The RPC-memory specification problem was proposed by Broy and Lamport as a case study in the formal design of distributed and concurrent systems. As a realistic example typical for operating systems and hardware design, the RPC-memory problem was used as the basis for comparing various approaches to formal specification, refinement, and verification.
Preliminary solutions were discussed during a workshop at Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, in September 1994. Then an extensive discussion took place between the referees and authors. Finally 15 thoroughly revised papers were accepted for inclusion in this volume in full detail together with the problem statement and a synopsis.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design, FMCAD '96, held in Palo Alto, California, USA, in November 1996.
The 25 revised full papers presented were selected from a total of 65 submissions; also included are three invited survey papers and four tutorial contributions. The volume covers all relevant formal aspects of work in computer-aided systems design, including verification, synthesis, and testing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Fourth International AMAST Workshop on Real-Time Systems and Concurrent and Distributed Software, ARTS'97, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in May 1997.
The volume presents 24 carefully selected revised full papers. Also included are two historical contributions honoring Ramon Llull, who was born on Mallorca, as well as two invited papers. All current issues in the field of formal methods for real-time systems and distributed and concurrent systems are addressed.

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Design and Implementation of Symbolic Computation Systems, DISCO '96, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in September 1996.
The volume includes four invited contributions surveying the state of the art in a particular subfield or pointing to some new research directions together with 31 revised full papers selected from a total of some 70 submissions. Many current aspects of mathematical software systems, as employed e.g. in computer algebra, automated theorem proving, or al- gebraic specification are addressed.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, DEXA '96, held in Zurich, Switzerland, in September 1996.
The 77 revised full papers included were selected from a total of nearly 200 submissions. They report on a broad spectrum of advanced applications and the design of database and expert systems. Among the topics addressed are object-oriented databases, active databases, temporal databases, transactions and concurrency, relational databases, CSCW and workflow systems, parallel and distributed systems, expert systems, knowledge-based systems, and information retrieval.

Making systems easier to use implies an ever increasing complexity in managing communication between users and applications. Indeed an increasing part of the application code is devoted to the user interface portion. In order to manage this complexity, it is important to have tools, notations, and methodologies which support the designer s work during the refinement process from specification to implementation. Selected revised papers from the Eurographics workshop in Namur review the state of the art in this area, comparing the different existing approaches to this field in order to identify the principle requirements and the most suitable notations, and indicate the meaningful results which can be obtained from them."

This volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Formal Techniques in Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Systems, FTRTFTS '96, held in Uppsala, Sweden, in September 1996.
The 22 revised full papers presented were selected from a total of 61 submissions; also included are three invited contributions and five tools demonstrations. The papers are organized in sections on state charts, timed automata, duration calculus, case studies, scheduling, fault tolerance, specification, and verification.

Disciplines, including Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), consist of knowledge supporting practices which solve general problems (Long & Dowell, 1989). A disci pline thus requires knowledge to be acquired which can be applied by practitioners to solve problems within the scope of the discipline. In the case of HCI, such knowledge is being acquired through research and, less formally, through the description of successful system development practice. Some have argued that knowledge is further embodied in the artefacts. HCI knowledge is applied to solve user interface design problems. Such applica tion is facilitated if the knowledge is expressed in a conception which makes explicit the design problems of practitioners. A conception has been proposed by Dowell & Long (1989). The conception provides a framework within which to reason about the implications of designs for system performance. The framework is concordant with the trend towards design, discernible in recent HCI research. It is further compatible with notions of top-down design, fundamental to software engineering practice. 2 Teaching and the HeI Research and Development Gap 2.1 An Assessment of Current HCI Education Teaching is one means by which practitioners learn to specify discipline problems. It is also a means by which they acquire knowledge to enable the problems to be solved."

