel (1906-1978) was an Austrian-American mathematician, who is best known for his incompleteness theorems. He was the greatest mathematical logician of the 20th century, with his contributions extending to Einstein's general relativity, as he proved that Einstein's theory allows for time machines. The Godel incompleteness theorem - the usual formal mathematical systems cannot prove nor disprove all true mathematical sentences - is frequently presented in textbooks as something that happens in the rarefied realms of mathematical logic, and that has nothing to do with the real world. Practice shows the contrary though; one can demonstrate the validity of the phenomenon in various areas, ranging from chaos theory and physics to economics and even ecology. In this lively treatise, based on Chaitin's groundbreaking work and on the da Costa-Doria results in physics, ecology, economics and computer science, the authors show that the Godel incompleteness phenomenon can directly bear on the practice of science and perhaps on our everyday life.This accessible book gives a new, detailed and elementary explanation of the Godel incompleteness theorems and presents the Chaitin results and their relation to the da Costa-Doria results, which are given in full, but with no technicalities. Besides theory, the historical report and personal stories about the main character and on this book's writing process, make it appealing leisure reading for those interested in mathematics, logic, physics, philosophy and computer sciences. See also: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REy9noY5Sg8

The notion of proof is central to mathematics yet it is one of the most difficult aspects of the subject to teach and master. In particular, undergraduate mathematics students often experience difficulties in understanding and constructing proofs. Understanding Mathematical Proof describes the nature of mathematical proof, explores the various techniques that mathematicians adopt to prove their results, and offers advice and strategies for constructing proofs. It will improve students ability to understand proofs and construct correct proofs of their own. The first chapter of the text introduces the kind of reasoning that mathematicians use when writing their proofs and gives some example proofs to set the scene. The book then describes basic logic to enable an understanding of the structure of both individual mathematical statements and whole mathematical proofs. It also explains the notions of sets and functions and dissects several proofs with a view to exposing some of the underlying features common to most mathematical proofs. The remainder of the book delves further into different types of proof, including direct proof, proof using contrapositive, proof by contradiction, and mathematical induction. The authors also discuss existence and uniqueness proofs and the role of counter examples.

A Concrete Introduction to Analysis, Second Edition offers a major reorganization of the previous edition with the goal of making it a much more comprehensive and accessible for students. The standard, austere approach to teaching modern mathematics with its emphasis on formal proofs can be challenging and discouraging for many students. To remedy this situation, the new edition is more rewarding and inviting. Students benefit from the text by gaining a solid foundational knowledge of analysis, which they can use in their fields of study and chosen professions. The new edition capitalizes on the trend to combine topics from a traditional transition to proofs course with a first course on analysis. Like the first edition, the text is appropriate for a one- or two-semester introductory analysis or real analysis course. The choice of topics and level of coverage is suitable for mathematics majors, future teachers, and students studying engineering or other fields requiring a solid, working knowledge of undergraduate mathematics. Key highlights: Offers integration of transition topics to assist with the necessary background for analysis Can be used for either a one- or a two-semester course Explores how ideas of analysis appear in a broader context Provides as major reorganization of the first edition Includes solutions at the end of the book

Exploring the Infinite addresses the trend toward a combined transition course and introduction to analysis course. It guides the reader through the processes of abstraction and log- ical argumentation, to make the transition from student of mathematics to practitioner of mathematics. This requires more than knowledge of the definitions of mathematical structures, elementary logic, and standard proof techniques. The student focused on only these will develop little more than the ability to identify a number of proof templates and to apply them in predictable ways to standard problems. This book aims to do something more; it aims to help readers learn to explore mathematical situations, to make conjectures, and only then to apply methods of proof. Practitioners of mathematics must do all of these things. The chapters of this text are divided into two parts. Part I serves as an introduction to proof and abstract mathematics and aims to prepare the reader for advanced course work in all areas of mathematics. It thus includes all the standard material from a transition to proof" course. Part II constitutes an introduction to the basic concepts of analysis, including limits of sequences of real numbers and of functions, infinite series, the structure of the real line, and continuous functions. Features Two part text for the combined transition and analysis course New approach focuses on exploration and creative thought Emphasizes the limit and sequences Introduces programming skills to explore concepts in analysis Emphasis in on developing mathematical thought Exploration problems expand more traditional exercise sets

Transition to Real Analysis with Proof provides undergraduate students with an introduction to analysis including an introduction to proof. The text combines the topics covered in a transition course to lead into a first course on analysis. This combined approach allows instructors to teach a single course where two were offered. The text opens with an introduction to basic logic and set theory, setting students up to succeed in the study of analysis. Each section is followed by graduated exercises that both guide and challenge students. The author includes examples and illustrations that appeal to the visual side of analysis. The accessible structure of the book makes it an ideal refence for later years of study or professional work. Combines the author's previous works Elements of Advanced Mathematics with Foundations of Analysis Combines logic, set theory and other elements with a one-semester introduction to analysis. Author is a well-known mathematics educator and researcher Targets a trend to combine two courses into one

Nonlinear systems with stationary sets are important because they cover a lot of practical systems in engineering. Previous analysis has been based on the frequency-domain for this class of systems. However, few results on robustness analysis and controller design for these systems are easily available.This book presents the analysis as well as methods based on the global properties of systems with stationary sets in a unified time-domain and frequency-domain framework. The focus is on multi-input and multi-output systems, compared to previous publications which considered only single-input and single-output systems. The control methods presented in this book will be valuable for research on nonlinear systems with stationary sets.

