For propositional logic it can be decided whether a formula has a deduction from a finite set of other formulas. The present volume begins with a method to decide this for the quantified formulas of those fragments of arithmetic which express the properties of order-plus-successor and or order-plus-addition (Presburger arithmetic); it makes use of an algorithm eliminating quantifiers which, in turn, is also applied to obtain consistency proofs for these fragments. Stronger fragments of arithmetic, also containing multiplication, are sufficiently rich to express a primitive recursive encoding of terms, formulas and deductions, and this leads to Godel's theorem exhibiting statements already undecidable in these fragments. Its central idea, isolated in Tarski's fixpoint lemma, has a certain analogy with Eubulides' antinomy of the Liar, and in a non-technical chapter, accessible to a wider class of readers, this analogy is exploited for an informal discussion of undefinability and incompleteness. The technical tools required to verify the hypotheses on arithmetical representability, on the other hand, are collected in an independent presentation of recursive functions and relations.

In this volume, logic starts from the observation that in everyday arguments, as brought forward say by a lawyer, statements are transformed linguistically, connecting them in formal ways irrespective of their contents. Understanding such arguments as deductive situations, or "sequents" in the technical terminology, the transformations between them can be expressed as logical rules. This leads to Gentzen's calculi of derivations, presented first for positive logic and then, depending on the requirements made on the behaviour of negation, for minimal, intuitionist and classical logic. Identifying interdeducible formulas, each of these calculi gives rise to a lattice-like ordered structure. Describing the generation of filters in these structures leads to corresponding modus ponens calculi, and these turn out to be semantically complete because they express the algorithms generating semantical consequences, as obtained in Volume One of these lectures. The operators transforming derivations from one type of calculus into the other are also studied with respect to changes of the lengths of derivations, and operators eliminating defined predicate and function symbols are described expli

This volume contains the proceedings of the conference Logical Foundations of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics-Kurt Godel's Legacy, held in Brno, Czech Republic on the 90th anniversary of his birth. The wide and continuing importance of Godel s work in the logical foundations of mathematics, computer science, and physics is confirmed by the broad range of speakers who participated in making this gathering a scientific event.

Fuzzy set theory - and its underlying fuzzy logic - represents one of the most significant scientific and cultural paradigms to emerge in the last half-century. Its theoretical and technological promise is vast, and we are only beginning to experience its potential. Clustering is the first and most basic application of fuzzy set theory, but forms the basis of many, more sophisticated, intelligent computational models, particularly in pattern recognition, data mining, adaptive and hierarchical clustering, and classifier design.

Fuzzy Sets and their Application to Clustering and Training offers a comprehensive introduction to fuzzy set theory, focusing on the concepts and results needed for training and clustering applications. It provides a unified mathematical framework for fuzzy classification and clustering, a methodology for developing training and classification methods, and a general method for obtaining a variety of fuzzy clustering algorithms.
The authors - top experts from around the world - combine their talents to lay a solid foundation for applications of this powerful tool, from the basic concepts and mathematics through the study of various algorithms, to validity functionals and hierarchical clustering. The result is Fuzzy Sets and their Application to Clustering and Training - an outstanding initiation into the world of fuzzy learning classifiers and fuzzy clustering.

Beyond calculus, the world of mathematics grows increasingly abstract and places new and challenging demands on those venturing into that realm. As the focus of calculus instruction has become increasingly computational, it leaves many students ill prepared for more advanced work that requires the ability to understand and construct proofs.

Introductory Concepts for Abstract Mathematics helps readers bridge that gap. It teaches them to work with abstract ideas and develop a facility with definitions, theorems, and proofs. They learn logical principles, and to justify arguments not by what seems right, but by strict adherence to principles of logic and proven mathematical assertions - and they learn to write clearly in the language of mathematics

The author achieves these goals through a methodical treatment of set theory, relations and functions, and number systems, from the natural to the real. He introduces topics not usually addressed at this level, including the remarkable concepts of infinite sets and transfinite cardinal numbers

Introductory Concepts for Abstract Mathematics takes readers into the world beyond calculus and ensures their voyage to that world is successful. It imparts a feeling for the beauty of mathematics and its internal harmony, and inspires an eagerness and increased enthusiasm for moving forward in the study of mathematics.

