This book discusses drinking water treatment technologies that address contaminants and contaminant categories regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its 1986 amendments. It covers both established and emerging technologies needed to comply with the new regulations of 1986 amendment.

This comprehensive work integrates knowledge from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geology, engineering, and several other fields. Its purpose is to provide solution methods, techniques of parameter estimation, and tools for solving the complex problems of mathematical modeling. The main topics presented include fundamentals of mathematical modeling of migration processes; analytical, numerical, and inverse solutions to migration problems; and techniques of parameter estimation and monitoring of migration processes. The book is perfect for anyone involved in the areas of hydrogeology, soil science, environmental engineering, subsurface cleanup, water sciences, agronomy, land development, and civil engineering. It provides professionals with a survey of the methodology of migration model building, the mathematical tools for solving these models, and the technique of parameter estimation in laboratories and in the field. Consultants will appreciate the book's multidisciplinary theoretical background and first approximations for a broad variety of migration data. Professors and students gain an integrated survey of subsurface solute and heat transport, storage, transformation, and exchange processes in both theoretical and practical applications, complete with example problems and solutions.

Bringing together a wealth of knowledge, Environmental Management Handbook, Second Edition, gives a comprehensive overview of environmental problems, their sources, their assessment, and their solutions. Through in-depth entries and a topical table of contents, readers will quickly find answers to questions about environmental problems and their corresponding management issues. This six-volume set is a reimagining of the award-winning Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, published in 2013, and features insights from more than 400 contributors, all experts in their field. The experience, evidence, methods, and models used in studying environmental management are presented here in six stand-alone volumes, arranged along the major environmental systems. Features The first handbook that demonstrates the key processes and provisions for enhancing environmental management Addresses new and cutting-edge topics on ecosystem services, resilience, sustainability, food-energy-water nexus, socio-ecological systems, and more Provides an excellent basic knowledge on environmental systems, explains how these systems function, and offers strategies on how to best manage them Includes the most important problems and solutions facing environmental management today In this third volume, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, the general concepts and processes of the geosphere with its related soil and terrestrial systems are introduced. It explains how these systems function and provides strategies on how to best manage them. It serves as an excellent resource for finding basic knowledge on the geosphere systems and includes important problems and solutions that environmental managers face today. This book practically demonstrates the key processes, methods, and models used in studying environmental management.

In the context of freshwater fisheries changing their strategies from the regulation of harvest and the enhancement of populations, to the creation and protection of habitats and the management of ecosystems, moves toward establishing an aquatic habitat classification system. Eight papers, from the February 1988 Symposium on the Classification and Inventory of Great Lakes Aquatic Habitats (the last in a series of Great Lakes Symposia), propose various classification approaches, most using a limited number of physical, chemical, and/or biological variables to produce some form of index. They also include overviews and summaries of the classification process.

In this volume, the erosion and conservation measures discussed are, for the most part, those under unirrigated agriculture. The use of irrigation could cause significant changes in the growing seasons, and in the agricultural calendar, especially in the warmer climates where temperature is not a limiting factor. It is further noted that much of the material in this volume has been prepared with the developing countries of the so-called Third World in mind. In many of these countries there is a dearth of basic data, such as long-term hydrological records, detailed soil and topographic surveys, and experimental results for various types of erosion control measures. Some design procedures cannot be imitated or copied directly from those of the technologically more advanced countries. Consequently, emphasis will be placed, wherever possible, upon simple empirical methods of design, and approximate solutions within the limitations of the available data, technical possibilities, and financial resources of the Third World countries. Much of the numerical data and calculations will be presented in the metric system.

