This summary report compares the data from the three California national parks measured and presents a simplified methodology for performing a generic emissions inventory on other parks. The specific objectives of this report include: 1. Compare the vehicle distributions from the three parks to determine whether vehicle distributions in different parks are significantly different from each other; 2. Compare the speed distributions from the three parks to determine whether driving cycles in different parks are significantly different from each other; and 3. Provide park personnel with a useful simplified emissions inventory tool to use in the generation of a generic park vehicular emissions inventory without committing the funding and time necessary to perform a more detailed measurement and analysis to be used for park planning purposes.

This project identifies and evaluates transit service alternatives in the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania area, including Gettysburg National Military Park, the Borough of Gettysburg, and surrounding townships. The report concludes that public transit would allay the problems of resource damage due to traffic congestion and off-road parking, which would lead to enhanced visitor experience. Based on discussions with park service personnel and analysis of park visitation data, Volpe recommends a time frame to utilize a transit network during the peak-demand season. Finally, recommendations are made as to which vehicles should be purchased, how the added operations and maintenance costs should be funded, and the best method of service delivery.

This document serves a guide to the basic concepts involved and issues to be addressed by National Park Service (NPS) staff in the of acquisition of vehicles, supporting infrastructure, as well as information on the need for maintenance facilities and specialized staff to operate and maintain transportation system to serve visitors to national parks, recreation areas, historic sites, and monuments. It identifies engineering principles and practices, codes and standards, and lessons learned that are applicable to the NPS. It contains numerous references to other publications and electronic links to websites for more in depth information.

This alternative transportation plan aims to define a more efficient transit plan for visitors to Morristown. Goals include protecting environmental resources, improving visitor experiences and safety, maximizing use of infrastructure, ensuring compatibility of goals between the park and the surrounding community, and determining cost-effective means to maximize ridership. The report identifies three transportation alternatives for Morristown and analyzes their respective benefits in terms of ridership, safety, visitor enjoyment, and efficiency, as well as costs of each plan.

"This revealing, dead-on investigation of the modern-day sports stadium boondoggle, and its often-devastating impact on American cities, is an essential read for anyone, sports fan or not, who wants to avoid getting fleeced."-Steve Lopez, Los Angeles Times columnist and former columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer and Time magazine "Public Dollars, Private Stadiums helps us understand the political processes involved in using public money for new sports stadiums. . . . It is a must read for anyone interested in this important new issue." -Richard E. Lapchick, founder and director emeritus of the Center for the Study of Sport in Society at Northeastern University "Readable and smart . . . Kevin Delaney and Rick Eckstein show how conflicts over sports subsidies are emblematic of the kinds of power relationships that prevail in each community."-Lee Clarke, author of Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster This book provides an eye-opening account of recent battles over publicly financed stadiums in some of America's largest cities. The authors' interviews with key decision makers present a behind-the-scenes look at how and why powerful individuals and organizations foist these sports palaces on increasingly unreceptive communities. In the face of studies demonstrating that new sports facilities don't live up to their promise of big money, proponents are using a new tactic to win public subsidies--touting intangible "social" rewards, such as prestige and community cohesion. The authors find these to be empty promises as well, demonstrating that new stadiums may exacerbate, rather than erase, many social problems. Public Dollars, Private Stadiums should be read by everyone with an interest in the future of sports and our cities. Kevin J. Delaney is an associate professor of sociology at Temple University and author of Strategic Bankruptcy. Rick Eckstein is an associate professor of sociology and assistant director of the Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University, as well as the author of Nuclear Power and Social Power.

This report presents a case study of the partnerships that supported the implementation of the Island Explorer Shuttle Bus System, which was designed to respond to growing traffic congestion both in Maine's Acadia National Park and in the adjacent towns on Mount Desert Island, especially Bar Harbor. The system, which began operating in 1999 with six buses, is now comprised of 17 shuttle buses that in 2001 carried nearly 240,000 passengers. The Island Explorer is one of the most successful recent ATS within NPS.

In "BallBuster? True Confessions of a Marxist Businessman, Bertell Ollman recounts the challenges of finding American distribution for his revolutionary board game, Class Struggle (more than 250,000 copies sold). His misadventures explode the myth of capitalism, showing the struggles small-business owners face. This revised edition updates readers on what has happened in Ollman's life and work since 1983. Ollman finds himself questioning his role as a Marxist professor in a capitalist society. He ponders whether he is winning or losing, and if he will make it out of the jungle of capitalist business with his socialist principles still intact.

