Processes of acidification or alkalization of soils are treated, taking the qualitative changes in soil chemistry into consideration. Following a theoretical background of ecosystem proton budgets, the application for assessing external and internal acid loads are demonstrated. The chemistry of organic matter and the oxides of aluminum, iron, and manganese are treated in the context of being sources and sinks for acid loads in soils. Special attention is payed to the assessment of solubility and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals. The formation of toxic elements in soil solution resulting from the solubilization of inorganic oxides as well as aspects of changes in the nutrient status of soils, changes of fertility and processes leading to a transfer of acidity from soils to surface are discussed.

This book contains the contributions to an European symposium on "Trace Elements in Environmental History", held from June 24th to 26th at GCittingen, FRG. The confe rence was organised by the Institute of Anthropology of the Georg August-University in GCittingen. At first glance, it might be surprising that the organizers are anthropolo gists. But this is a result of change of paradigm prehistoric anthropology is facing at the time. For decades, population development and population processes in the past have been looked at in terms of morphology, thus describing the diversity of human populations by the outer appearance of the skeletal findings and by the reconstruction of population structures. The new approach concentrates less on how people in the past looked like, but moreover on what they did and how they lived. Thus, research is based on ecosystem-theories, and it aims on the evaluation of ancient ecological features and past man/environment relationships. Research is encouraged since anthropologists are asked a lot of questions by historians and social scientists, who became more and more interested in the history of every day's life. Prehistoric anthropology today focu ses also on manners, habits, ways of life and environmental constituents as they can be traced from skeletal remains, which represent an important historical source. The ecosystemic approach is promising since the experiences of daily life certainly influence human behaviour, life style and mentality, thus directing reproduction and therefore population development.

The original idea of this book started when we were making a residual fluxes study of the Paranagua Coastal Lagoon (Brazil) near the colonial town of Guaraque~aba.Among the beautiful mangroves of this Brazilian National Park, between profile and profile, we wondered why South American estuaries were little known in the international arena. Besides, most of the papers published in the literature are based on biological research. Practically nothing is known about their geomorphology and dynamics. That night, while we were walking along the hilly streets of the town, we decided that the only way to have an idea about the degree of advance in the geomorphology and dynamics of our estuaries was to ask the proper South American researchers to write review articles about the estuaries in which they were working or about the gen eral state of the art of the Geomorphology and Physical Oceanography of the estuar ies of his/her country. The book grew from then on. Although initially many scien tists offer to write a chapter, we ran into the same problem these researchers have to publish in journals, they felt that their English was not good enough and withdrew. However, we are very satisfy about the number and quality of the contributions which also passed a very strong review process.

The nitrate content of drinking water is rising at an alarming rate in several regions of NATO countries and elsewhere in the world. The increase is due to lack of proper sewage treatment, and primarily to excess fertilizer application. Also, eutrophication in several coastal areas is triggered by high nitrate concentrations. The main purpose of this book is to integrate scientific knowledge related to exposure assessment, health consequences and control of nitrate contamination in water. The motivation is related to the magnitude, the possible adverse health effects, and the high cost of control ling nitrate contamination. Future research tasks are defined by an interaction among hydro logists, toxicologists and environmental engineers in an integrated framework for nitrate risk management. The target readership of this book is a mix of university colleagues, practitioners from both the private and public sectors and advanced graduate students working with the hydrological, health science or environmental engineering aspects of nitrate contamination. The main conclusions include: 1. For risk assessment purposes, knowledge and sufficiently accurate models are available to predict nitrate load and its fate in water under changes in land use. 2. Once agricultural exposure controls are implemented, the response times in ground water may be so long as to make controls unrealistic. 3. It is still unknown whether agricultural best management practice is a compromise between nitrate risk reduction and agricultural revenue. 4. The current drinking water guidelines of 10 mg/L NOrN need not be changed.

This series is dedicated to serving the growing community of scholars and practitioners concerned with the principles and applications of environmental management. Each volume is a thorough treatment of a specific topic of importance for proper management practices. A fundamental objective of these books is to help the reader discern and implement man's stewardship of our environment and the world's renewable resources. For we must strive to understand the relation ship between man and nature, act to bring harmony to it, and nurture an environment that is both stable and productive. These objectives have often eluded us because the pursuit of other individual and societal goals has diverted us from a course of living in balance with the environment. At times, therefore, the environmental manager may have to exert restrictive control, which is usually best applied to man, not nature. Attempts to alter or harness nature have often failed or backfired, as exemplified by the results of imprudent use of herbicides, fertilizers, water, and other agents. Each book in this series will shed light on the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental management. It is hoped that each will help solve a practical and serious environmental problem."