Wetlands are, by their very nature, ephemeral and transitional, which makes them challenging to characterize. Yet the need for characterizing wetlands continues to grow, particularly as we develop a better understanding of the wealth of ecosystem services that they provide. Wetland Landscape Characterization: Practical Tools, Methods, and Approaches for Landscape Ecology, Second Edition shows how wetland characterization tools, methods, and approaches can be integrated to more effectively address twenty-first-century wetland issues. A Practical Toolbox for Integrated Wetland Landscape Characterization The book explains how to locate, identify, and map the extent of wetlands to learn more about their importance to society and the larger landscape. It examines jurisdictional, regulatory, and practical applications from the scientific, engineering, and lay perspectives. Fully updated, the second edition reflects an emerging infrastructural, ecosystem goods-and-services perspective to better assist readers who may encounter these concepts and challenges as they assess and characterize wetlands. Examples and case studies illustrate a variety of situations and solutions, highlighting the use of current techniques to assess, inventory, and monitor natural resources under changing conditions. These examples offer lessons and ideas for the issues encountered every day by wetland landscape ecology practitioners. The book also refers readers to additional resources to help them solve specific challenges. New in This Edition Updates of practical geospatial methods More project-driven examples A description of the pitfalls of using ecological data at landscape scales, along with solutions Alternative techniques for a variety of practitioners Linkages between field and landscape ecological practices Online resources for practitioners New illustrations This book helps readers develop the concepts, skills, and understanding of how to best achieve project goals in the rapidly changing disciplines of landscape science and wetland ecology and management. A valuable resource, it provides practical tools, methods, and approaches for conceptualizing, designing, and implementing broad-scale wetland projects that take into account critical societal linkages.

This volume in the Fundamentals for the Water and Wastewater Main Operator series covers the basics of piping and valves in water and wastewater plants, including details on fittings, strainers, filters, traps and control systems. The book explains how pipes and valves are used to feed materials (e.g., chemicals) into influents and effluents and siphon off unwanted liquid and gaseous by-product. Also covered is how pipes are developed into systems and subsystems and coordinated into a plant-wide functioning unit.

This volume provides readers with an opportunity to learn from front line water managers of watershed-based agencies across Canada about integrated water management (or integrated water resource management). In common with practice in much of the world, the responsibility for implementing integrated watershed management in Canada is fragmented. Each province and territory in Canada has developed unique approaches or governance models to guide decision making in that regard. Thus, this edited volume enables readers from around the world to gain insight on the best practices in Canada for achieving success and addressing barriers to implement IWM. Although there remains non consensus about how to "best" approach river basin management, some of the main observations include: There is a need to balance a focus on "the big picture", with scoping the scale and scope of planning activities in order that feasible and effective solutions can be implemented Three types of integration are popular among the agencies included in the book: (i) among environment, economy and society, (ii) interactions between people and the environment and (iii) integration (or coordination) of administrative activities. Much more attention is required to achieving effective engagement from Indigenous communities The chapters were originally published in a special issue of the International Journal of Water Resources Development.

Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review considers basic areas of marine research, returning to them when appropriate in future volumes, and deals with subjects of special and topical importance in the field of marine biology.
The thirty-ninth volume follows closely the objectives and style of the earlier well received volumes, continuing to regard marine sciences - with all their various aspects - as a unit. Physical, chemical and biological aspects of marine science are dealt with by experts actively engaged in their own field.
The series is an essential reference text for research workers and students in all fields of marine science and related subjects, and is consistently among the highest ranking impact factors for the marine biology category of the citation indices compiled by the Institute for Scientific Education.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203247191

This important new reference addresses the principles and calculations dealing with the hydraulics of water systems. Hydraulics for Operators includes what is necessary for a basic understanding of water and wastewater utility operations, and it emphasizes practical applications of these principles. This practical reference covers a wide variety of important subjects such as mass density and flow, pressure, open channel flow, pumping, friction loss, and flow measurement. Hydraulics for Operators is loaded with graphics, and sample exercises are included to ensure this new book is an easily understood reference. It is a must for your operator library.

Coastal Defences aims to present the broad spectrum of methods that engineers use to protect the coastline and investigates the sort of issues that can arise as a result. The first section of the book examines 'traditional' hard techniques such as sea walls and groynes, whilst the second looks at the more recent trend of using techniques more sympathetic to nature. The 'soft' techniques, such as beach feeding and managed realignment, may work more harmoniously with natural processes, but still produce some environmental impacts. By looking at each of the main methods of coastal protection in detail, the book investigates the rationale for using each method and the consequent management issues, presenting a case for and against each of the techniques.

