Electroporation is the forefront in tumor ablation. This book presents the basic principles and clinical applications of electroporation, including the latest research results and patient data. A comprehensive approach to the basic science behind the development of this ground-breaking technique and its introduction into clinical practice, the book discusses the entire spectrum of currently available reversible treatments, the emerging irreversible applications, and their impact on patient care. Clinical Aspects of Electroporation is the first book intended for clinicians on this extremely important and rapidly developing field.

This second volume of the highly practical and informative work continues the fine tradition of this exceptional series. It details the latest concepts and management techniques in oculofacial plastic surgery. It contains in-depth reviews of orbital disorders such as capillary hemangiomas and venolymphatic malformations, offering new strategies in diagnosis and management. Coverage also includes recent developments in the diagnosis and management of lacrimal disorders, including salivary gland transposition for severe dry eye and lacrimal stenosis. It will prove to be a valuable resource for both the comprehensive ophthalmologist as well as subspecialists with a particular interest in disorders of the orbit, eyelids, lacrimal system, and other facial structures.

Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery is a comprehensive description of subdural monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) during neurosurgery. It offers thorough analysis of a comprehensive database consisting of measurements of ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure and other relevant physiological data from more than 1,800 patients subjected to intracranial surgery at Aarhus University Hospital. Features of anaesthesia, both inhalation and total intravenous, are discussed, and measures to reduce ICP are described. A majority of the patients had supratentorial tumours, but the database also includes patients with infratentorial tumours and patients with no intracranial space-occupying lesions. A chapter is reserved for discussion of the special features of children with cerebral tumours.

The term "muscular dystrophy" (MD) describes a group of primary genetic disorders of muscle that often have a distinctive and recognizable clinical p- notype, accompanied by characteristic, but frequently not pathognomonic, pathological features. Research into the molecular basis of the MDs by a c- bination of positional cloning and candidate gene analysis has provided the basis for a reclassification of these disorders, with genetic and protein data augmenting traditional clinically based nomenclature. These findings have brought insights into the molecular pathogenesis of MD, with an increasing number of potential pathways involved in arriving at a dystrophic phenotype. Some common themes can be recognized, however, including the involvement of five members of the dystrophin-associated complex (dystrophin and four sarcoglycans) in different types of MD, and the involvement of two nuclear envelope proteins in producing an Emery-Dreifuss MD phenotype. Other d- ease-associated genes appear to cause MD in a completely unrelated way, such as the involvement of calpain 3 in a form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Section 1 of Muscular Dystrophy: Methods and Protocols reviews tra- tional strategies used to identify MDs. Meantime, techniques developed as a result of the research strategies described previously have become an integral part of the management of many patients with MD and their families, and these techniques are addressed in Sections 2 (DNA-based tests) and 3 (p- tein-based analyses). The continued effort to translate this enhanced und- standing into a molecular cure or treatment for MD is reviewed in Section 4.

Minimally invasive joint replacement has become one of the hottest topics in the orthopedic world. In the case of the knee, however, this concept has been widely misunderstood. All too frequently it is taken to mean keyhole surgery in which traditional components are implanted with a shorter surgical time. Such an approach in fact has few benefits and various possible dangers.

In this book, international experts discuss truly minimally invasive knee reconstruction techniques that involve tissue-sparing surgery and small implants and permit preservation of both the anterior and the posterior cruciate ligament. These techniques have the key advantage of respecting the physiological joint biomechanics. They also entail minimal removal of bone tissue from the tibia and only a small skin incision that avoids damage to the extensor apparatus. All of the most innovative techniques used in uni- and bicompartmental knee reconstruction are covered in detail, including computer-assisted procedures. Long-term results are reported, and pitfalls, highlighted. The reader will learn how, with careful selection of patients and rigorous surgical technique, compartmental reconstruction offers a valid alternative to total knee replacement.

