This book proposes novel memory hierarchies and software optimization techniques for the optimal utilization of memory hierarchies. It presents a wide range of optimizations, progressively increasing in the complexity of analysis and of memory hierarchies. The final chapter covers optimization techniques for applications consisting of multiple processes found in most modern embedded devices.

The series Advances in Industrial Control aims to report and encourage technology transfer in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. New theory, new controllers, actuators, sensors, new industrial processes, computer methods, new applications, new philosophies , new challenges. Much of this development work resides in industrial reports, feasibility study papers and the reports of advanced collaborative projects. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of such new work in all aspects of industrial control for wider and rapid dissemination. Hard disk drive systems are ubiquitous in today's computer systems and the technology is still evolving. There is a review of hard disk drive technology and construction in the early pages of this monograph that looks at the characteristics of the disks and there it can be read that: "bit density... continues to increase at an amazing rate", "spindle speed... the move to faster and faster spindle speeds continue", "form factors... the trend...is downward... to smaller and smaller drives", "performance... factors are improving", "redundant arrays of inexpensive disks... becoming increasingly common, and is now seen in consumer desktop machines", "reliability... is improving slowly... it is very hard to improve the reliability of a product when it is changing rapidly" and finally "interfaces... continue to create new and improved standards... to match the increase in performance of the hard disks themselves".

The memory system is increasingly turning into a bottleneck in the design of embedded systems. The speed improvements of memory systems are lower than the speed improvements of processors, eventually leading to embedded systems whose performance is limited by the memory. This problem is known as the "memory wall" problem. Furthermore, memory systems may consume the largest share of the system s energy budget and may be the source of unpredictable timing behaviour. Hence, the design of the memory system deserves an increasing amount of attention.

Fast, Efficient and Predictable Memory Accesses presents techniques for designing fast, energy-efficient and timing predictable memory systems. By using a careful combination of compiler optimizations and architectural improvements, we can achieve more than what would be feasible at one of the levels in isolation. The described optimization algorithms achieve the goals of high performance and low energy consumption. In addition to these benefits, the use of scratchpad memories significantly improves the timing predictability of the entire system, leading to tighter worst case execution time bounds (WCET). The WCET is a relevant design parameter for all timing critical systems. In addition, the book covers algorithms to exploit the power down modes of main memories in SDRAM technology, as well as the execute-in-place feature of Flash memories. The final chapter considers the impact of the register file, which is also part of the memory hierarchy."

This book explores the optimization potential of cross-layer design approaches for wireless ad hoc and sensor network performance, covering both theory and practice. A theoretical section provides an overview of design issues in both strictly layered and cross-layer approaches. A practical section builds on these issues to explore three case studies of diverse ad hoc and sensor network applications and communication technologies.

Written with graduate and advanced undergraduate students in mind, this textbook introduces computational logic from the foundations of first-order logic to state-of-the-art decision procedures for arithmetic, data structures, and combination theories. The textbook also presents a logical approach to engineering correct software. Verification exercises are given to develop the reader's facility in specifying and verifying software using logic. The treatment of verification concludes with an introduction to the static analysis of software, an important component of modern verification systems. The final chapter outlines courses of further study.

Three approaches can be applied to determine the performance of parallel and distributed computer systems: measurement, simulation, and mathematical methods. This book introduces various network architectures for parallel and distributed systems as well as for systems-on-chips, and presents a strategy for developing a generator for automatic model derivation. It will appeal to researchers and students in network architecture design and performance analysis.