Coastal Defences aims to present the broad spectrum of methods that engineers use to protect the coastline and investigates the sorts of issues that can arise as a result. The first section of the book examines 'traditional' hard techniques, such as sea walls and groynes, whilst the second looks at the more recent trend of using techniques more sympathetic to nature. By looking at each of the main methods of coastal protection in detail, the book investigates the rationale for using each method and the consequent management issues, presenting a case for and against each of the techniques.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203187636

Primarily written as course material on flood control and drainage engineering for advanced students of civil engineering, this new fourth edition is again thoroughly revised. It accommodates recent developments in remote sensing, information technology and GIS technology. New added material deals with flood management due to Tsunami waves, flooding due to dam failure and breaking of embankments, application of dredging technologies, problems of flood forecasting, flood plain prioritization and flood hazard zoning, and engineering measures for flood control. Drainage improvement is tackled, with particular regard to salinity and coastal aquifer management from the ingress of sea water. The book includes design problem-solving and case studies, making it practical and applications-oriented. The subject matter will be of considerable interest to civil engineers, agricultural engineers, architects and town planners, as well as other government and non-government organizations.

Over the past several decades, analyses of solute migration in aquifers have widely adopted the classical advection-dispersion equation. However, misunderstandings over advection-dispersion concepts, their relationship with the scales of heterogeneity, our observation and interest, and their ensemble mean nature have created furious debates about the concepts' validity. This book provides a unified and comprehensive overview and lucid explanations of the stochastic nature of solute transport processes at different scales. It also presents tools for analyzing solute transport and its uncertainty to meet our needs at different scales. Easy-to-understand physical explanations without complex mathematics make this book an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and professionals performing groundwater quality evaluations, management, and remediation.

Water and energy are inextricably linked as unsound management of either resource can have an impact on the cost, availability, and sustainability of the other. This book explores the "energy for water" component of the water-energy nexus. It offers diverse case studies from around the world including the deserts of Saudi Arabia, rural China, Pakistan's Indus Basin, arid Greek islands, and urban centers such as Los Angeles. The analyses show that while many regions face unique water scarcity challenges, they are all united by the fact that solutions require mobilizing energy. This book focuses on how different policies and technologies are changing the way societies use energy to extract, treat, and transport water. In terms of policy, chapters explore how initiatives aimed at reducing demand for water and improved integrated resource planning can lead to energy savings. Regarding technology, case studies highlight the pros and cons of different methods of meeting water demand. Through exploring both technology and policy across a wide range of diverse case studies, the book offers a robust explanation of the "energy for water" side of the water-energy nexus equation, making it valuable reading for academics and policymakers. This book was originally published as a special issue as International Journal of Water Resources Development.

Modelling urban flood dynamics requires proper handling of a number of complex urban features. Although high-resolution topographic data can nowadays be obtained from aerial LiDAR surveys, such top-view LiDAR data still have difficulties to represent some key components of urban features. Incorrectly representing features like underpasses through buildings or apparent blockage of flow by sky trains may lead to misrepresentation of actual flood propagation, which could easily result in inadequate flood-protection measures. Hence proper handling of urban features plays an important role in enhancing urban flood modelling. This research explores present-day capabilities of using computer-based environments to merge side-view Structure-from-Motion data acquisition with top-view LiDAR data to create a novel multi-source views (MSV) topographic representation for enhancing 2D model schematizations. A new MSV topographic data environment was explored for the city of Delft and compared with the conventional top-view LiDAR approach. Based on the experience gained, the effects of different topographic descriptions were explored for 2D urban flood models of (i) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the 2003 flood event; and (ii) Ayutthaya, Thailand for the 2011 flood event. It was observed that adopting the new MSV data as the basis for describing the urban topography, the numerical simulations provide a more realistic representation of complex urban flood dynamics, thus enhancing conventional approaches and revealing specific features like flood watermarks identification and helping to develop improved flood-protection measures.

