This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools, WOMPAT 2001, held in West Lafayette, IN, USA in July 2001.The 15 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and revised for inclusion in the volume. The book presents a state-of-the-art overview on OpenMP shared memory parallel programming. The papers are organized in topical sections on benchmarking, compiler implementation and optimization, tools and tool technology, OpenMP experience, NUMA machines and clusters, and OpenMP extensions.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on DNA-Based Computers, DNA 2000, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in June 2000.The 16 revised full papers presented together with two invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 33 submissions. All current aspects of DNA computing, ranging from theoretical and foundational issues to algorithms, are addressed, from the computer science point of view as well as from the molecular biology point of view.

User-Centred Requirements Engineering: Theory and Practice reviews requirements engineering research and practice over the past 10 years. In this book, Alistair Sutcliffe introduces the field of Requirements Engineering, and describes a framework for RE research and practice to date. He explains the psychological background behind RE problems - providing some understanding about why RE is difficult and how human understanding can cause the problems we observe in getting requirements right. The book discusses communication and requirements analysis, and gives practical guidance for requirements elicitation, modelling and validation, along with details of a practical RE method for scenario-based requirements analysis and requirements for safety critical systems. Whilst primarily a research text for graduate courses, this book is also intended as a useful reference for practitioners who want an in-depth treatment of the subject to date.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Algorithm Engineering, WAE 2000, held in Saarbrücken, Germany in September 2000. The 19 revised full papers presented together with one invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 30 submissions. Among the topics addressed are software repositories allowing for the use and experimentation with efficient discrete algorithms; novel uses of discrete algorithms; methodological issues on algorithms and data structures; and methodological issues on converting user requirements into efficient algorithmic and implementation solutions.

Performance of Web Services provides innovative techniques to improve the performance of Web Services, as well as QoS (Quality of Service) requirements. This includes Qos performance, reliability and security. The author presents two levels of Web Services: the "kernel" (ithe SOAP engine which delivers messages from one point to another through various networks), and the "server side" (which processes heavy load / requests). The primary objective of this book is execution of applications delivered in a timely fashion. Case studies and examples are provided throughout this book.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2002, held in Grenoble, France, in April 2002.The 28 revised full papers presented together with an extended abstract of an invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 67 submissions. Among the topics addressed are algebraic, categorical, logical, and geometric theories, models and methods which support the specification, synthesis, verification, analysis, and transformation of sequential, concurrent, distributed, and mobile programs and software systems.

This volume contains the papers presented at the International Workshop on Tools for Working with Guidelines, (TFWWG 2000), held in Biarritz, France, in October 2000. It is the final outcome of the International Special Interest Group on Tools for Working with Guidelines.Human-computer interaction guidelines have been recognized as a uniquely relevant source for improving the usability of user interfaces for interactive systems. The range of interactive techniques exploited by these interactive systems is rapidly expanding to include multimodal user interfaces, virtual reality systems, highly interactive web-based applications, and three-dimensional user interfaces. Therefore, the scope of guidelines' sources is rapidly expanding as well, and so are the tools that should support users who employ guidelines to ensure some form of usability.Tools For Working With Guidelines (TFWWG) covers not only software tools that designers, developers, and human factors experts can use to manage multiple types of guidelines, but also looks at techniques addressing organizational, sociological, and technological issues.