Network calculus is a theory dealing with queuing systems found in computer networks. Its focus is on performance guarantees. Central to the theory is the use of alternate algebras such as the min-plus algebra to transform complex network systems into analytically tractable systems. To simplify the ana- sis, another idea is to characterize tra?c and service processes using various bounds. Since its introduction in the early 1990s, network calculus has dev- oped along two tracks-deterministic and stochastic. This book is devoted to summarizing results for stochastic network calculus that can be employed in the design of computer networks to provide stochastic service guarantees. Overview and Goal Like conventional queuing theory, stochastic network calculus is based on properly de?ned tra?c models and service models. However, while in c- ventional queuing theory an arrival process is typically characterized by the inter-arrival times of customers and a service process by the service times of customers, the arrival process and the service process are modeled in n- work calculus respectively by some arrival curve that (maybe probabilis- cally) upper-bounds the cumulative arrival and by some service curve that (maybe probabilistically) lower-bounds the cumulative service. The idea of usingboundstocharacterizetra?candservicewasinitiallyintroducedfor- terministic network calculus. It has also been extended to stochastic network calculus by exploiting the stochastic nature of arrival and service processes.

This book provides graduate students and practitioners with knowledge of the CORBA standard and practical experience of implementing distributed systems with CORBA's Java mapping. With tested code examples that will run immediately

This book presents model-based analysis and design methods for fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. Architectural and structural models are used to analyse the propagation of the fault through the process, test fault detectability and reveal redundancies that can be used to ensure fault tolerance. Case studies demonstrate the methods presented.

The second edition includes new material on reconfigurable control, diagnosis of nonlinear systems, and remote diagnosis, plus new examples and updated bibliography.

This year, the IFIP Working Conference on Distributed and Parallel Embedded Sys tems (DIPES 2008) is held as part of the IFIP World Computer Congress, held in Milan on September 7 10, 2008. The embedded systems world has a great deal of experience with parallel and distributed computing. Many embedded computing systems require the high performance that can be delivered by parallel computing. Parallel and distributed computing are often the only ways to deliver adequate real time performance at low power levels. This year's conference attracted 30 submissions, of which 21 were accepted. Prof. Jor ] g Henkel of the University of Karlsruhe graciously contributed a keynote address on embedded computing and reliability. We would like to thank all of the program committee members for their diligence. Wayne Wolf, Bernd Kleinjohann, and Lisa Kleinjohann Acknowledgements We would like to thank all people involved in the organization of the IFIP World Computer Congress 2008, especially the IPC Co Chairs Judith Bishop and Ivo De Lotto, the Organization Chair Giulio Occhini, as well as the Publications Chair John Impagliazzo. Further thanks go to the authors for their valuable contributions to DIPES 2008. Last but not least we would like to acknowledge the considerable amount of work and enthusiasm spent by our colleague Claudius Stern in preparing theproceedingsofDIPES2008. Hemadeitpossibletoproducethemintheircurrent professional and homogeneous style."

Operating systems kernels are central to the functioning of computers. Security of the overall system, as well as its reliability and responsiveness, depend upon the correct functioning of the kernel. This unique approach - presenting a formal specification of a kernel - starts with basic constructs and develops a set of kernels; proofs are included as part of the text.

This book brings Network Calculus closer to the network professional and will also have real appeal for postgraduates studying network performance. It provides valuable analytical tools and uses J as a means of providing a practical treatment of the subject. It builds a bridge between mathematics theory and the practical use of computers in the field of network performance analysis.

This book brings together for the first time two important features of a computer system that must be embedded in an organisational context. First comes responsibility, in other words, whether the computer system properly supports the organisational responsibilities that people are allocated. Second, the book examines dependability, which means whether the system supports those responsibilities in a trustworthy fashion. Aimed at researchers and doctoral students, the work pays particular attention to looking at what happens when things go wrong.

Holger Scherl introduces the reader to the reconstruction problem in computed tomography and its major scientific challenges that range from computational efficiency to the fulfillment of Tuy's sufficiency condition. The assessed hardware architectures include multi- and many-core systems, cell broadband engine architecture, graphics processing units, and field programmable gate arrays.

