Although Latin America had a substantial merchant fleet by the 1950s, at the end of the century most of the major shipping companies have disappeared from the continent. Continuing to grow through protectionist efforts during the 1960s and 1970s, the industry began to decline when container technology, requiring large capital investments, shifted competition to access capital. This book shows how technology undermined and finally shattered the nationalist efforts to create a significant Latin American merchant shipping industry. Written in a clear and concise style, it provides the first authoritative survey of Latin American shipping during the second half of the century. The book opens with a discussion of cargo preference—a form of protectionism—in Chile and shows how Latin American merchant fleets expanded under cargo preference. Most countries witnessed a dramatic expansion in their national fleets. In the 1970s, the impact of containers, a new technology, began to be felt. As the book shows, the large capital outlays needed to adopt containers undermined the foundations of Latin American shipping companies, and most of the merchant shipping companies in the region gradually collapsed. The book also examines the non-commercial role of merchant shipping, particularly in international clashes such as the Cuban Revolution.

This book, the first full-length text on the subject, explores the everyday use of music listening while driving a car. It presents the relationship between cars and music in an effort to understand how music behaviour in the car can either enhance driver safety or place the driver at increased risk of accidents. A great deal of work has been done to investigate and reduce driver distraction and inattention, but this book is the first to focus on in-cabin aural backgrounds of music as a contributing factor to human error and traffic violations. Driving With Music begins by outlining the automobile, its relationship to society, and the juxtaposition of music with the automobile as a complete package. It then highlights concepts from the fields of music perception and cognition, and, within this framework, looks at the functional use of background music in our everyday lives. Driver music behaviours - both adaptive and maladaptive - are explored, with the focus on contradictions and ill-effects of in-car music listening.

Comprehensive insight into the offshore oil and gas industry for those intending to choose it as a career Full syllabus coverage for OPITO BOSIET, FOET, MIST and IMIST courses Produced in full colour with over 180 images Basic Offshore Safety covers everything that newcomers to the offshore oil and gas industry need to know prior to travelling offshore or when attending OPITO's Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training (BOSIET), Minimum Industry Safety Training (MIST), Further Offshore Emergency Training (FOET) and International MIST courses. Primarily focused on the oil industry, this book introduces readers to the key safety topics in the offshore support vessel industry and common to the renewable industry. Written in easy to follow steps and including references to both the legislation and guidance where relevant, Abdul Khalique walks the reader through the hazards they are likely to encounter when travelling to, from or working offshore, showing how to minimise risks and deal with any issues that may arise at any stage of the work.

The rule of the road--the simple requirement that traffic keep either to the left or to the right--has a history long antedating the appearance of the automobile. This volume, the first book-length treatment of the subject, discusses the origins and history of the rule of the road and provides complete information on current practice throughout the world. A well-written account of a universal arrangement that has largely gone unnoticed by scholars, this book fills a gap in scholarship on the history of transportation.

Today, some suppliers have grown increasingly powerful and in certain cases, earn revenues that rival or even exceed that of their automaker clients. In the pre-globalisation period, automakers wielded absolute power over their significantly smaller suppliers. This book reveals the upending of this relationship, with the gradual shift in the balance of power from automakers to their suppliers in this era of globalisation. The book examines how suppliers in the global tyres, seats, constant velocity joints (hereafter 'CVJs'), braking systems and automotive semiconductor industries have evolved into powerful oligopolies through a mix of acquisition and organic growth strategies. It also highlights how joint ventures could be strategically deployed as springboards to acquisition, as they enable firms to familiarise themselves with their partners' markets and operations. Moreover, the book analyses the disruption stirred by the entry of well-resourced technology titans into this industry and their inevitable clash with the traditional incumbents. This book is an invaluable reference for anyone interested in learning more about the automakers' and now their suppliers' relentless quest to create market-dominating intelligent driving systems.

A study of past and prospective business development around rail transit stations in the Washington DC area. Washington has one of the very few new and extensive rail transit systems in America, although expectations of transit system-induced revitalization in this area have not uniformly been met. This book develops an econometric model of local development (LOCDEV) around major public investments, applies it to the existing Washington transit system, and uses it to forecast future development levels around new stations. The book includes a user's guide to the LOCDEV model and concludes with reflections on modelling and forecasting.

This book, originally published in 1985, examines the development of the car industry in Coventry within both its local context and the wider economic environment. It is a study of expansion and adjustment which reflects the broader pattern of Britain's industrial history. The book analyses the emergence and early dominance of Coventry's motor manufacturers, the appearance of the volume producers in the 1920s and the instability of the post-war era. The relationship between cars and other sectors of the local economy, particularly cycles, machine tools and aircraft, is discussed, while the significance of the two world wars receive special attention. Extensive use is made of original sources material, much of which, prior to publication, had received little or no attention from business historians.