Crypto2000wasthe20thAnnualCryptoconference. Itwassponsoredbythe InternationalAssociationforCryptologicResearch(IACR)incooperationwith theIEEEComputerSocietyTechnicalCommitteeonSecurityandPrivacyand theComputerScienceDepartmentoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaB- bara. Theconferencereceived120submissions,andtheprogramcommittee- lected32oftheseforpresentation. Extendedabstractsofrevisedversionsof thesepapersareintheseproceedings. Theauthorsbearfullresponsibilityfor thecontentsoftheirpapers. Theconferenceprogramincludedtwoinvitedlectures. DonCoppersmith's presentation"ThedevelopmentofDES"recordedhisinvolvementwithoneof themostimportantcryptographicdevelopmentsever,namelytheDataEncr- tionStandard,andwasparticularlyaptgiventheimminentselectionofthe AdvancedEncryptionStandard. Mart'?nAbadi'spresentation"Tamingthe- versary"wasaboutbridgingthegapbetweenusefulbutperhapssimplisticthreat abstractionsandrigorousadversarialmodels,orperhaps,evenmoregenerally, betweenviewpointsofthesecurityandcryptographycommunities. Anabstract correspondingtoMart'?n'stalkisincludedintheseproceedings. Theconferenceprogramalsoincludeditstraditional"rumpsession"ofshort, informalorimpromptupresentations,chairedthistimebyStuartHaber. These presentationsarenotre?ectedintheseproceedings. Anelectronicsubmissionprocesswasavailableandrecommended,butforthe ?rsttimeusedawebinterfaceratherthanemail. (Perhapsasaresult,therewere nohardcopysubmissions. )Thesubmissionreviewprocesshadthreephases. In the?rstphase,programcommitteememberscompiledreports(assistedattheir discretionbysub-refereesoftheirchoice,butwithoutinteractionwithother programcommitteemembers)andenteredthem,viawebforms,intoweb-review softwarerunningatUCSD. Inthesecondphase,committeemembersusedthe softwaretobrowseeachother'sreports,discuss,andupdatetheirownreports. Lastlytherewasaprogramcommitteemeetingtodiscussthedi?cultcases. Iamextremelygratefultotheprogramcommitteemembersfortheiren- mousinvestmentoftime,e?ort,andadrenalineinthedi?cultanddelicate processofreviewandselection. (Alistofprogramcommitteemembersands- refereestheyinvokedcanbefoundonsucceedingpagesofthisvolume. )Ialso thanktheauthorsofsubmittedpapers-inequalmeasureregardlessofwhether theirpaperswereacceptedornot-fortheirsubmissions. Itistheworkofthis bodyofresearchersthatmakesthisconferencepossible. IthankRebeccaWrightforhostingtheprogramcommitteemeetingatthe AT&TbuildinginNewYorkCityandmanagingthelocalarrangements,and RanCanettifororganizingthepost-PC-meetingdinnerwithhischaracteristic gastronomicandoenophilic?air. VI Preface Theweb-reviewsoftwareweusedwaswrittenforEurocrypt2000byWim MoreauandJorisClaessensunderthedirectionofEurocrypt2000programchair BartPreneel,andIthankthemforallowingustodeploytheirusefulandcolorful tool. IammostgratefultoChanathipNamprempre(aka. Meaw)whoprovided systems,logistical,andmoralsupportfortheentireCrypto2000process. She wrotethesoftwarefortheweb-basedsubmissions,adaptedandranthew- reviewsoftwareatUCSD,andcompiledthe?nalabstractsintotheproceedings youseehere. ShetypesfasterthanIspeak. IamgratefultoHugoKrawczykforhisinsightandadvice,providedovera longperiodoftimewithhisusualcombinationofhonestyandcharm,andto himandotherpastprogramcommitteechairs,mostnotablyMichaelWiener andBartPreneel,forrepliestothehostofquestionsIposedduringthep- cess. InadditionIreceivedusefuladvicefrommanymembersofourcommunity includingSilvioMicali,TalRabin,RonRivest,PhilRogaway,andAdiShamir. FinallythankstoMattFranklinwhoasgeneralchairwasinchargeofthelocal organizationand?nances,and,ontheIACRside,toChristianCachin,Kevin McCurley,andPaulVanOorschot. ChairingaCryptoprogramcommitteeisalearningprocess. Ihavecometo appreciateevenmorethanbeforethequalityandvarietyofworkinour?eld, andIhopethepapersinthisvolumecontributefurthertoitsdevelopment. June2000 MihirBellare ProgramChair,Crypto2000 CRYPTO2000 August20-24,2000,SantaBarbara,California,USA Sponsoredbythe InternationalAssociationforCryptologicResearch(IACR) incooperationwith IEEEComputerSocietyTechnicalCommitteeonSecurityandPrivacy, ComputerScienceDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara GeneralChair MatthewFranklin,XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter,USA