The Banach-Tarski Paradox is a most striking mathematical construction: it asserts that a solid ball can be taken apart into finitely many pieces that can be rearranged using rigid motions to form a ball twice as large. This volume explores the consequences of the paradox for measure theory and its connections with group theory, geometry, set theory, and logic. This new edition of a classic book unifies contemporary research on the paradox. It has been updated with many new proofs and results, and discussions of the many problems that remain unsolved. Among the new results presented are several unusual paradoxes in the hyperbolic plane, one of which involves the shapes of Escher's famous 'Angel and Devils' woodcut. A new chapter is devoted to a complete proof of the remarkable result that the circle can be squared using set theory, a problem that had been open for over sixty years.

Continues to focuses specifically on probability rather than probability and statistics Offers a conversational presentation rather than theorem/proof and includes examples based on engineering applications as it highlights Excel computations Presents a review of set theory and updates all descriptions so they are more understandable such as events versus outcomes Additional new material includes distributions such as beta and lognormal, a section on counting principles for defining probabilities, a section on mixture distributions, and a pair of distribution summary tables A solutions manual is available for qualified textbook adoptions

Accessible to all students with a sound background in high school mathematics, A Concise Introduction to Pure Mathematics, Fourth Edition presents some of the most fundamental and beautiful ideas in pure mathematics. It covers not only standard material but also many interesting topics not usually encountered at this level, such as the theory of solving cubic equations; Euler's formula for the numbers of corners, edges, and faces of a solid object and the five Platonic solids; the use of prime numbers to encode and decode secret information; the theory of how to compare the sizes of two infinite sets; and the rigorous theory of limits and continuous functions. New to the Fourth Edition Two new chapters that serve as an introduction to abstract algebra via the theory of groups, covering abstract reasoning as well as many examples and applications New material on inequalities, counting methods, the inclusion-exclusion principle, and Euler's phi function Numerous new exercises, with solutions to the odd-numbered ones Through careful explanations and examples, this popular textbook illustrates the power and beauty of basic mathematical concepts in number theory, discrete mathematics, analysis, and abstract algebra. Written in a rigorous yet accessible style, it continues to provide a robust bridge between high school and higher-level mathematics, enabling students to study more advanced courses in abstract algebra and analysis.

Transition to Real Analysis with Proof provides undergraduate students with an introduction to analysis including an introduction to proof. The text combines the topics covered in a transition course to lead into a first course on analysis. This combined approach allows instructors to teach a single course where two were offered. The text opens with an introduction to basic logic and set theory, setting students up to succeed in the study of analysis. Each section is followed by graduated exercises that both guide and challenge students. The author includes examples and illustrations that appeal to the visual side of analysis. The accessible structure of the book makes it an ideal refence for later years of study or professional work. Combines the author's previous works Elements of Advanced Mathematics with Foundations of Analysis Combines logic, set theory and other elements with a one-semester introduction to analysis. Author is a well-known mathematics educator and researcher Targets a trend to combine two courses into one

Classical and Fuzzy Concepts in Mathematical Logic and Applications provides a broad, thorough coverage of the fundamentals of two-valued logic, multivalued logic, and fuzzy logic. Exploring the parallels between classical and fuzzy mathematical logic, the book examines the use of logic in computer science, addresses questions in automatic deduction, and describes efficient computer implementation of proof techniques. Specific issues discussed include: oPropositional and predicate logic oLogic networks oLogic programming oProof of correctness oSemantics oSyntax oCompletenesss oNon-contradiction oTheorems of Herbrand and Kalman The authors consider that the teaching of logic for computer science is biased by the absence of motivations, comments, relevant and convincing examples, graphic aids, and the use of color to distinguish language and metalanguage. Classical and Fuzzy Concepts in Mathematical Logic and Applications discusses how the presence of these facts trigger a stirring, decisive insight into the understanding process. This view shapes this work, reflecting the authors' subjective balance between the scientific and pedagogic components of the textbook. Usually, problems in logic lack relevance, creating a gap between classroom learning and applications to real-life problems. The book includes a variety of application-oriented problems at the end of almost every section, including programming problems in PROLOG III. With the possibility of carrying out proofs with PROLOG III and other software packages, readers will gain a first-hand experience and thus a deeper understanding of the idea of formal proof.