This report assesses the prospects for enhanced alternative transportation services and infrastructure at the National Park Service unit of the Fire Island National Seashore. The park staff believes that enhancement of alternative transportation services can help facilitate access to the resources of Fire Island, and support the needs of year-round residents, seasonal renters, and day visitors. The assessment is based upon a thorough survey of existing services, a market survey, and projections for modest visitation growth.

In this unique text you'll find practical business theory and professi onal practice guidelines specifically for the sport business manager. The basics of running a for-profit sport business, as well as influent ial management tips for survival in the 1990s, make this an ideal book for sport businesses.

Cases In Sport Marketing, Simulates Real-Life Scenarios For Sport Marketers As Exhibition Games In The Preseason Simulate The Regular Season For Professional Athletes. The Text Begins With Four Introductory Chapters To Explain The Case Study Method And Then Dedicates The Remaining Fifteen Chapters To Fifteen Sport Marketing Cases That Cover A Wide Range Of Issues And Sport Industry Segments. By Working Through The Cases, Students Can Examine An Array Of Situations And Gain Experience Grappling With Actual Problems Faced By Managers. Each Case Presents The Critical Issues At Hand, Possible Alternatives For Consideration, And The Criterion Necessary To Make An Informed Decision. The Final Chapter Provides An Overview Of The Sport Marketing Field.

Following Stalin's death in 1953, association football clubs, as well as the informal supporter groups and communities which developed around them, were an important way for the diverse citizens of the multinational Soviet Union to express, negotiate and develop their identities, both on individual and collective levels. Manfred Zeller draws on extensive original research in Russian and Ukrainian archives, as well as interviews with spectators, 'hardcore ultras' and hooligans from the Caucasus to Central Asia, to shed new light onto this phenomenon covering the period from the height of Stalin's terror (the 1930s) to the Soviet Union's collapse (1991). Across events as diverse as the Soviet Union's footballing triumph over the German world champions in 1955 and the Luzhniki stadium disaster in 1982, Zeller explores the ways in which people, against the backdrop of totalitarianism, articulated feelings of alienation and fostered a sense of community through sport. In the process, he provides a unique 'bottom-up' reappraisal of Soviet history, culture and politics, as seen through the eyes of supporters and spectators. This is an important contribution to research on Soviet culture after Stalin, the history of sport and contemporary debates on antagonism in the post-Soviet world.

Combining knowledge from sport management, marketing, media, leadership, governance, and consumer behavior in innovative ways, this book goes further than any other in surveying current theory and research on the business of women's sport around the world, making it an unparalleled resource for all those who aspire to work in, or understand, women's sport. Featuring international perspectives, with authors from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania, and insightful, in-depth profiles of real leaders within different sectors of women's sport in the global sport industry, the Routledge Handbook of the Business of Women's Sport offers an integrated understanding of the ways traditional media and social media impact both the understanding and advancement of women's sport properties, businesses, teams, and athletes. Innovative case studies show how societal issues such as gender, power, and framing impact the business of women's sports and those who work in women's sport. An essential reference for any researcher or advanced student with an interest in women's sport or women in business, and useful supplementary reading for researchers and advanced students working in sport business, sport management, mainstream business and management, or women's studies.

In FIFA and the Contest for World Football Sugden and Tomlinson provide the first full-length study of FIFA (the Federation Internationale de Football Association) and its role in framing and controlling world football. Interviewing more than seventy influential leaders world-wide and drawing on exclusive documentary sources, the authors demonstrate FIFA's importance in twentieth-century sport, and in an increasingly global consumer culture.

The first part of the book covers the origins and organizational characteristics of FIFA, and of the European and South American federations. The second part considers how new and powerful players have emerged in FIFA in the wake of the collapse of empires. The book includes analyses of football's contributions to the growth of nationalism and anti-imperialism; the use of football by ruthless and sometimes corrupt officials and political despots; and its expansion under the influence of increasingly prominent commercial paymasters. Football's role in Africa, Asia and the USA is also illuminated, and FIFA's global mission and rhetoric evaluated.

The book is a valuable addition to the politics and social history of sport, and to the sociology of the global system and the changing world order. It will be of interest to students and researchers in the areas of sport studies, cultural studies and the sociology of popular culture, and to everyone concerned with the social organization of one of the world's most popular sports.