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology publishes authoritative reviews on the occurrence, effects, and fate of pesticide residues and other environmental contaminants. It will keep you informed of the latest significant issues by providing in-depth information in the areas of analytical chemistry, agricultural microbiology, biochemistry, human and veterinary medicine, toxicology, and food technology.

I am pleased to be able to introduce this book by Monsieur lean-Claude Gall, firstly because it is a book, secondly because its author has been a colleague for 15 years, and finally because it is a book which demonstrates the growing importance of Palaeobiology. "Because it is a book." I have already commented else where on the value which the Earth Science community places on a book. And here I am speaking, not of a thesis or a specialised memoir, which are always precious, but of a manual or text, which draws on the experts in the service of all. In the years preceding and following the Second World War, the number of "books" written by French geologists could be counted on the fingers of one hand. Today I am happy to see that the number of geological "books" is increas ing in France, taking the word "geology" in its broadest sense. This I see as a sign of the growth of the Earth Sciences."

The understanding of pollutant transformations, sorption and transport in soils and uptake by plants is the key to controlling contaminant movement towards groundwater and accumulation in food-chains. Some of these major processes were discussed in the first International Workshop on Pollutants in Porous Media, con vened in Israel in 1983 (pollutants in Porous Media, Eds. Yaron, Dagan and Goldshmid, Springer-Verlag, 1984). Since that meeting, research on contaminant impact on the environment expanded considerably. New mechanisms explaining inorganic pollutant par titioning between solid and solution phases in soils were proposed and tested; specific elements and specific reactions were investigat ed, and more case studies to evaluate management practice effects on drinking water quality and accumulation of contaminants in crops were carried out. The recognition that the new knowledge needs to be discussed and evaluated, and the scientific and engineering communities be updated, led the IUPAC (Interna tional Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and IAHS (Interna tional Association of Hydrological Sciences) Water Quality Com missions to organize a second International Workshop on pollu tant behaviour in the vadose zone, hosted by the Institute of Soils and Water of the Agricultural Research Organization, Israel. In this workshop, taking place in June 1987, attention was focused on chemical, physico-chemical and microbial-mediated reactions of different contaminants in the vadose zone. This book contains selected works presented in the 1987 workshop by invited special ists from various disciplines and countries."

This book analyses the treatment of uncertainties within risk management and regulation for hazardous wastes, in five national case-studies. It is shown that, although institutional uncertainties vary between national political cultures, regulatory bureaucracies everywhere understate these more fundamental uncertainties (which are often structural conflicts, of different rationalities) and define them instead as marginal technical uncertainties or imprecision in risk-definitions. Close comparative analysis shows that technical regulatory standards depend upon their local institutional setting in systematic ways, so that conventional regulatory emphasis on technical precision or standardisation should be replaced by greater social negotiation, and educated public involvement and control. Readers will find the book valuable for its novel analytical approach especially in relation to public acceptance issues, and the argument for fresh practical approaches derived from this; in addition there is new information and analysis from the descriptive materials in case studies. Its main aim is to stimulate fresh thinking and approaches to an urgent problem.

Properly treated sewage effluent becomes an alternative source of irrigation water, and at the same time it provides a convenient means of sewage disposal through land treatment to prevent potential health and environmental hazards caused by uncontrolled flow of wastewater. The objective of this volume is to provide the reader with a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the principles and practices of irrigation with treated sewage effluent, including special reference to arid quality of the water (e.g. pathogenic organisms, salt, nutrients). The present volume describes the main components of effluent-soil-plant systems involved in the development of appropriate irrigation-fertilization-cropping management for optimizing crop production. Comprehensive information has been suggested on the following subjects: 1. source, treatment and properties of sewage effluent; 2. main processes of different effluent constituents on soil-plant systems; 3. irrigation-fertilization management; 4. irrigation systems for sewage effluent.

Exactly ten years ago an experiment was started that proved to be extremely successful: the First Gothenburg Symposium. Its intent was to further the under standing of all processes pertaining to Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment, and to bring together specialists working in basic research as well as in devel opment and administration. Now, the Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium are about to be published, clearly proving that there is a need for this forum. They dramatically illustrate the significance and the dynamic development of the topics of these symposia. It is fascinating to witness that in this time of reduced economic growth or even standstill, the environmental drive has not come to a halt, as many anticipated or feared. It is accepted more and more that the protection of the environment, a constant theme in all the Gothenburg Symposia, is not only a topic to be dealt with in times of affluence; it is now also seen as an instrument for cutting ex penditure, saving energy, and husbanding resources. The ever growing interest in these Gothenburg Symposia, documented by the large number of contributions the scientific panel received and the large demand for the books of this series that always exceeds the supply, testify to this commitment."