Keith Devlin. You know him. You've read his columns in MAA Online, you've heard him on the radio, and you've seen his popular mathematics books. In between all those activities and his own research, he's been hard at work revising Sets, Functions and Logic, his standard-setting text that has smoothed the road to pure mathematics for legions of undergraduate students. Now in its third edition, Devlin has fully reworked the book to reflect a new generation. The narrative is more lively and less textbook-like. Remarks and asides link the topics presented to the real world of students' experience. The chapter on complex numbers and the discussion of formal symbolic logic are gone in favor of more exercises, and a new introductory chapter on the nature of mathematics--one that motivates readers and sets the stage for the challenges that lie ahead. Students crossing the bridge from calculus to higher mathematics need and deserve all the help they can get. Sets, Functions, and Logic, Third Edition is an affordable little book that all of your transition-course students not only can afford, but will actually read and enjoy and learn from. About the Author Dr. Keith Devlin is Executive Director of Stanford University's Center for the Study of Language and Information and a Consulting Professor of Mathematics at Stanford. He has written 23 books, one interactive book on CD-ROM, and over 70 published research articles. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a World Economic Forum Fellow, and a former member of the Mathematical Sciences Education Board of the National Academy of Sciences,. Dr. Devlin is also one of the world's leading popularizers of mathematics. Known as "The Math Guy" on NPR's Weekend Edition, he is a frequent contributor to other local and national radio and TV shows in the US and Britain, writes a monthly column for the Web journal MAA Online, and regularly writes on mathematics and co

Bridging the gap between procedural mathematics that emphasizes calculations and conceptual mathematics that focuses on ideas, Mathematics: A Minimal Introduction presents an undergraduate-level introduction to pure mathematics and basic concepts of logic. The author builds logic and mathematics from scratch using essentially no background except natural language. He also carefully avoids circularities that are often encountered in related books and places special emphasis on separating the language of mathematics from metalanguage and eliminating semantics from set theory. The first part of the text focuses on pre-mathematical logic, including syntax, semantics, and inference. The author develops these topics entirely outside the mathematical paradigm. In the second part, the discussion of mathematics starts with axiomatic set theory and ends with advanced topics, such as the geometry of cubics, real and p-adic analysis, and the quadratic reciprocity law. The final part covers mathematical logic and offers a brief introduction to model theory and incompleteness. Taking a formalist approach to the subject, this text shows students how to reconstruct mathematics from language itself. It helps them understand the mathematical discourse needed to advance in the field.

Designed for undergraduate students of set theory, Classic Set Theory presents a modern perspective of the classic work of Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekin and their immediate successors. This includes: The definition of the real numbers in terms of rational numbers and ultimately in terms of natural numbers Defining natural numbers in terms of sets The potential paradoxes in set theory The Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms for set theory The axiom of choice The arithmetic of ordered sets Cantor's two sorts of transfinite number - cardinals and ordinals - and the arithmetic of these. The book is designed for students studying on their own, without access to lecturers and other reading, along the lines of the internationally renowned courses produced by the Open University. There are thus a large number of exercises within the main body of the text designed to help students engage with the subject, many of which have full teaching solutions. In addition, there are a number of exercises without answers so students studying under the guidance of a tutor may be assessed. Classic Set Theory gives students sufficient grounding in a rigorous approach to the revolutionary results of set theory as well as pleasure in being able to tackle significant problems that arise from the theory.

"Among the many expositions of Goedel's incompleteness theorems written for non-specialists, this book stands apart. With exceptional clarity, Franzen gives careful, non-technical explanations both of what those theorems say and, more importantly, what they do not. No other book aims, as his does, to address in detail the misunderstandings and abuses of the incompleteness theorems that are so rife in popular discussions of their significance. As an antidote to the many spurious appeals to incompleteness in theological, anti-mechanist and post-modernist debates, it is a valuable addition to the literature." --- John W. Dawson, author of Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Goedel

This introduction to mathematical logic takes G del's incompleteness theorem as a starting point. It goes beyond a standard text book and should interest everyone from mathematicians to philosophers and general readers who wish to understand the foundations and limitations of modern mathematics.

Presents Results from a Very Active Area of Research Exploring an active area of mathematics that studies the complexity of equivalence relations and classification problems, Invariant Descriptive Set Theory presents an introduction to the basic concepts, methods, and results of this theory. It brings together techniques from various areas of mathematics, such as algebra, topology, and logic, which have diverse applications to other fields. After reviewing classical and effective descriptive set theory, the text studies Polish groups and their actions. It then covers Borel reducibility results on Borel, orbit, and general definable equivalence relations. The author also provides proofs for numerous fundamental results, such as the Glimm-Effros dichotomy, the Burgess trichotomy theorem, and the Hjorth turbulence theorem. The next part describes connections with the countable model theory of infinitary logic, along with Scott analysis and the isomorphism relation on natural classes of countable models, such as graphs, trees, and groups. The book concludes with applications to classification problems and many benchmark equivalence relations. By illustrating the relevance of invariant descriptive set theory to other fields of mathematics, this self-contained book encourages readers to further explore this very active area of research.