The majority of people in Limpopo river basin depend on rainfed agriculture. Unfortunately the Limpopo is water scarce, and parts of the basin, such as Zimbabwe's Mzingwane catchment, are under stress in terms of agro-ecological and socio-politicoeconomic conditions. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has been adopted in the river basin in an attempt to improve water resources management. However, it is not known whether, or how, IWRM has improved practices in water resources management and contributed towards improved livelihoods.This study used a bottom-up approach to analyse water management practices and livelihoods in the river basin. The objective of the study was to understand practices in water resources management at the local level, and what drives those practices. Specifically the study analysed: practices in access to water for domestic and productive uses, efforts at sustaining livelihoods and the environment, water management for agriculture, contestations over urban water services, and river basin planning. The study showed the importance of context as a driver of practices in water resources management. The demonstrated influence of local level drivers on water resources management and livelihoods suggest that the challenges in water resources management cannot be solved outside of the wider socio-politico-economic realm.

Winds, Waves, and Warriors examines the oceanographic conditions that U.S. military planners considered, or should have considered, when landing troops and vehicles on the beach at three historic amphibious assaults: Normandy, Tarawa, and Inchon. Oceanographer Thomas M. Mitchell brings welcome insight into a little-studied yet extraordinary aspect of ground warfare by explaining why certain tidal and weather conditions existed at those specific places and times, and how they affected the Army and Marine foot soldiers fighting to get ashore. Mitchell offers easy-to-understand descriptions of basic oceanographic concepts and applies them to actual amphibious operations. Winds and waves hampered the Allies' efforts on D-Day but less than they would have had the soldiers attempted storming the beach at Normandy the day before or after. Coral reefs and tides contributed to high Marine casualties at Tarawa Atoll in the Pacific. General Douglas MacArthur used the element of surprise by attacking the North Koreans at Inchon despite treacherous soft mud bottoms and unfavorable tidal conditions. Mitchell details how wartime necessity led to the development of clever methods to estimate such factors as water depth, beach slope, and underwater shoals, all of which affected troops' assaults and potentially changed the outcomes of key battles. An Army Air Corps lieutenant, for example, dug a hole on the beach at Normandy to help him predict tides more accurately. The Army's Beach Erosion Board and research groups such as the Scripps Institution of Oceanography exploited elementary principles of physical oceanography to develop crude but effective instruments and techniques for ocean remote sensing and forecasting. Indeed, soldiers, Marines, staff planners, commanders, oceanographers, meteorologists, and researchers all contributed to some of the largest and most important military invasions in history. Winds, Waves, and Warriors tells of the U.S. military's struggles with a foe that was sometimes just as formidable and unpredictable as the opposing army. When unheeded, unfavorable weather and ocean conditions could lead to tragic and avoidable deaths. The threat posed by the ocean at these three historic battles was an important factor not only in the outcomes of these operations but also to the survival of the troops who fought there.

Pathogen removal mechanisms in macrophyte and algal-based waste stabilization ponds were studied in Ghana and Colombia. The macrophytes used were water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and duckweeds (Lemna paucicostata and Spirodela polyrhiza). The selection of the species was based on economic importance and availability. Lemna was used during the initial investigations. However, Lemna could not withstand the ammonia levels in the wastewater used. Spirodela polyrhiza a rarer species in Ghana was therefore used in subsequent studies. The main mechanisms considered in this study were pH, protozoa predation and surface attachment. The microorganisms used were faecal bacteria namely; Escherichia coli, other coliforms, Salmonella sp., other enterobacteria, E. coli, ATCC13706 and enterococci. Studies were conducted using batch scale, continuous flow bench and pilot scale ponds. Results indicated in order of importance that long retention periods, attachment, sedimentation, predation and low pH are mechanisms in macrophyte ponds enhancing faecal bacteria removal, while in the algal ponds long retention periods, sunlight penetration, high pH, attachment and sedimentation are the mechanisms of importance in faecal bacteria removal. Presence of protozoa was also found to be important but true grazing studies could not be quantified. Dissolved oxygen did not play a major role in faecal bacteria removal.