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, and one of the first to be successfully repaired by congenital heart surgeons. Although "fixed", patients born with tetralogy of Fallot cannot be considered "cured". Improving survival and quality of life for this ever-increasing adult population will continue to challenge the current and future generations of cardiologists. Adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot should be seen by a cardiologist specializing in the care of adults with congenital heart disease, to be monitored for late complications. They need to be checked regularly for any subsequent complications or disturbances of heart rhythm. This monograph is intended as both an introduction to the subject and a timely, comprehensive review, and will be welcomed by adult cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, internists, surgeons, obstetricians, and intensivists who wish to learn about the most recent discoveries and advances concerning tetralogy of Fallot in adults. It will also be of interest to advanced undergraduates wanting to learn more about the subject.

Combining years of clinical experience gathered by world-renowned experts, this is the only book to provide knee surgeons with a comprehensive guide to the many types of complications encountered in arthroscopic and meniscal surgery, the reconstruction of ligaments, patello-femoral surgery, fractures around the knee, and prosthetic knee arthroplasty. This unique volume, with over 400 line drawings and photographs, belongs on the shelf of every orthopaedic surgeon performing knee surgery.

Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Trauma Patient summarizes the most current concepts and clinical practices for the management of the patient with musculoskeletal traumatic injuries. The text covers optimal time frames for stabilization of orthopedic injuries and strategies to mitigate systemic injury while minimizing damage due to pelvic, spine and long bone trauma. The volume covers the gamut of traumatic axial and extremity injuries, including cervico-lumbar-thoracic spine injuries, spinal cord injuries, long bone fractures with special emphasis on the femoral shaft, pelvic and acetabular injuries, open fractures, mangled extremities, upper extremity injuries, combination and severe soft tissues injuries and periarticular fractures. These are discussed in the context of isolated injury and combined with orthopedic injuries of the brain, abdomen, chest and other musculoskeletal injuries. Written by internationally recognized experts, Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Trauma Patient is a valuable resource for orthopedic surgeons.

This book details how medical and clinical teams that are comprehensive and interdisciplinary are able to effectively address the multiple difficulties that can result from an Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). Coverage describes the medical specialists that are integral members of a team and their specialized roles in assessment and treatment. It reviews some of the vital specialty areas that are often overlooked. The book also examines key discipline areas, such as occupational and speech/language therapies, and describes the main behavioral difficulties exhibited by individuals with ABI.

Being in the field of medicine and plastic surgery, I have realised just having knowledge and skills are not enough to be a successful plastic surgeon; you need to be a general surgeon, a doctor, and most importantly, a compassionate human being to be successful. You also need to be a good administrator, leader, businessman, and politician. You need to be a good teacher to continue the legacy. This is what I am striving to accomplish. My wish is that I will be able to follow my profession with dignity, sincerity, ethically and legally, and to teach the youngsters to do the same. This book is about a great discipline that is called plastic surgery. It is an intensely personal subject that causes a great deal of debate, often very emotional. More than any other branch of medicine, it is also surrounded by a dense, almost impenetrable fog of rumor, myths, and misconceptions. This book will educate you to understand what goes behind the scene. Not only that, but everything you need to know about the plastic and cosmetic surgery from choosing the right surgeon to avoiding disasters and getting the treatment you really need is here in the book.

In the past decade it has become increasingly clear that psoriatic disease, both of the skin and joints, can be a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the physician and a debilitating illness for the patient. At the same time, advances in genetics and immunology have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. This text contains a comprehensive discussion by an international group of experts in psoriatic disease of the pathomechanisms, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The information is presented in parallel in order to emphasize the similarities and differences between these two diseases that so commonly occur together. We believe that this approach will make this text an important resource for all practitioners who treat patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

This comprehensive book pulls together the essential elements needed to assess sleep apnea patients for the transoral robotic surgical approach and how to optimize the surgery. Detailed information on patient selection, pre-operative work up, anesthesiological pre and post-operative management, surgery, complication prevention and management is provided along with background on sleep medicine and sleep surgery. Authored for ENT surgeons, head and neck specialists and neurologists, pneumonologists, sleep doctors as well for anesthesiologists, chapters offer solutions pulled from experts in the field of sleep surgery and information relevant to geographic areas worldwide.

