Groundwater use is of fundamental importance to meet the rapidly expanding urban, industrial and agricultural water requirements in (semi) arid areas. Quantifying the current rate of groundwater recharge and define its variability in space and time are thus prerequesites for efficient groundwater resource managment in these regions, where such resources are often the key to economic development. Attention focuses on recharge of phreatic aquifers, often the most readily-available and affordable source of water in (semi) arid regions. These aquifers are also the most susceptible to contamination, with the recharge rate determining their level of vulnerability. (Semi) arid zone recharge can be highly variable, the greater the aridity, the smaller and potentially more variable the natural flux. Its determination is an iterative process, involving progressive data collection and resource evaluation; there is also a need to use more than one technique to verify results. Direct, localised and indirect recharge mechanisms from a spectrum of known sources are addressed in the framework of recharge from precipitation, intermittant flow and permanent water bodies. The approach taken for each of these reflects the nature and current understanding of the processes involved. The volume also reviews current recharge estimation challenges, outlines recent developments and offers guidance for potential solutions.

This collection of papers addresses a number of topics in hydrology tracing techniques including: protection of natural resources against pollution; the use of natural and artificial tracers to help to assess contaminant transport in surface waters; and aquifer parameters and modelling.

Initially associated with hi-tech irrigated agriculture, drip irrigation is now being used by a much wider range of farmers in emerging and developing countries. This book documents the enthusiasm, spread and use of drip irrigation systems by smallholders but also some disappointments and disillusion faced in the global South. It explores and explains under which conditions it works, for whom and with what effects. The book deals with drip irrigation 'behind the scenes', showcasing what largely remain 'untold stories'. Most research on drip irrigation use plot-level studies to demonstrate the technology's ability to save water or improve efficiencies and use a narrow and rather prescriptive engineering or economic language. They tend to be grounded in a firm belief in the technology and focus on the identification of ways to improve or better realize its potential. The technology also figures prominently in poverty alleviation or agricultural modernization narratives, figuring as a tool to help smallholders become more innovative, entrepreneurial and business minded. Instead of focusing on its potential, this book looks at drip irrigation-in-use, making sense of what it does from the perspectives of the farmers who use it, and of the development workers and agencies, policymakers, private companies, local craftsmen, engineers, extension agents or researchers who engage with it for a diversity of reasons and to realize a multiplicity of objectives. While anchored in a sound engineering understanding of the design and operating principles of the technology, the book extends the analysis beyond engineering and hydraulics to understand drip irrigation as a sociotechnical phenomenon that not only changes the way water is supplied to crops but also transforms agricultural farming systems and even how society is organized. The book provides field evidence from a diversity of interdisciplinary case studies in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean, Latin America, and South Asia, thus revealing some of the untold stories of drip irrigation.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurring in freshwater, and the associated toxins they produce, are dangerous to animals and humans. Mitigating the increasing presence of HABs presents a major challenge to water managers and drinking water utilities across the world. This book explores the current research on removal of HABs and toxins from drinking water. It provides the necessary tools so that treatment plant operators, engineers, and water managers can understand the vulnerability of drinking water treatment plants to HABs and develop treatment processes to minimize the impact of these contaminants. Although conventional treatment processes can be effective for the removal of HAB cells and some HAB toxins under optimal conditions, the potential exists for significant breakthrough of toxins during normal operation. As a result, there is a recognized need for more advanced techniques. Possible advanced processes for removing HAB toxins include granular activated carbon (GAC), powdered activated carbon (PAC), or oxidative processes. This book reviews both conventional and advanced treatment processes and presents clear and easy-to-understand procedures for the design of systems for optimal cell or toxin removal.

The second edition of Environmental Oceanography is the first textbook to link the needs of the coastal oceanographer and the environmental practitioner. The ever-increasing human impact on the environment, and particularly on the coastal zone, has led governments to carefully examine the environmental implications of development proposals. This book provides the background needed to undertake coastal oceanographic investigations and sets them in context by incorporating case studies and sample problems based on the author's experience as an environmental consultant.