ProgramChair MihirBellare,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,USA ProgramCommittee AlexBiryukov...WeizmannInstituteofScience,Israel DanBoneh...StanfordUniversity,USA ChristianCachin...IBMResearch,Switzerland RanCanetti...IBMResearch,USA RonaldCramer...ETHZurich,Switzerland YairFrankel...CertCo,USA ShaiHalevi...IBMResearch,USA ArjenLenstra...Citibank,USA MitsuruMatsui...MitsubishiElectricCorporation,Japan PaulVanOorschot...EntrustTechnologies,Canada BartPreneel...KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Belgium PhillipRogaway. ..UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,USA VictorShoup...IBMZurich,Switzerland JessicaStaddon...BellLabsResearch,PaloAlto,USA JacquesStern...EcoleNormaleSup'erieure,France DougStinson...UniversityofWaterloo,Canada SalilVadhan...MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,USA DavidWagner...UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,USA RebeccaWright...AT&TLaboratoriesResearch,USA Advisorymembers MichaelWiener(Crypto1999programchair). . EntrustTechnologies,Canada JoeKilian(Crypto2001programchair)...Intermemory,USA VIII Organization Sub-Referees BillAiello,JeeheaAn,OlivierBaudron,DonBeaver,JoshBenaloh,JohnBlack, SimonBlackburn,AlexandraBoldyreva,NikitaBorisov,VictorBoyko,Jan- menisch,SureshChari,ScottContini,DonCoppersmith,ClaudeCr'epeau,Ivan Damg?ard,AnandDesai,GiovanniDiCrescenzo,YevgeniyDodis,Matthias Fitzi,MattFranklin,RosarioGennaro,GuangGong,LuisGranboulan,Nick Howgrave-Graham,RussellImpagliazzo,YuvalIshai,MarkusJakobsson,Stas Jarecki,ThomasJohansson,CharanjitJutla,JoeKilian,EyalKushilevitz,Moses Liskov,StefanLucks,AnnaLysyanskaya,PhilipMacKenzie,SubhamoyMaitra, TalMalkin,BarbaraMasucci,AlfredMenezes,DanieleMicciancio,SaraMiner, IliaMironov,MoniNaor,PhongNguyen,RafailOstrovsky,ErezPetrank,Birgit P?tzmann,BennyPinkas,DavidPointcheval,GuillaumePoupard,TalRabin, CharlieRacko? ,Zul?karRamzan,OmerReingold,LeoReyzin,PankajRohatgi, AmitSahai,LouisSalvail,ClausSchnorr,MikeSemanko,BobSilverman,Joe Silverman,DanSimon,NigelSmart,BenSmeets,AdamSmith,MartinStrauss, GaneshSundaram,SergeVaudenay,FrederikVercauteren,BernhardvonSt- gel,RuizhongWei,SusanneGudrunWetzel,ColinWilliams,StefanWolf,Felix Wu,YiqunLisaYin,AmirYoussef,RobertZuccherato TableofContents XTRandNTRU TheXTRPublicKeySystem...1 ArjenK. Lenstra,EricR. Verheul AChosen-CiphertextAttackagainstNTRU...20 ' ElianeJaulmes,AntoineJoux PrivacyforDatabases PrivacyPreservingDataMining ...36 YehudaLindell,BennyPinkas ReducingtheServersComputationinPrivateInformationRetrieval: PIRwithPreprocessing...55 AmosBeimel,YuvalIshai,TalMalkin SecureDistributedComputationandApplications ParallelReducibilityforInformation-TheoreticallySecureComputation...74 YevgeniyDodis,SilvioMicali OptimisticFairSecureComputation...93 ChristianCachin,JanCamenisch ACryptographicSolutiontoaGameTheoreticProblem...112 YevgeniyDodis,ShaiHalevi,TalRabin AlgebraicCryptosystems Di?erentialFaultAttacksonEllipticCurveCryptosystems...131 IngridBiehl,BerndMeyer,VolkerMul ..ler QuantumPublic-KeyCryptosystems ...1 47 TatsuakiOkamoto,KeisukeTanaka,ShigenoriUchiyama NewPublic-KeyCryptosystemUsingBraidGroups ...166 KiHyoungKo,SangJinLee,JungHeeCheon,JaeWooHan, Ju-sungKang,ChoonsikPark MessageAuthentication KeyRecoveryandForgeryAttacksontheMacDESMACAlgorithm ...184 DonCoppersmith,LarsR. Knudsen,ChrisJ. Mitchell X TableofContents CBCMACsforArbitrary-LengthMessages:TheThree-KeyConstructions 197 JohnBlack,PhillipRogaway L-collisionAttacksagainstRandomizedMACs...216 MichaelSemanko DigitalSignatures OntheExactSecurityofFullDomainHash...229 Jean-S' ebastienCoron TimedCommitments...236 DanBoneh,MoniNaor APracticalandProvably SecureCoalition-ResistantGroupSignatureScheme...255 GiuseppeAteniese,JanCamenisch,MarcJoye,GeneTsudik ProvablySecurePartiallyBlindSignatures...271 MasayukiAbe,TatsuakiOkamoto Cryptanalysis n WeaknessesintheSL (IF )HashingScheme...287 2 2 RainerSteinwandt,MarkusGrassl,WilliGeiselmann,ThomasBeth FastCorrelationAttacksthroughReconstructionofLinearPolynomials . . 300 ThomasJohansson,FredrikJ.. onsson TraitorTracingandBroadcastEncryption SequentialTraitorTracing...