This book, originally published in 1993, develops for the US automobile industry a demand-supply model which incorporates both wholesale and retail sectors and which allows strategic pricing behaviour of US and Japanese producers to be internally determined and its effects on market behaviour and national welfare analyzed. It develops the framework for and presents the results of an econometric simulation of the transaction and wholesale prices, quantities demanded and produced, manufacturer's costs and factor demands. The impact of the Voluntary Export Restraint of 1981 on profits and consumer welfare are generated from the simulation results.

Originally published in 1975 this book charts the history of Foden, a name inseparably linked with the growth and development of the haulage industry. The history of Foden provides the perfect backdrop to the history of the entire industry and the commercial vehicle generally, as it unfolds against the political, social and industrial scenes of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, as well as the inter-war years and up to the mid 1970s.

This work applies the theory and techniques of economic efficiency measurement to the realistic context of the ports industry. The objective is to assess the practical impact of port privatization policies upon the economic performance of the sector. Specifically, this volume presents Korea's port and terminal development plans and systematically analyses not only the process and results of privatisation, but also the claims of its proponents that it leads directly to improved efficiency. The Korean experience is given global relevance by applying the same approach to Britain's main container ports and terminals which, of course, are at a more advanced stage in the privatisation process. This work constitutes a unique contribution to the literature relating to shipping and ports, econometrics and the Korean economy and will be of primary interest to port authorities and practitioners, as well as to students of economics and/or the shipping industry.

In this book the author applies contemporary error theory to the needs of investigators and of anyone attempting to understand why someone made a critical error, how that error led to an incident or accident, and how to prevent such errors in the future. Students and investigators of human error will gain an appreciation of the literature on error, with numerous references to both scientific research and investigative reports in a wide variety of applications, from airplane accidents, to bus accidents, to bonfire disasters. Features include: - an easy to follow step by step approach to conducting error investigations that even those new to the field can readily apply. - summaries of recent transportation accidents and human factors literature and relates them to the cause of human error in accidents. - an approach to investigating human error that will be of interest to both human factors psychology and industrial engineering students and instructors, as well as investigators of accidents in aviation, mass transportation, nuclear power, or any industry that is to the adverse effects of error. Based on the author's over 18 years of experience as an accident investigator and instructor of both aircraft accident investigation techniques and human factors psychology, it reviews recent human factors literature, summarizes major transportation accidents, and shows how to investigate the types of errors that typically occur in high risk industries. It presents a model of human error causation influenced largely by James Reason and Neville Moray, and relates it to error investigations with step by step guidelines for data collection and analysis that investigators can readily apply as needed.

Airlines, like most industries, contain a mixture of good and badly managed companies (and perhaps more important, lucky and unlucky companies). More important in the longer-run is the institutional structure in which the companies offer their services. Air transport is a major industry in its own right. But it is also the fastest growing mode of transport for both passengers and freight, a large employer of labour, at the forefront of many technological developments and often a pioneer in adopting such innovations. It is the source of important economic stimuli for local economic development. This book examines the current state of European airlines - mainly, but not exclusively, those within the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). It seeks in particular to determine if the current institutional structure provides a sustainable basis for the continued vitality of air transport as a facilitator of economic development, and it can serve as an input into wider matters involving the social and political integration within Europe. It also includes material on airports, slots and security. It provides the opportunity to look at factors that currently influence the efficiency of European airlines and to see how the industry has moved to meet these challenges. The book is also designed to be accessible with a glossary at the end, definitions of key terms and concepts, a list of abbreviations and acronyms and two annexes that provide more details of the European air transport market within the wider international regulatory system. The readership includes all concerned with airline and airport management, including regulators and government departments of transportation, and researchers in air transport. While of main interest to those in Europe, it is also important to all who are dealing with similar questions in other continents, and all concerned with inter-continental air transport provision. In the current aviation context the key features of the book are: "

This book provides an overview and assessment of the security risks, both manmade and natural, facing the railways and rail networks. Railroads face significant threats from disasters, but with situational awareness and coordinated effort these can often be substantially minimized. Transportation assets have always been vulnerable to natural disasters, but in the current environment these assets are also a preferred target of human-caused disruption, especially in the form of terrorism, as the events in many other parts of the world have underscored. Railways are not a homogeneous mode of transportation given their various roles in intercity and commuter passenger movement, as well as being a major portion of the freight ton-miles upon which the U.S. economy is highly dependent. Designed to provide advice for railway owners and first responders, this text discusses how to secure hazardous material transport and how to establish guidelines for rail freight operations and rail passenger operations. The book aims to develop an understanding of the unique operating characteristics of railways, the nature and the range of vulnerabilities, the present means for protecting the infrastructure, and the public policy initiatives that are prerequisite for developing a comprehensive appreciation of the magnitude of this issue. The book utilizes case studies of transport disasters to illustrate lessons learned and to provide critical insight into preventative measures. This book will be of great interest to students and practitioners of transportation, technology and engineering, and security management.