The demand on land to produce food, for urban development such as housing, industry, shopping areas, infrastructure and also for recreation has increased during the history of mankind. This has resulted in such activities as the reclamation of swamps, flood plains, tidal areas and even lakes by impoldering. Model simulations can be use to gain insight into the system behaviour of different land use and soil composition under temperate humid and humid tropic conditions, The existing package OPOL, based on a non steady model, was further developed to the version OPOL5 for the simulation of hydrological conditions and optimization of the main components of water management systems in polder areas in the temperate humid and humid tropical zone. This model reveals a system's behaviour as well as the effects of variation in the main components of the systems to the overall costs. For example, the designs of pumped drainage systems in polder areas can be optimized

Quantitative research with respect to the combination of engineering and socialcultural- religious aspects based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy in Subak irrigation schemes is original in the field of land and water development. A scenario analysis needs a good and careful system approach. Based on a Generic Algorithm the RIBASIM model was applied using the dependable 80% of discharge and shifting the start of land preparation. The results provide evidence that the cropping pattern of the fifth scenario results in an overall optimal agriculture production of the Subak schemes. The recoverable flow considered in the river basin scheme model plays an important role in the optimisation. Nevertheless, if a normal hydro-climate occurs, the other scenarios, especially the first scenario, can be applied as well. When the indigenous knowledge of farmers is compromised with present day knowledge of agricultural and technological developments, capability of these farmers increases, thus reflects the applicability of the Tri Hita Karana philosophy on harmony among people and harmony among people and nature.

This volume include over 30 chapters, written by experts from around the world. It examines drought and all of the fundamental principles relating to drought and water scarcity. It includes coverage of the causes of drought, occurences, preparations, drought vulnerability assessments, societal implications, and more.

This monograph provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art description of the work carried out in the UK and Japan on "Flow and Sediment Transport in Compound Channels". It therefore describes research which has been conducted, primarily over the last two decades, and which has yielded a fairly detailed picture of the important behaviours of compound channels and produced a number of engineering prediction methods which ought to be widely adopted in practice. The text will inevitably highlight areas where our knowledge is sparse and it will spur others on in the task of filling in such gaps.The concept of bi-national groups of researchers meeting together intermittently over period of some years, though not new, has drawn both inspiration and experience and the interaction has produced tangible outcomes in the form of this useful publication.

Written by leading soil and ground-water remediation scientists, Handbook of Bioremediation presents information regarding the processes, application, and limitations of using remediation technologies to restore contaminated soil and ground water. It covers field-tested technologies, site characterization requirements for each remediation technology, and the costs associated with their implementation. In addition to discussions and examples of developed technologies, the book provides insights into technologies ranging from theoretical concepts to limited field-scale investigations. In situ remediation systems, air sparging and bioventing, the use of electron acceptors other than oxygen, natural bioremediation, and the introduction of organisms into the subsurface are among the specific topics covered in this invaluable handbook.

As the American Southwest faces its deepest drought in history, this book explores the provocative notion ofwater bankruptcy with a view towards emphasizing the diversity and complexity of water issues in this region. It bridges between the narratives of growth and the strategies or policies adopted to pursue competing agendas and circumvent the inevitable. A window of opportunity provided by this current long-term drought may be used to induce change by dealing with threats that derive from imbalances between growth patterns and available resources, the primary cause of scarcity. A first of its kind, this book was developed through close collaboration of a broad range of natural scientists, social scientists, and resource managers from Europe and United States. It constitutes a collective elaboration of a transdisciplinary approach to unveiling the inner workings of how water was fought for, allocated and used in the American Southwest, with a focus on Arizona. Specifically, it offers an innovative scientific perspective that produces a critical diagnostic evaluation of water management, with a particular view to identifying risks for the Tucson region that is facing continuous urban sprawl and economic growth. The book offers a diversity of complementary perspectives, including a statement of natural resources, biodiversity and their management, an analysis of water policy and its history, and a statement of ecosystem services in the context of both local biodiversity and also the economic activities that sustain economic growth. Finally, it presents a concerted effort to explore the interplay between a variety of related scientific disciplines and frameworks including climatology, hydrology, water management, ecosystem services, societal metabolism, political economy and social science.