"Do you want to learn more about software telemetry? Don't look any further, this book is the one you need." - Sander Zegveld Software telemetry is the discipline of tracing, logging, and monitoring infrastructure by observing and analyzing the events generated by the system. In Software Telemetry, you'll master the best practices for operating and updating telemetry systems. This practical guide is filled with techniques you can apply to any organization upgrading and optimizing their telemetry systems, from lean startups to well-established companies. You'll learn troubleshooting techniques to deal with every eventuality, such as building easily-auditable systems, preventing and handling accidental data leaks, and ensuring compliance with standards like GDPR. about the technology Complex systems can become black boxes. Telemetry provides feedback on what's happening inside. Telemetry systems are built for gathering, transforming, and communicating data on the performance, functionality, processing speeds, errors, and security events of production systems. There are many forms of telemetry systems, from classic centralized logging to cutting-edge distributed tracing that follows data across microservices. But despite their difference in functionality, all telemetry systems share core operational similarities-and best practices for optimizing them to support your business needs. about the book Software Telemetry is a guide to operating the telemetry systems that monitor and report on your applications. It takes a big picture view of telemetry, teaching you to manage your logging, metrics, and events as a complete end-to-end ecosystem. You'll learn the base architecture that underpins any software telemetry system, allowing you to easily integrate new systems into your existing infrastructure, and how these systems work under the hood. Throughout, you'll follow three very different companies to see how telemetry techniques impact a software-producing startup, a large legacy enterprise, and any organization that writes software for internal use. You'll even cover how software telemetry is used by court processes-ensuring that when your first telemetry discovery request arrives, there's no reason to panic! what's inside - Processes for legal compliance - Cleaning up after toxic data spills and leaks - Safely handling toxic telemetry and confidential records - Multi-tenant techniques and transformation processes - Updating metrics aggregation and sampling traces to display accurate data for longer - Revising software telemetry emissions to be easier to parse - Justifying increased spend on telemetry software about the reader For software developers and infrastructure engineers supporting and building telemetry systems. about the author Jamie Riedesel is a staff engineer at Dropbox. She has over twenty years of experience in IT, working in government, education, legacy companies, and startups. She has specialized in DevOps for the past decade, running distributed systems in public clouds, getting over workplace trauma, and designing software telemetry architectures.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, ESA 2001, held in Aarhus, Denmark, in August 2001.
The 41 revised full papers presented together with three invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 102 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on caching and prefetching, online algorithms, data structures, optimization and approximation, sequences, scheduling, shortest paths, geometry, distributed algorithms, graph algorithms, pricing, broadcasting and multicasting, graph labeling and graph drawing, and graphs.