The agri-food chain consumes about one third of the world's energy production with about 12% of it for crop production and nearly 80% for processing, distribution, retail, preparation and cooking. The agri-food chain also accounts for 80-90% of total global freshwater use where 70% alone is for irrigation. Additionally, on a global scale, freshwater production consumes nearly 15% of the entire energy production. It can therefore be argued that making agriculture and the agri-food supply chain independent from fossil fuel use has a huge potential to contribute to global food security and climate protection not only for the next decades but also for the coming century. Provision of secure, accessible and environmentally sustainable supplies of water, energy and food must thus be a priority. One of the major objectives of the world's scientists, farmers, decisions makers and industrialists is to overcome the present dependence on fossil fuels in the agro-food sector. This dependency increases the volatility of food prices and affects economic access to sustenance. This book provides a critical review of recent developments in solar, wind and geothermal energy applications in agriculture and the agro-food sector such as processing, distribution, retail, preparation and cooking.

This time-saving book provides extensive coverage of all important aspects of nitrates in groundwater, ranging from prevention to problem assessment to remediation. It begins by highlighting the nitrogen cycle and related health concerns, providing both background information and a unique perspective on health issues. It then analyzes subsurface processes and the factors and practices that affect them. It thoroughly reviews aquifer vulnerability mapping, an emerging new management tool, and contains a nitrate pollution index that can be used in evaluating actual or potential nitrate pollution from agricultural areas. Best Management Practices are described and evaluated, and possible treatment measures are also explored. Thoroughly researched and well-organized, Nitrates in Groundwater provides a vivid snapshot of the status of nitrates in groundwater today.

This guidebook, now thoroughly updated and revised in its second edition, gives comprehensive advice on the designing and setting up of monitoring programmes for the purpose of providing valid data for water quality assessments in all types of freshwater bodies. It is clearly and concisely written in order to provide the essential information for all agencies and individuals responsible for the water quality.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203476719

This book contains technical papers, presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Chemical Oxidation: Technology for the Nineties held in Tennessee in 1984, on theory, design, and practices of chemical oxidation processes applied to environmental problems.

This study describes the development of water management in Bangladesh, including flood control and drainage schemes. The present landuse situation and hydrological conditions are presented and the coastal lowland development of Southeast Asia is reviewed. A performance analysis of different flood control and drainage systems are discussed, with reference to the coastal belt of Bangladesh. This book aims to set out an approach for sustainable development and water management for coastal Bangladesh, developing the concepts of effective techniques, tools and institutional infrastructure which should support implementation of flood control and drainage schemes.

This book presents a collection of essays that address various facets of the hydrogeology of Israel. Despite its small geographic size, Israel exhibits a variety of climates and is located between two regional fluctuating base levels. The respective chapters discuss the variety of hydrogeological configurations and hydrological processes produced by these geographical circumstances. In some cases, the interpretation of these aspects is deliberately left open to debate, because the authors were asked to provide, in addition to their own views, also alternative and even conflicting ones. Hydrogeological configurations similar to those in Israel can be found in other countries around the world. Therefore, researchers, scholars and professionals in this interdisciplinary field can benefit from and directly apply the considerable experience and expertise that has been gathered in Israel over the past few decades.

Rivers and the ecosystems they support have always captivated humans, leading curious scientists to broaden our understanding with ongoing research. In Explorer's Guide to Rivers and Streams, Dr. Ryan Utz (Chatham University) presents a broad scientific understanding of rivers, streams, and the animals that reside within them, written accessibly for a general audience. Topics range from what causes river flows to rise and fall to the ecology of riverine fishes. Kayakers, anglers, and hikers alike will find many tools within Explorer's Guide to Rivers and Streams to deepen their understanding of their favorite waterway.

This volume include over 30 chapters, written by experts from around the world. It examines drought and all of the fundamental principles relating to drought and water scarcity. It includes coverage of the causes of drought, occurences, preparations, drought vulnerability assessments, societal implications, and more.