The book is designed for students studying on their own, without access to lecturers and other reading, along the lines of the internationally renowned course produced by the Open University. There are thus a large number of exercises within the main body of the text designed to help students engage with the subject, many of which have full teaching solutions. In addition, there are a number of exercises without answers so that students studying under the guidance of a tutor may be assessed.

Handbook of Mathematical Induction: Theory and Applications shows how to find and write proofs via mathematical induction. This comprehensive book covers the theory, the structure of the written proof, all standard exercises, and hundreds of application examples from nearly every area of mathematics. In the first part of the book, the author discusses different inductive techniques, including well-ordered sets, basic mathematical induction, strong induction, double induction, infinite descent, downward induction, and several variants. He then introduces ordinals and cardinals, transfinite induction, the axiom of choice, Zorn's lemma, empirical induction, and fallacies and induction. He also explains how to write inductive proofs. The next part contains more than 750 exercises that highlight the levels of difficulty of an inductive proof, the variety of inductive techniques available, and the scope of results provable by mathematical induction. Each self-contained chapter in this section includes the necessary definitions, theory, and notation and covers a range of theorems and problems, from fundamental to very specialized. The final part presents either solutions or hints to the exercises. Slightly longer than what is found in most texts, these solutions provide complete details for every step of the problem-solving process.

Volume II, on formal (ZFC) set theory, incorporates a self-contained "chapter 0" on proof techniques so that it is based on formal logic, in the style of Bourbaki. The emphasis on basic techniques provides a solid foundation in set theory and a thorough context for the presentation of advanced topics (such as absoluteness, relative consistency results, two expositions of Godel's construstive universe, numerous ways of viewing recursion and Cohen forcing).

This two-volume work bridges the gap between introductory expositions of logic (or set theory) and the research literature. It can be used as a text in an advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate course in mathematics, computer science, or philosophy. The volumes are written in a user-friendly lecture style that makes them equally effective for self-study or class use. Volume I includes formal proof techniques, applications of compactness (including nonstandard analysis), computability and its relation to the completeness phenonmenon, and the first presentation of a complete proof of Godel's 2nd incompleteness since Hilbert and Bernay's Grundlagen.

This book is an introduction to a functorial model theory based on infinitary language categories. The author introduces the properties and foundation of these categories before developing a model theory for functors starting with a countable fragment of an infinitary language. He also presents a new technique for generating generic models with categories by inventing infinite language categories and functorial model theory. In addition, the book covers string models, limit models, and functorial models.

Set theory is concerned with the foundation of mathematics. In the original formulations of set theory, there were paradoxes contained in the idea of the "set of all sets". Current standard theory (Zermelo-Fraenkel) avoids these paradoxes by restricting the way sets may be formed by other sets, specifically to disallow the possibility of forming the set of all sets. In the 1930s, Quine proposed a different form of set theory in which the set of all sets - the universal set - is allowed, but other restrictions are placed on these axioms. Since then, the steady interest expressed in these non-standard set theories has been boosted by their relevance to computer science. The second edition still concentrates largely on Quine's New Foundations, reflecting the author's belief that this provides the richest and most mysterious of the various systems dealing with set theories with a universal set. Also included is an expanded and completely revised account of the set theories of Church-Oswald and Mitchell, with descriptions of permutation models and extensions that preserve power sets. Dr Foster here presents the reader with a useful and readable introduction for those interested in this topic, and a reference work for those already involved in this area.

This volume presents some exciting new developments occurring on the interface between set theory and computability as well as their applications in algebra, analysis and topology. These include effective versions of Borel equivalence, Borel reducibility and Borel determinacy. It also covers algorithmic randomness and dimension, Ramsey sets and Ramsey spaces. Many of these topics are being discussed in the NSF-supported annual Southeastern Logic Symposium.

Combinatory logic is one of the most versatile areas within logic that is tied to parts of philosophical, mathematical, and computational logic. Functioning as a comprehensive source for current developments of combinatory logic, this book is the only one of its kind to cover results of the last four decades. Using a reader-friendly style, the author presents the most up-to-date research studies. She includes an introduction to combinatory logic before progressing to its central theorems and proofs. The text makes intelligent and well-researched connections between combinatory logic and lambda calculi and presents models and applications to illustrate these connections.

Fuzzy set theory provides us with a framework which is wider than that of classical set theory. Various mathematical structures, whose features emphasize the effects of ordered structure, can be developed on the theory. Fuzzy topology is one such branch, combining ordered structure with topological structure. This branch of mathematics, emerged from the background - processing fuzziness, and locale theory, proposed from the angle of pure mathematics by the great French mathematician Ehresmann, comprise the two most active aspects of topology on lattice, which affect each other.This book is the first monograph to systematically reflect the up-to-date state of fuzzy topology. It emphasizes the so-called "pointed approach" and the effects of stratification structure appearing in fuzzy sets.The monograph can serve as a reference book for mathematicians, researchers, and graduate students working in this branch of mathematics. After an appropriate rearrangements of the chapters and sections, it can also be used as a text for undergraduates.