The MODELS series of conferences is the premier venue for the exchange of - novative technical ideas and experiences focusing on a very important new te- nical discipline: model-driven software and systems engineering. The expansion ofthisdisciplineisadirectconsequenceoftheincreasingsigni?canceandsuccess of model-based methods in practice. Numerous e?orts resulted in the invention of concepts, languagesand tools for the de?nition, analysis, transformation, and veri?cationofdomain-speci?cmodelinglanguagesandgeneral-purposemodeling language standards, as well as their use for software and systems engineering. MODELS 2010, the 13th edition of the conference series, took place in Oslo, Norway, October 3-8, 2010, along with numerous satellite workshops, symposia and tutorials. The conference was fortunate to have three prominent keynote speakers: Ole Lehrmann Madsen (Aarhus University, Denmark), Edward A. Lee (UC Berkeley, USA) and Pamela Zave (AT&T Laboratories, USA). To provide a broader forum for reporting on scienti?c progress as well as on experience stemming from practical applications of model-based methods, the 2010 conference accepted submissions in two distinct tracks: Foundations and Applications. The primary objective of the ?rst track is to present new research results dedicated to advancing the state-of-the-art of the discipline, whereas the second aims to provide a realistic and veri?able picture of the current state-- the-practice of model-based engineering, so that the broader community could be better informed of the capabilities and successes of this relatively young discipline. This volume contains the ?nal version of the papers accepted for presentation at the conference from both tracks.

This book is the fifth volume of the CoreGRID series. Organized jointly with the Euro-Par 2007 conference, The CoreGRID Symposium intends to become the premiere European event on Grid Computing. The aim of this symposium is to strengthen and advance scientific and technological excellence in the area of Grid and Peer-to-Peer Computing. The book includes all aspects of Grid Computing including service infrastructure. It is designed for a professional audience composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This volume is also suitable for advanced-level students in computer science.

Here is an extremely useful book that provides insight into a number of different flavors of processor architectures and their design, software tool generation, implementation, and verification. After a brief introduction to processor architectures and how processor designers have sometimes failed to deliver what was expected, the authors introduce a generic flow for embedded on-chip processor design and start to explore the vast design space of on-chip processing. The authors cover a number of different types of processor core.

The 2008 TUB-SJTU joint workshop on Autonomous Systems Self-Organization, Management, and Control was held on October 6, 2008 at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. The workshop, sponsored by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Technical University of Berlin brought together scientists and researchers from both universities to present and discuss the latest progress on autonomous systems and its applications in diverse areas. Autonomous systems are designed to integrate machines, computing, sensing, and software to create intelligent systems capable of interacting with the complexities of the real world. Autonomous systems represent the physical embodiment of machine intelligence.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to theory and modeling for autonomous systems; organization of autonomous systems; learning and perception; complex systems; multi-agent systems; robotics and control; applications of autonomous systems.

Collections of digital documents can nowadays be found everywhere in institutions, universities or companies. Examples are Web sites or intranets. But searching them for information can still be painful. Searches often return either large numbers of matches or no suitable matches at all.

Such document collections can vary a lot in size and how much structure they carry. What they have in common is that they typically do have some structure and that they cover a limited range of topics. The second point is significantly different from the Web in general.

The type of search system that we propose in this book can suggest ways of refining or relaxing the query to assist a user in the search process. In order to suggest sensible query modifications we would need to know what the documents are about. Explicit knowledge about the document collection encoded in some electronic form is what we need. However, typically such knowledge is not available. So we construct it automatically.

Embedded systems take over complex control and data processing tasks in diverse application ?elds such as automotive, avionics, consumer products, and telec- munications. They are the primary driver for improving overall system safety, ef?ciency, and comfort. The demand for further improvement in these aspects can only be satis?ed by designing embedded systems of increasing complexity, which in turn necessitates the development of new system design methodologies based on speci?cation, design, and veri?cation languages. The objective of the book at hand is to provide researchers and designers with an overview of current research trends, results, and application experiences in c- puter languages for embedded systems. The book builds upon the most relevant contributions to the 2008 conference Forum on Design Languages (FDL), the p- mier international conference specializing in this ?eld. These contributions have been selected based on the results of reviews provided by leading experts from - search and industry. In many cases, the authors have improved their original work by adding breadth, depth, or explanation.