Contents:
List of Contributors. Preface. Part One: Concepts Chapter One: Maritime leisure - J. Anderson. Introduction; Watersports as a leisure activity; The history of water-based recreation; Watersports participation; Conclusion. Chapter Two: Sustainable enjoyment - the need for leisure management at - the coast D. Johnson and B. Seabrooke. Introduction; Mangagement principles and processes; Resource management: reconciling competing demands; Recreational management: managing the recreational experience; Coastal zone management; Conclusion. Part Two: The coastal recreation environment Chapter Three: Working with change: wind, waves, and tides - A. Fairclough, J. Pearson and T. Savill. Introduction; Global weather; Waves; Tides, tidal streams and currents; Conclusion. Chapter Four: Limitations for Coastal Recreation - Dr. H. Pickering Introduction; Physical constraints on leisure; Provision of opportunity; Quality of leisure experience; Institutional constraints; Environmental designations; Conclusion. Chapter Five: Water Quality and Pollution - Dr. S. Lewey and Dr. G. Rees. Introduction; Sewerage discharges; Regulatory controls on quality of marine waters; Diseases and microorganisms; Health effects; The impact of leisure activities on water quality; Boat wash; Conclusion. Chapter Six: Planning and the provision of marine recreation facilities - J. Taussik. Introduction; The legal framework; Town and country planning; Planning at local level; The cascade of policy; Limitations of the planning system; Conclusion. Part Three: Operation and safety Chapter Seven: Small craft equipment, operations and organisations - M. Hughes and R. Andrews. Introduction; Background issues; Small craft equipment; Activitiy management; Watersports organisations; Conclusion. Chapter Eight: Sea school management - T. Goodhead. Introduction; The objectives of managing sea schools; Shore facilities; Water facilities; General safety; Safety boats and equipment; Optimum coarse duration; High-tech equipment; Foul weather; Staffing; Finance; Marketing and pricing; Facilities; Conclusion. Chapter Nine: Marinas and yachting - T. Goodhead, N. Kasic and C. Wheeler. Introduction; Historical development; Regional impact; Design; Operational requirements; Yacht technology; Marina access; Conclusion. Chapter Ten: Commercial harbour operations and recreation - C. Atwell. Introduction; Commercial operations; The ports of today; The port/harbour authority; The management of safety of navigation in ports and harbours; Navigational considerations in the vicinity of large commercial vessels; Action taken by the port authority to improve safety; Authorities responsible for safety; Conclusions. Part Four: Management Chapter Eleven: Looking ashore: a comparison with inland waters and waterways - Dr. R. Ballinger. Introduction; Opportunities offered by inland sites; Environmental issues at inland sites; Other limitations and issues relating to inland sites; Management of inland water-based recreation; Conclusion. Chapter Twelve: Coastal recreation Strategies - T. Badman. Introduction; Why have a coastal recreation strategy?; The strategy process; Examples of regional strategies for coastal recreation; Implementation case study: the Southern Region Coastal Recreation Strategy; Case study; management of public launch points - a particular need for a strategic approach; Conclusion. Coastal management plans - D. Johnson. Introduction; Why have coastal management plans at all?; Preparation and content; Case studies of management plans for coastal recreation; International comparisons; Conclusion. Chapter Fourteen: Legislation or self-regulation - I. Harris, Z. Hill, R. Hill, M. Pourzanjani and T. Savill. Introduction; Health and safety trends following the Lyme Bay canoe tragedy; Training; Managing environmental impact: the challenge for marinas; Information technology; Conclusion. Summary. Index.

Used in the production of a wide number of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction represents a synthetic process of great interest to organic chemists of academia and industry. Nearly 40 years since the last major treatise on the topic and reflecting the growing emphasis on green technology, Advances in Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reactions: Catalytic and Green Processes focuses on how to make this reaction more economically and environmentally friendly by using green acylating conditions, thus minimizing the formation of waste and decreasing production costs. Divided into four parts, the book explores stoichiometric acylations, catalytic homogeneous acylations, catalytic heterogeneous acylations, and phenol acylations. It is structured according to the role played by the catalyst in the activation of reagents as well as in the different modes of regioselectivity encountered in the acylation of arenes, aromatic ethers, and phenols. Incorporating examples of all acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions, the text considers classic Lewis and Broensted acid types along with more innovative and advanced multicomponent superacid catalysts. These range from rare earth triflates or triflimides and their combination with ionic liquids to metal-promoted zeolites and zeotypes, clays, polymetal oxides, sulfated zirconia, heteropoly acids, and Nafion. The book emphasizes the major industrial applications, providing a critical assessment of the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Helping readers to better understand the mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the examples in the book substantiate the development of more effective catalysts and more selective processes achieved during the last few decades, enabling industry to embark on a safer and more efficient synthesis of aromatic ketones for the manufacture of a wide array of products.