The global biodiversity crisis is one of humanity's most urgent problems, but even quantifying biological diversity is a difficult mathematical and conceptual challenge. This book brings new mathematical rigour to the ongoing debate. It was born of research in category theory, is given strength by information theory, and is fed by the ancient field of functional equations. It applies the power of the axiomatic method to a biological problem of pressing concern, but it also presents new theorems that stand up as mathematics in their own right, independently of any application. The question 'what is diversity?' has surprising mathematical depth, and this book covers a wide breadth of mathematics, from functional equations to geometric measure theory, from probability theory to number theory. Despite this range, the mathematical prerequisites are few: the main narrative thread of this book requires no more than an undergraduate course in analysis.

This introductory graduate text covers modern mathematical logic from propositional, first-order, higher-order and infinite logic and Godel's Incompleteness Theorems to extensive introductions to set theory, model theory and recursion (computability) theory. Based on the author's more than 35 years of teaching experience, the book develops students' intuition by presenting complex ideas in the simplest context for which they make sense. He also provides extensive introductions to set theory, model theory and recursion (computability) theory, which allows this book to be used as a classroom text, for self-study, and as a reference on the state of modern logic.

A compilation of articles about Intensionality in philosophy, logic, linguistics, and mathematics. The articles approach the concept of Intensionality from different perspectives. Some articles address philosophical issues raised by the possible worlds approach to intensionality; others are devoted to technical aspects of modal logic. The volume highlights the particular interdisciplinary nature of intensionality with articles spanning the areas of philosophy, linguistics, mathematics, and computer science.

In fall 2000, the Notre Dame logic community hosted Greg Hjorth, Rodney G. Downey, ZoA(c) Chatzidakis, and Paola D'Aquino as visiting lecturers. Each of them presented a month long series of expository lectures at the graduate level. The articles in this volume are refinements of these excellent lectures.

This quick yet detailed introduction to set theory and forcing builds the reader's intuition about it as much as the mathematical detail. Intuition, rather absent from the existing literature on the subject, here plays a large role. The reader will not only learn the facts, but will understand why they are true and will be brought to ask: what else could be true? Having presented forcing in Part I, the second part of the book discusses contemporary issues in the theory of forcing. It includes known and some previously unpublished results as well as many open questions. This is ideal for those who want to start a research career in forcing but do not have a personal interlocutor. Obviously, not everything about forcing is in this book. Many references are included to help the reader further explore the vast amount of research literature available on the subject.

Formal Methods in Computer Science gives students a comprehensive introduction to formal methods and their application in software and hardware specification and verification. The first part introduces some fundamentals in formal methods, including set theory, functions, finite state machines, and regular expressions. The second part focuses on logic, a powerful formal language in specifying systems properties. It covers propositional logic, predicate logic, temporal logic, and model checking. The third part presents Petri nets, the most popular formal language in system behavior modeling. In additional to regular Petri nets, this part also examines timed Petri nets and high-level Petri nets. The textbook is ideal for undergraduate or graduate courses in computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, and information technology programs. Parts of the book are useful reading material in undergraduate computer course and as a reference guide for students researching the area of formal system specification and validation. Features * Introduces a comprehensive, yet manageable set of formal techniques for computer science students * Stresses real-world application value of each formal technique * Offers a good set of exercises which help students better understand the presented techniques * Also offers a prepared source code for downloading and non-commercial use

The major focus of this book is measurement and categorization in set theory, most notably on results dealing with asymmetry. The authors delve into the study of a deep symmetry between the concept of Lebesque measurability and the Baire property, and obtain findings on the structure of the real line.

Discrete quantum walks are quantum analogues of classical random walks. They are an important tool in quantum computing and a number of algorithms can be viewed as discrete quantum walks, in particular Grover's search algorithm. These walks are constructed on an underlying graph, and so there is a relation between properties of walks and properties of the graph. This book studies the mathematical problems that arise from this connection, and the different classes of walks that arise. Written at a level suitable for graduate students in mathematics, the only prerequisites are linear algebra and basic graph theory; no prior knowledge of physics is required. The text serves as an introduction to this important and rapidly developing area for mathematicians and as a detailed reference for computer scientists and physicists working on quantum information theory.

This 2001 book presents a unified approach to the foundations of mathematics in the theory of sets, covering both conventional and finitary (constructive) mathematics. It is based on a philosophical, historical and mathematical analysis of the relation between the concepts of 'natural number' and 'set'. This leads to an investigation of the logic of quantification over the universe of sets and a discussion of its role in second order logic, as well as in the analysis of proof by induction and definition by recursion. The subject matter of the book falls on the borderline between philosophy and mathematics, and should appeal to both philosophers and mathematicians with an interest in the foundations of mathematics.