This book represents the first comprehensive textbook devoted to the standard of care, current guidelines and innovations in the field of mesenteric vascular disease. The book reviews imaging modalities, diagnostic work up, physiologic tests, traditional open surgical techniques and novel endovascular approaches. Technical aspects of both open surgical and endovascular techniques are provided by experts in the field, with illustrations and photographs of key steps for each type of procedure. Results of epidemiologic studies and national databases are summarized, as well as large institutional experiences. An evidence-based approach is used for recommendations regarding best therapies. Diagnostic approaches including imaging and novel physiologic tests, including gastric tonometry and oxygen light spectroscopy are covered. Mesenteric Vascular Disease: Current Therapy will serve as a very useful resource for clinicians, surgeons, interventionalists, gastroenterologists and researchers dealing with and interested in mesenteric vascular diseases.

The last five years have witnessed an increasing interest in the subject of transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) as illustrated by the number of abstracts presented at the meetings of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology (Figure). The ideas and concepts associated with this particular method of myocardial revascularization have changed dramatically over even this short period of time. The original premise of "de-evolving" mammalian hearts to recreate a reptilian-like myocardial circulation by making multiple channels through the myocardium has been almost (but perhaps not quite) completely dismissed. Now, the most popular notion is that there is an angiogenic response to myocardial channel making. It is this development of new blood vessels that is thought to be responsible for the apparent improvements in symptoms and blood flow. Along the way, the idea that a channel could stay open and allow blood to flow directly from the ventricular chamber has found little support. Rather than directly explore all of these issues and merely duplicate previously published articles, our aim was to take a novel approach: that is, to step back from these arguments and provide perspective from the vantage point of distance. In the case of trans myocardial revascularization, distance comes both in terms of history and in terms of methodology and knowledge from other fields of research. Historically, innovative methods of myocardial revascularization are by no means uncommon. The first two chapters deal with this historical' perspective.

Robotic Surgery of the Head and Neck is the first comprehensive guide for otolaryngologists who wish to perform robotic head and neck surgery. Edited by leaders in the field, this book focuses on how improved access, visualization, and flexibility of the technology have greatly expanded the capabilities of the head and neck surgeon to treat diseases transorally or through small incisions in the skin. Starting with an overview of minimally invasive surgery in the head and neck, and moving to discussions of anatomic considerations for these procedures and the future applications of robotic surgery for otolaryngologists, Robotic Surgery of the Head and Neck explores the exciting progress of robotic technologies, bringing physicians closer to achieving the benefits of traditional surgery with the least amount of disruption to the patient.

This practical and instructional guidebook, written by international experts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, covers all challenging aspects of ACL rupture in the acute and chronic setting. It covers the latest, spectacular anatomical findings, treatment of partial ACL tears, various techniques for single- and double-bundle ACL reconstruction, and complex ACL revision surgery. Important surgical steps are clearly described with the help of instructive, high-quality photographs. Important tips, tricks, and pitfalls are highlighted and intra- and postoperative complications, rehabilitation, and prevention of re- rupture are discussed. All authors are prominent and experienced ACL surgeons.

It has become clear that tumors arise from excessive cell proliferation and a c- responding reduction in cell death. Tumors result from the successive accumulation of mutations in key regulatory target genes over time. During the 1980s, a number of oncogenes were characterized, whereas from the 1990s to the present, the emphasis shifted to tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). It has become clear that oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes function in the same pathways, providing positive and ne- tive growth regulatory activities. The signaling pathways controlled by these genes involve virtually every process in cell biology, including nuclear events, cell cycle, cell death, cytoskeletal, cell membrane, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion effects. Tumor suppressor genes are mutated in hereditary cancer syndromes, as well as somatically in nonhereditary cancers. In their normal state, TSGs control cancer development and p- gression, as well as contribute to the sensitivity of cancers to a variety of therapeutics. Understanding the classes of TSGs, the biochemical pathways they function in, and how they are regulated provides an essential lesson in cancer biology. We cannot hope to advance our current knowledge and to develop new and more effective therapies without understanding the relevant pathways and how they influence the present approaches to therapy. Moreover, it is important to be able to access the powerful tools now available to discover these genes, as well as their links to cell biology and growth control.