Wetlands play an important role in the livelihoods of many rural households particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, due to decline in rainfed terrestrial agriculture, many wetlands are being encroached upon to grow crops. The question to any wetland scientist/policy maker in the region is: what efforts can be made to achieve a balance between human needs for food and income and maintenance of ecosystem integrity?. This study analyses the potential of smallholder integrated aquaculture farming systems (calledFingerponds ) around the Lake Victoria wetlands in Kenya. Various analytical tools were used to evaluate the biophysical suitability, nutrient flows, benefits and environmental implications of this innovative technology. The critical biophysical factors determining Fingerponds productivity are site selection and water supply. The analysis of nutrient flows in the entire agroecosystem using nitrogen as the currency indicated that the total system throughput, and hence the overall productivity of the system were low. Fingerponds contributed to household livelihoods by providing protein and income and added diversity to the household activities with minimal impacts on the natural environment. With careful implementation and adaptive management, Fingerponds can be incorporated into national wetland policies and enhance the balance between economic development and environmental conservation.

This second edition features new and expanded coverage of contaminant hydrogeologic investigations. It presents a practical approach to completing investigations for environmental compliance, emphasizing the use of geologic principles in assessment to move sites toward cleanup. Stressing the basics of collecting data that can withstand regulatory scrutiny and achieve remediation, Principles of Contaminant Hydrogeology, Second Edition demonstrates how to solve a client's site contamination problem while maximizing cost effectiveness. It focuses on small- and medium-sized firms, for which speed, accuracy, and cost are all crucial factors in the site assessment and closure process.
Based on "real world" problems, the book takes you step-by-step through the investigation and includes client-consultant-regulator interaction, budgets, ethics, and data extrapolation for solving problems. It introduces concepts such as field logistics, drilling techniques, sampling protocols, contaminant movement, and remediation. Regulatory personnel, hydrogeological consultants, drilling contractors, remediation contractors, university instructors, and students will benefit from the wealth of information provided in this new edition.

This book presents the biodiversity of the Brazilian deep-sea and its many unique geological and biological features, as well as a review of its ecology, conservation, and future research needs. The deep-sea Brazilian margin has an incredible geological heterogeneity with numerous characteristic seafloor features, and latitudinal changes in marine productivity, oceanographic conditions and biological communities have resulted in very distinct biological assemblages at regional and bathymetric scales. It is a tremendously rich ecosystem in terms of living species, from which many well-known historical tales have originated, and with unique importance for the global climate and humanity. Nevertheless, vast areas of the Brazilian margin have been explored for fishing, oil and gas, and other commodities, likely impacting a variety of deep-sea habitats at scales and intensities yet undetermined. This book is intended for students, scholars, professionals and a wide audience interested in the deep-sea in general and, more specifically, in the South Atlantic deep-sea.

Groundwater systems are vital to both society and the environment, supporting food production and many other ecosystem services. Sustainable management of this vital resource for future generations requires a sound understanding of how groundwater might respond to the inevitable changes in future climate. In this volume, recent developments within the interlinked areas of the response of groundwater systems to climate variability and climate change are highlighted, using contemporary field investigations and monitoring of aquifers, numerical simulations of aquifer response to climate change predictions and paleohydrogeological studies of ancient groundwater systems. The book provides an up-to-date description of the relationship between groundwater behaviour and ancient, historical, current and future climates for a range of diverse aquifer systems around the world.

This textbook is a practical guide to real-time streamflow forecasting that provides a rigorous description of a coupled stochastic and physically based flow routing method and its practical applications. This method is used in current times of record-breaking floods to forecast flood levels by various hydrological forecasting services. By knowing in advance when, where, and at what level a river will crest, appropriate protection works can be organized, reducing casualties and property damage. Through its real-life case examples and problem listings, the book teaches hydrology and civil engineering students and water-resources practitioners the physical forecasting model and allows them to apply it directly in real-life problems of streamflow simulation and forecasting. Designed as a textbook for courses on hydroinformatics and water management, it includes exercises and a CD-ROM with MATLAB codes for the simulation of streamflows and the creation of real-time hydrological forecasts.