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Static Analysis Symposium, SAS '96, held in Aachen, Germany, in September 1996 in conjunction with ALP and PLILP.
The volume presents 22 highly-quality revised full papers selected from a total of 79 submissions; also included are three system descriptions and invited contributions by Alex Aiken (abstract only), Flemming Nielson, and Bernhard Steffen. Among the topics addressed are program analysis, incremental analysis, abstract interpretation, partial evaluation, logic programming, functional programming, and constraint programming.

There is now a serious discussion taking place about the moment at which human beings will be surpassed and replaced by the machine. On the one hand we are designing machines which embed more and more human intelligence, but at the same time we are in danger of becoming more and more like machines. In these circumstances, we all need to consider: * What can we do? * What should we do? * What are the alternatives of doing it? This book is about the human-centred alternative of designing systems and technologies. This alternative is rooted in the European tradition of human-centredness which emphasises the symbiosis of human capabilities and machine capacity. The human-centred tra dition celebrates the diversity of human skill and ingenuity and provides an alternative to the 'mechanistic' paradigm of 'one best way', the 'sameness of science' and the 'dream of the exact language'. This alternative vision has its origin in the founding European human-centred movements of the 1970s. These include the British movement of Socially Useful Technology, the Scandinavian move ment of Democratic Participation, and the German movement of Humanisation of Work and Technology. The present volume brings together various strands of human-centred systems philosophy which span the conceptual richness and cultural diversity of the human-centred movements. The core ideas of human-centredness include human-machine symbiosis, the tacit dimension of knowl edge, the system as a tool rather than a machine, dialogue, partici pation, social shaping and usability.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV '96, held in New Brunswick, NJ, USA, in July/August 1996 as part of the FLoC '96 federated conference.
The volume presents 32 revised full research contributions selected from a total of 93 submissions; also included are 20 carefully selected descriptions of tools and case studies. The set of papers reports the state-of-the-art of the theory and practice of computer assisted formal analysis methods for software and hardware systems; a certain emphasis is placed on verification tools and the algorithms and techniques that are needed for their implementation.

This reference book documents the scientific outcome of the DIMACS/SYCON Workshop on Verification and Control of Hybrid Systems, held at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ, in October 1995.
A hybrid system consists of digital devices that interact with analog environments. Computer science contributes expertise on the analog aspects of this emerging field of interdisciplinary research and design. The 48 revised full papers included were strictly refereed; they present the state of the art in this dynamic field with contributions by leading experts. Also available are the predecessor volumes published in the same series as LNCS 999 and LNCS 736.

Evolutionary computing, inspired by the biological world, is one of the emergent technologies of our time. Being essentially a software activity, it has been successfully applied, e.g. for optimization and machine learning in various areas. The tremendous increase in computational power and, more recently, the appearance of a new generation of programmable logic devices allow for a new approach to designing computing machines inspired by biological models: it is now possible to make the hardware itself evolve.
This book is based on a workshop on evolvable hardware, held in Lausanne, Switzerland, in October 1995. It reports the state of the art of research in this field and presents two introductory chapters, written with the novice reader in mind.

This book has two audiences: the practising Requirements Engineer and the advanced student of software engineering or computer science. The book is unique because it introduces latest research results and, at the same time, presents highly practical and useful techniques. This book is complementary to texts on software requirements and system Requirements Engineering because of its focus on the problems caused by the fact that Requirements Engineering involves people. Throughout this book the author has sought to introduce the reader to a number of techniques which have not previously been included within mainstream computer science literature. The techniques chosen have been shown to work in practice in both commercial and research pro jects. The appendices contain step-by-step guides to particular tech niques; sufficient detail is provided for readers to try the techniques for themselves. The problem faced by the Requirements Engineer is complex, it con cerns meeting the needs of the customer and at the same time meeting the needs of the designer.