This book presents the current thinking from leading authorities worldwide on transport and the environment and focuses on the link between transport supply and use and environmental degradation.

This book provides insights into China's energy consumption and pollution as well as its energy saving policies. It explores energy saving ways and argues for an energy consumption revolution, which includes technologies to improve transportation resource efficiency, modification of existing transportation infrastructure and structure. This book uses various analytical models to study the relationships within the transportation system. It also includes comparative analysis of China, Japan, the US and developing countries on traffic demand and transportation energy consumption. This book highlights the urgent need to review China's current transportation policies in order to secure a breakthrough in energy saving and emissions reduction.

Contemporary architecture, and the culture it reflects dependent as it is on fossil fuels, has contributed to the cause and necessity of a burgeoning green process that emerged over the past half century. This text is the first to offer a comprehensive critical history and analysis of the greening of architecture through accumulative reduction of negative environmental effects caused by buildings, urban designs and settlements. Describing the progressive development of green architecture from 1960 to 2010, it illustrates how it is ever evolving and ameliorated through alterations in form, technology, materials and use and it examines different places worldwide that represent a diversity of cultural and climatic contexts. The book is divided into seven chapters: with an overview of the environmental issues and the nature of green architecture in response to them, followed by an historic perspective of the pioneering evolution of green technology and architectural integration over the past five decades, and finally, providing the intransigent and culturally pervasive current examples within a wide range of geographic territories. The greening of architecture is seen as an evolutionary process that is informed by significant world events, climate change, environmental theories, movements in architecture, technological innovations, and seminal works in architecture and planning throughout each decade over the past fifty years. This time period is bounded on one end by the awareness of environmental problems beginning in the 1960's, the influential texts by Rachel Carson, E.F. Schumacher, Buckminster Fuller and Steward Brand, and the impact of the OPEC Oil Embargo of 1973, and on the other end the pervasiveness of the necessary greening of architecture that includes, systemic reforms in architectural and urban design, land use planning, transportation, agriculture, and energy production found in the 2000's. The greening process moves from remediation to holistic

Think of maritime slavery, and the notorious Middle Passage - the unprecedented, forced migration of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic - readily comes to mind. This so-called 'middle leg' - from Africa to the Americas - of a supposed trading triangle linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas naturally captures attention for its scale and horror. After all, the Middle Passage was the largest forced, transoceanic migration in world history, now thought to have involved about 12.5 million African captives shipped in about 44,000 voyages that sailed between 1514 and 1866. No other coerced migration matches it for sheer size or gruesomeness. Maritime slavery is not, however, just about the movement of people as commodities, but rather, the involvement of all sorts of people, including slaves, in the transportation of those human commodities. Maritime slavery is thus not only about objects being moved but also about subjects doing the moving. Some slaves were actors, not simply the acted-upon. They were pilots, sailors, canoemen, divers, linguists, porters, stewards, cooks, and cabin boys, not forgetting all the ancillary workers in ports such as stevedores, warehousemen, labourers, washerwomen, tavern workers, and prostitutes. Maritime Slavery reflects this current interest in maritime spaces, and covers all the major Oceans and Seas. This book was originally published as a special issue of Slavery and Abolition.

We live in a world that is ever on the move, as is increasingly recognised within research on mobilities. Yet studies of mobility have failed to 'go to sea' with the same enthusiasm as mobilities ashore. When we consider mobility, we most often examine those movements that evidently form part of our everyday lives. We forget to look outwards to the sea. Yet ships have played - and continue to play - a significant role in shaping socio-cultural, political and economic life. This book turns our attention to the manifold mobilities that occur at sea through an exploration of the mobilities of ships themselves as well as the movements of objects, subjects and ideas that are mobilised by ships. The Mobilities of Ships brings together seven chapters that tack through unexplored waters and move between diverse case studies, including pirate ships, naval vessels and luxury yachts. In so doing, The Mobilities of Ships offers a rich insight into the world of shipping mobilities past and present. This book was published as a special issue of Mobilities.