This dissertation presents a methodology of short-cutting the phosphorus cycle in urban ecosystems. In nature, the P-cycle is a circular, closed-loop system, but human activities use and dispose P in a linear, open-ended system leading to the customary environmental problems. Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe is used as a case study to illustrate the unsustainable practice of discharging valuable and finite phosphorous into drinking water resources. Short-cutting or closing the P-cycle in the urban environment is closely related to the closure of water cycles. Closing the P-cycle is dependent on the adoption of ecological sanitation and eco-city concepts. These concepts lead to solutions, which are source orientated (local and small scale), non-mixing, ecologically sound, closed-loop systems. Recycling of P in urban ecological agriculture (without synthetic fertilisers) is used in this dissertation to test the feasibility of these concepts.

This book presents the investigation of possibilities and different architectures of integrating hydrological knowledge and conceptual models with data-driven models for the purpose of hydrological flow forecasting. Models resulting from such integration are referred to as hybrid models. The book addresses the following specific topics: A classification of different hybrid modelling approaches in the context of flow forecasting.The methodological development and application of modular models based on clustering and baseflow empirical formulations.The integration of hydrological conceptual models with neural network error corrector models and the use of committee models for daily streamflow forecasting.The application of modular modelling and fuzzy committee models to the problem of downscaling weather information for hydrological forecasting. The results of this research show the increased forecasting accuracy when modular models, which integrate conceptual and data-driven models, are considered. Committee machine modelling show to be able to manage increased lead time with an acceptable accuracy.

Anthropogenic climate change may lead to intensification of the global hydrological cysle and to increased flooding risk of rivers across Europe. A series of extreme floods in European rivers in the last decades have stimulated discussions about the possible effects of climate variability/change and human interventions in river basins. A synoptic-climatological analysis was carried out to elucidate the observed precipitation change in the Meuse basin, in northwestern Europe. The findings of this research will be valuable to those developing improved flood protection strategies, as well as those engaged in water resource management in river basins similar to the Meuse.

Ungauged catchments can be found in many parts of the world, but particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Information collected in a gauged catchment and its regionalisation to ungauged areas is crucial for water resources assessment. Especially farmers in semi-arid zones are in need of such information. Inter and Intra-seasonal rainfall variability is large in these areas, and farmers depend more and more on additional surface and groundwater resources for their crop production. As a result, understanding the key-hydrological processes, and determination of the frequencies and magnitudes of stream flows, is very important for local food production. This is particularly true for the ungauged Makanya catchment in Tanzania, which is the subject of this study.

The natural scarcity of water in arid and semiarid regions, aggravated by man-made factors, makes it difficult to achieve a reliable water resources supply. Communities in these areas pay the price for thousands of years of water manipulation. Presenting important insight into the complexities of arid region hydrology, Engineering Hydrology of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions explores the key components for formulating and implementing integrated management approaches in catchment (wadi) systems. The book introduces the engineering hydrology of arid and semi-arid regions, covering meteorological processes and hydrology. The author discusses precipitation and precipitation losses, catchment characteristics, and runoff estimation methods. He also examines streamflow measurements and hydrographs, flood routing, and groundwater hydrology, including the basic equations of groundwater flow and analytic solutions describing flow aquifers, pumping tests, and salt water intrusion. Building on this foundation, the book then delineates sediment yield in watersheds and streams and the design of hydraulic structures for protection and management of water resources systems. It includes case studies, conversion tables, and modeling software. During the last two decades, research efforts and networking have enhanced the state of knowledge about arid and semi-arid areas, especially watershed and catchment systems. Pulling this information together into a comprehensive resource, this book provides a better understanding of wadi hydrology, capacity-building processes, water education and training, and institutional development. This understanding can then be used to select the appropriate tools to support water management and optimize the sustainable use of water resources. "When the well is dry, we learn the worth of water" - Benjamin Franklin