This book provides a detailed account of real-time systems, including program structures for real-time, phases development analysis, and formal specification and verification methods of reactive systems.Real-Time and Multi-Agent Systems brings together the 3 key fields of current and future data-processing:- Distributed systems and applications;- Parallel scientific computing;- Real-time and manufacturing systems.It covers the basic concepts and theories, methods, techniques and tools currently used in the specification and implementation of applications and contains lots of examples as well as complete case studies.

Computers are gaining more and more control over systems that we use or rely on in our daily lives, privately as well as professionally. In safety-critical applications, as well as in others, it is of paramount importance that systems controled by a computer or computing systems themselves reliably behave in accordance with the specification and requirements, in other words: here correctness of the system, of its software and hardware is crucial. In order to cope with this callenge, software engineers and computer scientists need to understand the foundations of programming, how different formal theories are linked together, how compilers correctly translate high-level programs into machine code, and why transformations performed are justifiable. This book presents 17 mutually reviewed invited papers organized in sections on methodology, programming, automation, compilation, and application.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the "Second International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings (CoBuild'99) - Integrating Information, Organizations, and Architecture" held at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh on October 1-2, 1999. The success of the First International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings (CoBuild'98), held at GMD in Darmstadt in February 1998, showed that there is a demand for an appropriate forum to present research about the intersection of information technology, organizational innovation, and architecture. Thus, it was decided to organize a follow-up event. The decision of where to organize CoBuild'99 was straight forward. Since we had many high quality contributions from the United States (U. S. ) presented at CoBuild'98, we wanted to hold the second workshop in the U. S. reaching out to a large audience and at the same time turning it into an international series of events held in different places in the world. Due to the excellent work carried out at Carnegie Mellon University, it was an obvious choice to ask Volker Hartkopf from the Department of Architecture and Jane Siegel from the Human Computer Interaction Institute to be conference cochairs for CoBuild'99. The workshop is organized in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Information Technology (GMD), in particular the Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute (IPSI) in Darmstadt providing continuity between the events.

Static analysis is increasingly recognized as a fundamental reasearch area aimed at studying and developing tools for high performance implementations and v- i cation systems for all programming language paradigms. The last two decades have witnessed substantial developments in this eld, ranging from theoretical frameworks to design, implementation, and application of analyzers in optim- ing compilers. Since 1994, SAS has been the annual conference and forum for researchers in all aspects of static analysis. This volume contains the proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Static Analysis (SAS'99) which was held in Venice, Italy, on 22{24 September 1999. The previous SAS conferences were held in Namur (Belgium), Glasgow (UK), Aachen (Germany), Paris (France), and Pisa (Italy). The program committee selected 18 papers out of 42 submissions on the basis of at least three reviews. The resulting volume o ers to the reader a complete landscape of the research in this area. The papers contribute to the following topics: foundations of static analysis, abstract domain design, and applications of static analysis to di erent programming paradigms (concurrent, synchronous, imperative, object oriented, logical, and functional). In particular, several papers use static analysis for obtaining state space reduction in concurrent systems. New application elds are also addressed, such as the problems of security and secrecy.

Computer-based diagnostic systems are among the most successful applications of knowledge-based systems (KBS) technology. Chris Price shows the best way to build effective diagnostic systems for different types of diagnostic problems by: - giving examples of different solutions to the problem of building effective diagnostic systems - helping you to decide on an appropriate strategy for building a diagnostic system to aid troubleshooting of that diagnostic problem - showing how to use diagnostic fault trees as a common representation for discussing different ways of approaching diagnosis. Computer-Based Diagnostic Systems is written in such a way as to make the material easy to understand even when you do not have easy access to the commercial tools.

The idea of creating the European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC) was born at the moment when the Iron Curtain fell. A group of enthusiasts, who were pre viously involved in research and teaching in the ?eld of fault tolerant computing in different European countries, agreed that there is no longer any point in keeping pre viously independent activities apart and created a steering committee which took the responsibility for preparing the EDCC calendar and appointing the chairs for the in dividual conferences. There is no single European or global professional organization that took over the responsibility for this conference, but there are three national in terest groups that sent delegates to the steering committee and support its activities, especially by promoting the conference materials. As can be seen from these materi als, they are the SEE Working Group "Dependable Computing" (which is a successor organizationof AFCET)in France, theGI/ITG/GMATechnicalCommitteeonDepend ability and Fault Tolerance in Germany, and the AICA Working Group "Dependability of Computer Systems" in Italy. In addition, committees of several global professional organizations, such as IEEE and IFIP, support this conference. Prague has been selected as a conference venue for several reasons. It is an easily accessible location that may attract many visitors by its beauty and that has a tradition in organizing international events of this kind (one of the last FTSD conferences took place here).