Because stroke is essentially a disease of the vessels and blood flow, the most fundamental aspects of ischemic blood flow in the brain are under investigation by researchers. Their work was the focus of the sixth in the series of Keio University International Symposia for Life Sciences and Medicine, held in Tokyo in 1999. Selected here are 55 papers from the symposium, covering the buffy coat (glycocalyx) of endothelial cells, the blood-brain barrier and permeability, gene expression, vascular reactivity, dysregulation, inflammatory deterioration, cortical spreading depression, edema, microvascular derangement, and pathology, in ten major sections. The book includes the thought-provoking discussions that followed the presentations, thus providing an invaluable source of up-to-date information not only for researchers investigating microcirculation but also for clinicians implementing the most effective treatment for stroke patients.

Surgical Research: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, Third Edition is an excellent source book for the young surgical investigator as well as the senior investigator in surgery. It is divided into nine sections: The Surgeon as Investigator, Reading and Writing, Speaking and Listening, Design and Methods, Funding, Implementation, Analyzing Outcomes, Ethical Issues and Perspectives. The Third Edition has been updated and added to with 43 new chapters. This book is of special interest to those surgeons interested in doing research. However, it also has many very interesting chapters that would help all surgeons in approaching their practice in a more scientific way. With many of the foremost surgical investigators contributing, this book is an excellent collection of chapters covering the entire gamut of surgical research.

In May 1997 the Faculty of Surgery from the University of Athens and elsewhere gathered with colleagues in Athens for the third time in 6 years to continue our discussions on the progress, problems, realization, and future of laproscopic surgery. The topics were rather inclusive with regard to the issues that defined the field, and the assembled investigators, educa tors, and clinicians brought a rich experience and clear vision of the field in the coming years. The decision had been made months before to collect our thoughts and experience as a colloquium of the state of laproscopic surgery in the tenth year following the report of Mouret on laparoscopic cholecy stectomy, not as the proceedings of the specific meeting. At the end of a decade of mercurial advance, heated debate, professional turmoil, and very little science, it was clear that general surgery would never be the same. Laproscopic surgery is now fully established and requires accommodation in the curriculum, practice, and research of surgery for the foreseeable future. This book is called a colloquium on laparoscopy because it collects the thoughts of many workers in the form of consensus presentations. It is offered to any surgeon who is ready to survey this field with clear eyes, absent of emotion or hyperbole, in our evolution of a better standard of care for surgical patients."

we might seek alternative sources of donor tissues. Genetic en- neering, expansion of precursor cells, generation of immortalized cell lines, and transplantation between species are all under active investigation. Although significant difficulties remain for each of these alternatives, the problems appear soluble and relevant knowledge is expanding rapidly. As we enter the twenty-first century, the place of neural tra- plantation in experimental neuroscience is continuing to evolve. Rather than being a topic in its own right, neural transplantation increasingly serves as just another technique in the researcher's armory--alongside lesions, pharmaceuticals, gene transfer, and a variety of other techniques--for the experimental manipulation of brain structure and function. This is particularly true for studies of degeneration, plasticity, regeneration, and recovery of function in the nervous system, topics of increasing importance as experimental neurobiology is required to serve the higher needs of neurological and mental health in aging societies. Within this evolving context, Neural Transplantation Methods seeks to serve a particular need: to provide experimental neu- scientists with a source book of information to enable them to select and adapt transplantation techniques to their own expe- mental programs. All authors have been asked to address prac- cal issues, to enable the reader to assess what is available, what are the alternatives, what are the practical issues to be resolved in applying a particular protocol and getting it to work reliably in their unique experimental context.

This volume builds on the success of the first edition of Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders and is aimed at those practitioners with an interest in the imaging, diagnosis and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. Concise textual information from acknowledged experts is complemented by high-quality diagrams and images to provide a thorough update of this rapidly evolving field. Introductory chapters fully elucidate the anatomical basis underlying disorders of the pelvic floor. State of the art imaging techniques and their application in pelvic floor dysfunction are then discussed in detail. Additions since the first edition include consideration of the effect of aging and new chapters on perineal ultrasound, functional MRI and MRI of the levator muscles. The closing sections of the book describe the modern clinical management of pelvic floor dysfunction, including prolapse, urinary and faecal incontinence and constipation, with specific emphasis on the integration of diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Written for: Practitioners and clinicians in the fields radiology, urology, proctology/colorectal surgery, gynecology, gastroenterology