America is in the midst of a sports building boom. Professional sports teams are demanding and receiving fancy new playing facilities that are heavily subsidized by government. In many cases, the rationale given for these subsidies is that attracting or retaining a professional sports franchise--even a minor league baseball team or a major league pre-season training facility--more than pays for itself in increased tax revenues, local economic development, and job creation. But are these claims true? To assess the case for subsidies, this book examines the economic impact of new stadiums and the presence of a sports franchise on the local economy. It first explores such general issues as the appropriate method for measuring economic benefits and costs, the source of the bargaining power of teams in obtaining subsidies from local government, the local politics of attracting and retaining teams, the relationship between sports and local employment, and the importance of stadium design in influencing the economic impact of a facility. The second part of the book contains case studies of major league sports facilities in Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Indianapolis, San Francisco, and the Twin Cities, and of minor league stadiums and spring training facilities in baseball. The primary conclusions are: first, sports teams and facilities are not a source of local economic growth and employment; second, the magnitude of the net subsidy exceeds the financial benefit of a new stadium to a team; and, third, the most plausible reasons that cities are willing to subsidize sports teams are the intense popularity of sports among a substantial proportion of voters and businesses and theleverage that teams enjoy from the monopoly position of professional sports leagues.

This introductory text offers students a handbook for management in the field of public recreational service. It includes a history of the modern recreational service movement, provides a general overview of the field, and offers a detailed guide to best practices in the field including leadership, coordination, public relations, planning, budgeting and techniques for detecting the most competent and comprehensive service possible in the community in which the agency is situated. This text also touches on the complex relationship between public recreational services and politics.

A small, poverty-stricken California Indian Tribe, the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, successfully fought a long legal battle for the right to operate the business of their choice on their barren reservation--a gambling casino. This is their story, the authorized history of their epic struggle, climaxing with their victory in a 1987 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, the now-famous Cabazon Decision. Their defeated opponents included California's City of Indio and County of Riverside (called one of the most racist in the U.S. by a non-Indian resident) as well as California and 29 other states that joined California's appeal.

This is also the fascinating story of the role played by a white family and its radical, socialist patriarch that helped create one of the world's most capital-intensive industries and triggered today's Indian Gaming Explosion throughout America. Hundreds of hours of taped interviews and years of documents, meeting records, and official correspondence are analyzed to give the reader a clear picture of the impact of this new massive capital on tribal life and the development of a possible future without gambling--as officials in league with Nevada and Atlantic City gambling interests continue their efforts to destroy Indian gaming. The Buffalo, literal and symbolic figure of earlier Indian financial independence, has returned in a new form--cash cow casinos.

Contemporary sport business is international. From global sport competitions and events, sponsorship deals and broadcasting rights to labour markets and lucrative flows of tourists, anybody working in sport business today has to have an international perspective. This book offers the broadest and most in-depth guide to the key themes in international sport business today, covering every core area from strategy and marketing to finance, media and the law. Including authors from more than twenty countries spanning the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, this handbook addresses the most important issues in the world of sport business from a uniquely global perspective. Each chapter examines a particular cross-section of business and sport, encompassing all levels from grassroots to professional and elite. Divided into seven major subject areas, it offers insights from experts on: International Sport Business Strategy Sport Marketing Sport Economics and Finance International Sport Law Sport Media and Communication Sport Tourism Sport Development. The Routledge Handbook of International Sport Business is an essential resource for any course on sport business, sport management or international business.

This is the story of one man's fight against a multibillion dollar colossus. A man who stood up for what was right, whatever the cost. The brilliant young forensic pathologist had no idea that the body on the slab in front of him would change his life, and ultimately change the world. The body belonged to legendary American Footballer Mike Webster, whose mental health had rapidly declined after he had stopped playing - he had ended up Tasering himself to relieve his chronic back pain and fixing his rotting teeth with Superglue. Dr Bennet Omalu found that the psychosis suffered by "Iron Mike" was no accident. His autopsy unearthed evidence of a trauma-related disease - the direct result of years of blows to the head in games. He knew it would keep killing scores of other sportsmen unless something was done. He believed that the NFL (National Football League), one of the most powerful corporations in America, would welcome the discovery. But it was the one truth they wanted to ignore. Omalu himself became a target. 'This is classic David and Goliath stuff, and as exciting as a great courtroom drama. A riveting, powerful human tale . . . a masterclass on how to tell a story' Charles Duhigg, New York Times columnist and bestselling author of The Power of Habit