This volume provides the reader with a comprehensive introduction to system specification and design methods, with particular emphasis on structured and formal methods, method integration, concurrency and safety-critical systems. It contains both new material by Michael Hinchey and Jonathan Bowen, along with reprints of classic articles on high-integrity systems which have never before appeared together in a single volume. Among these classic articles are contributions from such leading names as Leslie Lamport, Nancy Leveson, and C.A.R. Hoare. Also included is a Foreword by David Lorge Parnas. High-Integrity System Specification and Design will provide practitioners and researchers convenient access to a range of essential essays - both classic and state-of-the-art - in a single volume. It provides them with details of specification and design approaches for this type of system, an overview of the development process, and evidence of how various classes of high- integrity systems may be approached and developed successfully.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the BCS Specialist Group on Information Systems Methodologies. The conference brought together papers on methodology issues related to the development and management of emerging technology based information systems. As usual there was a good range of papers addressing the 'soft' and 'hard' aspects of IS development and management. Methodologies for Developing and Managing Emerging Technology-based Information Systems will be of interest to practitioners who are engaged in systems development and modifying or aligning existing methodologies to practice.

Neural Networks are a new, interdisciplinary tool for information processing. Neurocomputing being successfully introduced to structural problems which are difficult or even impossible to be analysed by standard computers (hard computing). The book is devoted to foundations and applications of NNs in the structural mechanics and design of structures.

Hybrid systems are interacting networks of digital and continuous systems. - brid systems arise throughout business and industry in areas such as interactive distributed simulation, trac control, plant process control, military command and control, aircraft and robot design, and path planning. Three of the fun- mental problems that hybrid systems theory should address are: How to model physical and information systems as hybrid systems; how to verify that their - havior satis es program or performance specic ations; and how to extract from performancespeci cationsforanetworkofphysicalsystemsandtheirsimulation models digital control programs which will force the network to obey its perf- mance speci cation. This rapidly developing area is at the interface of control, engineeringandcomputer science. Methods under developmentareextensionsof thosefromdiverseareassuchasprogramveri cation, concurrentanddistributed processes, logic programming, logics of programs, discrete event simulation, c- culus of variations, optimization, di erential geometry, Lie algebras, automata theory, dynamical systems, etc. When the rst LNCS volume Hybrid Systems was published in 1993, the e ect was to focus the attention of researchers worldwide on developing theory andengineeringtoolsapplicabletohybridsystemsinwhichcontinuousprocesses interact with digital programs in real time. At the time of publication of this fth volume, there is general agreement that this is an important area in which mathematics, control engineering, and computer science can be fruitfully c- bined. There are now hybrid system sections in many engineering and computer scienceinternationalmeetings, hybridsystems researchgroupsin manyuniver- ties and industrial laboratories, and also other excellent series of hybrid systems conferenc

Each year the Safety-critical Systems Symposium brings together practitioners and researchers in a quest to inculcate a higher degree of safety engineering into the development and operation of critical software-based systems. On this, the Symposium's seventh occasion, it explores recent work and experience which lead us further 'towards system safety'. This book of the Proceedings covers the entire event. The first paper is the course text of a tutorial run on the first day of the Symposium, included here to provide readers with a coverage of the entire event. The next fourteen papers were presented, on the second and third days, in six sessions: Safety Cases, Systems Engineering, Safety Analysis and Safety Integrity, Tools for Software Safety, Solving Safety Problems, and Qllestions and Competences. Eight of the fourteen papers were authored in industry, four in universities, and two in other research establishments. Four of them report on work outside the UK: in France, Germany, Norway and Brazil. There are three papers on safety cases, each taking a different perspective. Skogstad from Norway and Boyce and Hamilton of GEC-Marconi both report on experience in the field, the former in attempting to apply European norms to project documentation and the latter in attempting to build up a retrospective safety case. The third paper, by Goodman, takes a more philosophical stance, examining the lack of useful measurement in safety assurance.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications, TLCA'99, held in L'Aquila, Italy in April 1999. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 50 submissions. Also included are two invited demonstrations. The volume reports research results on various aspects of typed lambda calculi. Among the topics addressed are noncommutative logics, type theory, algebraic data types, logical calculi, abstract data types, and subtyping.