This book addresses issues concerning the engineering of system prod ucts that make use of computing technology. These systems may be prod ucts in their own right, for example a computer, or they may be the computerised control systems inside larger products, such as factory automation systems, transportation systems and vehicles, and personal appliances such as portable telephones. In using the term engineering the authors have in mind a development process that operates in an integrated sequence of steps, employing defined techniques that have some scientific basis. Furthermore we expect the operation of the stages to be subject to controls and standards that result in a product fit for its intended purpose, both in the hands of its users and as a business venture. Thus the process must take account of a wide range of requirements relating to function, cost, size, reliabili ty and so on. It is more difficult to define the meaning of computing technology. These days this involves much more than computers and software. For example, many tasks that might be performed by software running in a general purpose computer can also be performed directly by the basic technology used to construct a computer, namely digital hardware. However, hardware need not always be digital; we live in an analogue world, hence analogue signals appear on the boundaries of our systems and it can sometimes be advantageous to allow them to penetrate further."

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE '96, held in Herakleion, Crete, Greece, in May 1996.
The 30 revised full papers included in the book were selected from a total of some 100 submissions. The book is organised in sections on CASE environments, temporal and active database technologies, experience reports, interoperability in information systems, formal methods in system development, novel architectures, workflow management and distributed information systems, information modelling, object-oriented database design, and semantic links and abstraction.

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, TACAS '96, held in Passau, Germany in March 1996.
The book presents 19 revised full papers selected from a total of 47 submissions together with 11 tool presentations and 3 invited papers. The collection of papers addresses all current aspects of the design and analysis of distributed systems; the volume is organized in topical sections on tools, model checking and testing, security, models and methods, case studies, and logic and programs.

This volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, ER '96, held in Cottbus, Germany, in October 1996.
The volume presents three invited contributions together with 29 revised full papers selected from 110 submissions. The papers cover all current aspects of the entity-relationship approach and conceptual modeling; they are organized in sections on advanced schema design, processes, query languages, representation, integration, principles of database design, transformation, enhanced modelling, capturing design information, and evolution.

It is probably an overstatement to say that the discipline of telecommunication systems is becoming an application of digital signal processing (DSP). However, there is no doubt that by the mid-I980s integrated circuit technology has advanced to such an extent that revolutionary advances in telecommunications are fostered by the introduction of new and poweiful DSP algorithms. Actually, DSP has been recently playing a major role in the development of telecommuni cations systems: to name just one of the most widespread applications where this interaction has been most effective, we may mention the use of intelligent DSP to improve the peiformance of transmission systems by allowing sophisticated algorithm to be implemented in radio transmitters and receivers for personal communications. Other areas have equally benefited by the latest advances of DSP: speech coding and synthesis, speech recognition and enhancement, radar, sonar, digital audio, and remote sensing, just to cite afew. With this in mind, when choosing the topic for the 7th Tyrrhenian Workshop on Digital Communications, whose contributions are collected in this book, we aimed at focusing on the state of the art and the perspectives of the interaction between DSP and telecommunications, two disciplines that are becoming increasingly intertwined. Although by no means exhaustive of all the applications of DSP to telecommu nications, we believe that the material presented in this book pinpoints the most interesting among them, and hence it will be considered as a useful tool for investigating this complex and highly challenging field."

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the Sixth European Symposium on Programming, ESOP '96, held in Link ping, Sweden, in April 1996.
The 23 revised full papers included were selected from a total of 63 submissions; also included are invited papers by Cliff B. Jones and by Simon L. Peyton Jones. The book is devoted to fundamental issues in the specification, analysis, and implementation of programming languages and systems; the emphasis is on research issues bridging the gap between theory and practice. Among the topics addressed are software specification and verification, programming paradigms, program semantics, advanced type systems, program analysis, program transformation, and implementation techniques.