Ports are a vital part of the global economy, connecting the world through maritime transport networks, promoting international trade, and supporting global economic growth. However, port communities are increasingly concerned about the local environmental problems associated with air pollution from increased port activities. Efforts are increasingly being made into the reduction of human-induced changes to the global environment, and one of the target areas is to reduce air emissions from international shipping. It appears that management of the port sector has entered into a new era, not only because environmental concerns are increasingly being expressed surrounding the ports themselves, but also because many of the new environmental measures associated with the shipping trade have to be enforced when ships are in port. Ports and the Environment assembles research focusing on the management of ports, and the environmental issues associated with both the shipping trade and the ports themselves. By examining contemporary concerns from the perspectives of maritime policy, port management, and industrial efficiency, this book will be provide important reference for future research and policy-making in this area. This book was originally published as a special issue of Maritime Policy & Management.

Freight transport is essential to modern urban civilization. No urban area could exist without a reliable freight transport system. Although the private sector is responsible for much of this system, the public sector has a vital role to play in the provision of infrastructure and the establishment of a social and legal framework within which transport can occur. For these reasons, goods movement deserves and is increasingly receiving, explicit consideration in urban transport policy and planning. Many cities around the world have conducted studies aimed at resolving urban goods movement problems and a considerable, if disparate, body of research results are available. This book brings together much of this knowledge and experience in a comprehensive source of information on urban freight, particularly from a public policy or planning viewpoint. It provides both a conceptual basis for urban goods movement analysis and detailed, practical guidelines which may be used directly by those responsible for urban freight policy and planning. The author has worked for over twenty years in this field and he draws upon his experience in Australia, the United States, Great Britain, Canada and The Philippines to produce a book which is international in scope and perspective. The book is written for practising professionals, such as engineers, economists and planners, working in local government, urban transport planning agencies, highway authorities, consultancies, or research institutes; it is also relevant to graduate courses in transport planning, traffic engineering or urban policy. It is of interest to all who have a concern for contemporary issues in urban development.

Originally published in 1997 and now re-issued with some updated material, this chronology lists the major events in the history of the automobile. The automobile cannot be understood without knowing about its pre-history, including technologies such as railroads, carriages and trolley cars. Material on these is included to the extent that they represented preludes to the modern car culture. The volume also includes material about the technology, design and production of cars and their manufacturers. The ancillary fields of oil production and refining and road building are also covered. Focussed mainly, but not exclusively on the USA this chronology discusses the car and its role in social, geographical and political change.

Starting from the premise that airports can be run as commercial successes, The Airport Business aims to place the business as a whole within a conceptual framework. The author examines the major issues facing airports throughout the world, and offers an insight into how to deal with the major economic and financial difficulties that are likely to arise in the next decade.

Airports were once seen as just another, fairly inconsequential arm of the public sector. Over the past 20 years however, it has become obvious that airports can actually run as highly successful and profitable businesses. However, despite this success, the industry has, until now, had no guide to the economic principles underlying it. "The Airport Business" attempts to change this. The book opens with an overview of the airport business, examining patterns of ownership and control of the world's largest airports. The author considers the key issues which will affect airport managers during the 1990s, such as privatization, the growing shortfall in airport capacity and the need to develop new and innovative sources of finance. Another important aspect of the book is cost strategy. All this can be applied internationally but because of the unique system practised in the US, a chapter is devoted to the experience there. Likewise, there are difficulties peculiar to the Third World, which are also examined in a separate chapter.

This volume on city logistics presents recent advances of modelling urban freight transport as well as planning and evaluating city logistics policy measures in the academic research areas and practices. The contributions of eleven chapters have come from eight countries, including Japan, UK, The Netherlands, Italy, France, Singapore, Indonesia, and Brazil. As city logistics aims at creating efficient and environmental-friendly urban freight transport systems, these chapters deal with challenging urban freight transport problems from various point of views of the usage of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems), multi-agent modelling, public-private partnerships, and the disaster consideration. This book was published as a special issue of the International Journal of Urban Sciences.

Turkey is one of the largest and most important shipping and logistics centres in the world. This edited collection brings together industrialists actively involved in the shipping trade with an interdisciplinary team of academics from the region to provide a unique, broad perspective on the industry as a whole. Using Turkey as an in-depth case study, the volume examines issues such as port economics and policy, training and education, ship finance, containerisation and maritime policy in general. This is a useful reference for professionals and academics in both shipping and logistics.