ETAPS'99 is the second instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference that was established in 1998 by combining a number of existing and new conferences. This year it comprises ve conferences (FOSSACS, FASE, ESOP, CC, TACAS), four satellite workshops (CMCS, AS, WAGA, CoFI), seven invited lectures, two invited tutorials, and six contributed tutorials. The events that comprise ETAPS address various aspects of the system - velopment process, including speci cation, design, implementation, analysis and improvement. The languages, methodologies and tools which support these - tivities are all well within its scope. Dieren t blends of theory and practice are represented, with an inclination towards theory with a practical motivation on one hand and soundly-based practice on the other. Many of the issues involved in software design apply to systems in general, including hardware systems, and the emphasis on software is not intended to be exclusive.

State-transition systems model machines, programs, and speci?cations [20, 23,284,329],butalsothegrowthanddeclineofantpopulations,?nancial markets, diseases and crystals [22, 35, 178, 209, 279]. In the last decade, thegrowinguseofdigitalcontrollersinvariousenvironmentshasentailed theconvergenceofcontroltheoryandreal-timesystemstowardhybrids- tems [16] by combining both discrete-event facets of reality with Nature's continuous-time aspects. The computing scientist and the mathematician have re-discovered each other. Indeed, in the late sixties, the programming language Simula, "father" of modern object-oriented languages, had already been speci?cally designed to model dynamical systems [76]. Today,theimportanceofcomputer-basedsystemsinbanks,telecom- nication systems, TVs, planes and cars results in larger and increasingly complex models. Two techniques had to be developed and are now fruitfully used to keep analytic and synthetic processes feasible: composition and - straction.Acompositionalapproachbuildssystemsbycomposingsubsystems that are smaller and more easily understood or built. Abstraction simpli?es unimportantmattersandputstheemphasisoncrucialparametersofsystems. Inordertodealwiththecomplexityofsomestate-transitionsystemsand tobetterunderstandcomplexorchaoticphenomenaemergingoutofthe behaviorofsomedynamicalsystems,theaimofthismonographistopresent ?rststepstowardtheintegratedstudyofcompositionandabstractionin dynamical systems de?ned by iterated relations. Themaininsightsandresultsofthisworkconcernastructuralorm f of complexityobtainedbycompositionofsimpleinteractingsystemspresenting opposedattractingbehaviors.Thiscomplexityexpressesitselfintheevo- tionofcomposedsystems,i.e.,theirdynamics,andintherelationsbetween their initial and ?nal states, i.e., the computations they realize. The theor- ical results presented in the monograph are then validated by the analysis ofdynamicalandcomputationalpropertiesoflow-dimensionalprototypesof chaotic systems (e.g. Smale horseshoe map, Cantor relation, logistic map), high-dimensional spatiotemporally complex systems (e.g. cellular automata), and formal systems (e.g. paperfoldings, Turing machines). Acknowledgements. ThismonographisarevisionofmyPhDthesiswhichwas completed at the Universit' e catholique de Louvain (Belgium) in March 96. VIII Preface The results presented here have been in?uenced by many people and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

Middleware is everywhere. Ever since the advent of sockets and other virtu- circuit abstractions, researchers have been looking for ways to incorporate high- value concepts into distributed systems platforms. Most distributed applications, especially Internet applications, are now programmed using such middleware platforms. Prior to 1998, there were several major conferences and workshops at which research into middleware was reported, including ICODP (International C- ference on Open Distributed Processing), ICDP (International Conference on Distributed Platforms) and SDNE (Services in Distributed and Networked - vironments). Middleware'98was a synthesis of these three conferences. Middleware 2000 continued the excellent tradition of Middleware'98. It p- vided a single venue for reporting state-of-the-art results in the provision of distributed systems platforms. The focus of Middleware 2000 was the design, implementation, deployment, and evaluation of distributed systems platforms and architectures for future networked environments. Among the 70 initial submissions to Middleware 2000, 21 papers were - lected for inclusion in the technical program of the conference. Every paper was reviewed by four members of the program committee. The papers were judged - cording to their originality, presentation quality, and relevance to the conference topics. The accepted papers cover various subjects such as caching, re?ection, quality of service, and transactions.