From "EverQuest" to "World of Warcraft," online games have evolved from the exclusive domain of computer geeks into an extraordinarily lucrative staple of the entertainment industry. People of all ages and from all walks of life now spend thousands of hours--and dollars--partaking in this popular new brand of escapism. But the line between fantasy and reality is starting to blur. Players have created virtual societies with governments and economies of their own whose currencies now trade against the dollar on eBay at rates higher than the yen. And the players who inhabit these synthetic worlds are starting to spend more time online than at their day jobs.
In "Synthetic Worlds," Edward Castronova offers the first comprehensive look at the online game industry, exploring its implications for business and culture alike. He starts with the players, giving us a revealing look into the everyday lives of the gamers--outlining what they do in their synthetic worlds and why. He then describes the economies inside these worlds to show how they might dramatically affect real world financial systems, from potential disruptions of markets to new business horizons. Ultimately, he explores the long-term social consequences of online games: If players can inhabit worlds that are more alluring and gratifying than reality, then how can the real world ever compete? Will a day ever come when we spend more time in these synthetic worlds than in our own? Or even more startling, will a day ever come when such questions no longer sound alarmist but instead seem obsolete?
With more than ten million active players worldwide--and with Microsoft and Sony pouring hundreds of millions of dollars into videogame development--online games have become too big to ignore. "Synthetic Worlds" spearheads our efforts to come to terms with this virtual reality and its concrete effects.
"Illuminating. . . . Castronova's analysis of the economics of fun is intriguing. Virtual-world economies are designed to make the resulting game interesting and enjoyable for their inhabitants. Many games follow a rags-to-riches storyline, for example. But how can all the players end up in the top 10%? Simple: the upwardly mobile human players need only be a subset of the world's population. An underclass of computer-controlled 'bot' citizens, meanwhile, stays poor forever. Mr. Castronova explains all this with clarity, wit, and a merciful lack of academic jargon."--"The Economist"
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""Synthetic Worlds" is a surprisingly profound book about the social, political, and economic issues arising from the emergence of vast multiplayer games on the Internet. What Castronova has realized is that these games, where players contribute considerable labor in exchange for things they value, are not merely like real economies, they "are" real economies, displaying inflation, fraud, Chinese sweatshops, and some surprising in-game innovations."--Tim Harford, "Chronicle of Higher Education
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Effective marketing is essential for any successful sport organization, from elite professional sports teams to local amateur leagues. Now in a fully revised and updated second edition, "Advanced Theory and Practice in Sport Marketing "is still the only text to introduce key theory and best practice at an advanced level.

The book covers every key functional and theoretical area of sport marketing, including marketing research, information systems, consumer behavior, logistics, retail management, sales management, e-commerce, promotions, advertising, sponsorship, and international business. This new edition includes expanded coverage of important contemporary issues, including social responsibility and ethics, social media and networking, relationship and experience marketing, recovery marketing, and social marketing. Every chapter contains extended cases and first-hand accounts from experienced sport marketing professionals from around the world. Following those cases are questions encouraging students and practitioners to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world situations and to develop their critical thinking skills, while each chapter also includes helpful features such as definitions of key terms, summaries, and guides to further reading. A companion website includes an impressive array of additional teaching and learning resources, including a test bank of exam questions, PowerPoint slides, and extra case studies for lecturers and instructors, and useful web links, self-test multiple-choice questions, and glossary flashcards for students. "

Advanced Theory and Practice in Sport Marketing "goes further than any other sport marketing text in preparing the student for the real world of sport marketing. It is essential reading for any upper-level undergraduate or postgraduate course in sport marketing or sport business, and for anybody working in sport marketing looking to develop and extend their professional skills.

Balloons, fun, games, magic, and more -- they are all here. From entertaining and food to marketing and promotion, this book features comprehensive and detailed guidance on how to succeed in the birthday party business. At the heart of the birthday party business is the entertainment. In this book you will find detailed information on the art of entertaining children of all ages. You will learn how to work with children, what they like, what they don't like, how to make them laugh, and how to control them. You will learn the secrets of entertaining kids using magic, clowning, puppetry, storytelling, ballooning, and face painting, as well as gain valuable information on catering, party games, and creating enchanting theme parties. This book has everything you need to get started in the birthday party business; included are samples of advertisements, sales letters, thank you notes, news releases, contracts, party planning guides, flyers, business cards, stationery, and promotional give-aways, as well as dozens of comedy skits and party routines.

Divided into nine parts, Leisure Marketing: a global perspective guides the reader through leisure and marketing concepts, the marketing mix, key issues in different sectors, topical issues (such as globalisation, marketing research and ethics, for example branding and environmental issues), and the future of leisure marketing. A section of the book is devoted entirely to international case studies, which illustrate and highlight key themes and issues raised throughout in order to facilitate learning. Example of international cases used are: Disneyland Resort, Paris: The Marketing Mix Manchester United Football Club: Marketing the Brand The Growth of the Online Retail Travel Market Hilton Head Island, USA: The Leisure Island for Golf and Leisure Shopping Health, Leisure and Tourism Marketing including Spa Hotels, Health Clubs and lake Resorts. This book combines real world experience with a solid theoretical framework. It is essential reading for anyone studying, teaching or working in marketing in the leisure industry.