This book is the proceedings of the Workshop on the Performance Engineering of Computer and Telecommunications Systems. The workshop Was held at Liverpool John Moores University, England on the 5th and 6th September 1995. The workshop follows a series organised by the British Computer Society (BCS) Special Interest Group on Performance Engineering. The workshop addressed most techniques and experieI1ces in the Engineering of Computer and Telecommunications Systems that provide a guaranteed quality of service. Techniques such as measurements, simulation, and analytical models and their applications to ATM networks, Multimedia Systems, Distributed Systems, Access and Wide Area Networks were presented. In addition a number of papers dealt with advances in the development of analytical models, simulation architectures and the application of formal methods, stich as Process Algebra, to the specification and building of performance biased computer systems. The book is suitable for systems designers, engineers, researchers and postgraduate students interested in the design and implementation of Computer Systems, Networks and Telecommunications. Many people assisted in the arrangements and success of this workshop. I would like to thank them all and in particular the reviewers. I would also like to particularly thank our industrial sponsors GPT Public Networks Group, Liverpool and BICC Cables, Chester, England for their generous financial and material support.

This book developed from an IFIP workshop which brought together methods and architecture researchers in Human Computer Interaction and Software Engineering. To an extent this introduction is a little unfair to the authors, as we have distilled the results of the workshop to give the reader a perspective of the problems within integrated approaches to usability engineering. The papers could not hope to address all ofthe issues; however, we hope that a framework will help the reader gainfurther insights into current research andfuture practice. The initial motivation was to bring together researchers and practitioners to exchange their experiences on Graphical User Interface (Gill) design problems. The two groups represented methodological and architecture/tools interests, so the workshop focused on intersection of how methods can support user interface development and vice versa, how tools, architectures and reusable components can empower the design process. There is, we believe, a constructive tension between these two communities. Methodologists tend to approach the design problem with task/domain/organisational analysis while the tool builders suggest design empowerment/envisioning as a means ofimproving the way users work rather than relying on analysis ofcurrent systems. This debate revolves around the questions of whether users' current work is optimal, or whether designers have the insight to empower users by creating effective solutions to their problems. Tool builders typically want to build something, then get the users to try it, while the methodologists want to specify something, validate it and then build it.

The areas of active and real-time databases have seen a tremendous growth of interest in the past few years, particularly with regard to their support of time-critical and embedded applications. ARTDB-95 provided, therefore, an important forum for researchers from both communities to discuss research results, and also to chart new directions for the future. As well as the 11 submitted papers presented at the workshop, this volume also contains 4 invited papers on the following topics: the impact of active databases on commercial practice; the optimization of active database transactions; the need for better language, compiler and tool support for real-time databases; and the origin of time constraints associated with data, events and actions. Together the papers give a comprehensive overview of current research, and will provide invaluable reading for academic and industrial researchers and students at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.

This book, based on extensive experience teaching VHDL to undergraduate students at the University of Portsmouth, UK, and to engineers in industry through short courses run by Mentor Graphics Corporation, USA, enables students and engineers to master VHDL. Introduction to VHDL covers all aspects of the VHDL language, including the latest information on the VHDL standard as of April 1995 and the fundamentals of design constructs and modelling.

'Packed end to end with ways to see the world in new ways' Mike Krieger, cofounder, Instagram 'Designed to spark creativity, help solve problems, foster connection and make our lives better' Gretchen Rubin 'Navigate today's world with agility, resilience and imagination' Lorraine Twohill, CMO, Google What do they teach you at the most prestigious design school in the world? For the first time, you can find out. This highly-visual guide brings to life the philosophies of some of the d.school's most inventive and unconventional minds, including founder David Kelley, Choreographer Aleta Hayes and Google Chief Innovation Evangelist Frederik Pferdt and more. Creative Acts for Curious People is packed with ideas about the art of learning, discovery and leading through creative problem solving. With exercises including: - 'Expert Eyes' to test your observation skills - 'How to Talk to Strangers' to foster understanding - 'Designing Tools for Teams' to build creative leadership Revealing the hidden dynamics of design, and delving inside the minds of the profession's most celebrated thought-leaders, this definitive guide will help you live up to your creative potential.