This book studies algorithmic issues associated with cooperative execution of multiple independent tasks by distributed computing agents including partitionable networks. It provides the most significant algorithmic solution developed and available today for do-all computing for distributed systems (including partitionable networks), and is the first monograph that deals with do-all computing for distributed systems. The book is structured to meet the needs of a professional audience composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This volume is also suitable for graduate-level students in computer science.

"The Testing Network" presents an integrated approach to testing based on cutting-edge methodologies, processes and tools in today's IT context. It means complex network-centric applications to be tested in heterogeneous IT infrastructures and in multiple test environments (also geographically distributed). The added-value of this book is the in-depth explanation of all processes and relevant methodologies and tools to address this complexity. Main aspects of testing are explained using TD/QC - the world-leader test platform.

This up-to-date know-how is based on real-life IT experiences gained in large-scale projects of companies operating worldwide. The book is abundantly illustrated to better show all technical aspects of modern testing in a national and international context. The author has a deep expertise by designing and giving testing training in large companies using the above-mentioned tools and processes. "The Testing Network" is a unique synthesis of core test topics applied in real-life.

This book came into being inthe form oflecture notes for thesubject Infor- tion technology management (IT management) at the Twente University inthe Netherlands. Since 1995 this subject is part of the Master's degree of the course Business Management and Information Technology. Over a decade of teaching, this bookdevelopedinto what it istoday. The book gives an idea of how organizations should organize their - formationandcommunicationtechnologyfacilitiesinordertobeabletosay"IT does not matter." Management and the organization of IT are only conveniences within day-to-day operations and enablers, for organizations that want to supply other products and services. The book has the following starting points: (a) The IT support of products and services of organizations makes fu- tional and performance demandsontheIT facilities. In order to beable tomeettheserequirementsoptimally, anITarchitectureisrequired.The IT services and products are supplied within this architecture. (b) Controlling IT is part of normal operational management. This means that: -at setting up the IT facilities the principles of logistics and operations management apply; -the information, neededfor controlling a process, makes demandson the set-up of the information service process. The question is: -whether someone is authorized to supplythe data; -whether the data correspondswith thephysically present objects and -whether the given data is correct and complete. (c) A distinction is made between both the IT demand and the IT supply organization. Both organizations have to be set up. Methods indicate, xi xii Preface which processes have to be in place in these organizations and each of these processes has ?nancial, personnel, legal and security aspects.

The book provides complete coverage of fundamental IP networking in Java. It introduces the concepts behind TCP/IP and UDP and their intended use and purpose; gives complete coverage of Java networking APIs, includes an extended discussion of advanced server design, so that the various design principles and tradeoffs concerned are discussed and equips the reader with analytic queuing-theory tools to evaluate design alternatives; covers UDP multicasting, and covers multi-homed hosts, leading the reader to understand the extra programming steps and design considerations required in such environments.

After reading this book the reader will have an advanced knowledge of fundamental network design and programming concepts in the Java language, enabling them to design and implement distributed applications with advanced features and to predict their performance. Special emphasis is given to the scalable I/O facilities of Java 1.4 as well as complete treatments of multi-homing and UDP both unicast and multicast.

Fundamental Problems in Computing is in honor of Professor Daniel J. Rosenkrantz, a distinguished researcher in Computer Science. Professor Rosenkrantz has made seminal contributions to many subareas of Computer Science including formal languages and compilers, automata theory, algorithms, database systems, very large scale integrated systems, fault-tolerant computing and discrete dynamical systems. For many years, Professor Rosenkrantz served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (JACM), a very prestigious archival journal in Computer Science. His contributions to Computer Science have earned him many awards including the Fellowship from ACM and the ACM SIGMOD Contributions Award.