In the late 1970s. the adverse effects of man-made eutrophication became manifest in many countries. which explains. perhaps. why there was such a broad interest when the former Resources and Environment Area of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) organized a workshop on the subject. There was such an enthusiasm among the partici pants that two further workshops were quickly organized. one on deep and the other on shallow lake eutrophication problems. The organization of these meetings was extremely stimulating. and the round table discussions among scientists from both West and East remain thought provoking for those who took part. The general feeling emerged that the complexity and multifaceted nature of the problem, even though perhaps not fully recognized at that time. clearly demanded a systems analysis approach. No wonder. then. that the request made by the Hungarian Member Organization of nASA to adopt Lake Balaton as a "real life laboratory" for an nASA case study fell on fertile ground. the more so since it appeared that shallow lake eutrophication had received less attention and was less well understood than that of deep lakes. And so the nASA Lake Balaton Case Study began. with the appointment of Gerrit van Straten as the first leader of the project."

As the world population increases, there is increasing competition for waterquantity as well as quality. Provided here is an up-to-date perspective on Available Water Resources (Part I), Water Conservation and Technology inAgricultural Systems (Part II), Problem Water Uses and Treatment (Part III), and Management and Policy Evaluation (Part IV). The book is an invaluable source of information for water resource planners, managers and policy makers, researchers and students, and irrigationists.

Metals in the hydrological cycle represent a very broad subject covering all parts of the geological cycle. The present version of this book, therefore, would not have been possible without the comments and suggestions for improvement on draft ver- sions of the various chapters by a large number of colleagues. We wish to express our gratitude to: P.A. Cawse (AERE, UK), J.N. Galloway (University of Virginia, USA) and S.E. Lindberg (Oak Ridge National Labo- ratory, USA) for reviewing the chapter on atmospheric trace metals. G. Batley (CSIRO, Australia) and B.T. Hart (Chisholm In- stitute of Technology, Australia) for reviewing the chapter on speciation of dissolved metals. E.K. Duursma (Delta Institute, The Netherlands), J.M. Bewers and P.H. Yeats (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada) and D. Eisma (Netherlands Institute for Sea Re- search, the Netherlands) for reviewing the chapter on estuaries. P. Baccini (EAWAG, Switzerland) and W. Davison (Fresh- water Biological Association, UK) for reviewing the chapter on lakes. E.T. Degens (University of Hamburg, W-Germany) for re- viewing the chapter on the oceans, and J.P. Al (Public Works Department, The Netherlands) for reviewing most of the indi- vidual chapters. Without the collaboration of these colleagues this book would not have been possible in its present form.

This volume is a series of papers summarizing the results of the Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS). The EWLS was initiated in 1989 to investigate the application of calcium carbonate (limestone) to upland and wetland forests as a strategy to mitigate the acidity of lake water and improve fisheries. Woods Lake, in the Adirondack region of New York U. S. A. , is the site of long-term studies of surface water acidification. This whole-ecosystem manipulation was designed to be a comprehensive evaluation of the chemical and biological response of uplands, wetlands and surface waters to calcium carbonate treatment. A multidisciplinary project team conducted this investigation, including researchers from Clarkson University, Cornell University, the Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Smith College, EWLS was conceived by Syracuse University and U. S. Geological Survey. The Bob Brocksen and others from Living Lakes Inc. and Don Porcella of the Electric Power Research Institute. Financial support for the EWLS was provided by Living Lakes Inc. , the Electric Power Research Institute, the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U. S. Geological Survey. vii Biogeochemistry 32: 143-174, 1996. (c) 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Experimental Watershed Liming Study: Comparison of lake and watershed neutralization strategies 1 4 C. T. DRISCOLU, C. P. CIRM0 ,2, T. J. FAHEy3, V. L. BLETTE , 6 1 P. A. BUKAVECKAS5, D. A. BURNS , C. P.

Co-management is a highly dynamic, evolving, adaptive, and forward looking process. This edited volume covers theoretical background and includes supporting lessons learnt from field experiences. The book has case studies from both North and South America (co-management of fisheries, resilience in near-shore waters of the Great Lakes basin, water level management in Lake Ontario, and case studies from Chile and Brazil), Europe (Tisza river, coastal management and examples of rivers from the Netherlands and from Uzbekistan), Africa (Lake Victoria) and Asia (Pushkar Lake in India).

Supercomputing is an important science and technology that enables the scientist or the engineer to simulate numerically very complex physical phenomena related to large-scale scientific, industrial and military applications. It has made considerable progress since the first NATO Workshop on High-Speed Computation in 1983 (Vol. 7 of the same series). This book is a collection of papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Trondheim, Norway, in June 1989. It presents key research issues related to: - hardware systems, architecture and performance; - compilers and programming tools; - user environments and visualization; - algorithms and applications. Contributions include critical evaluations of the state-of-the-art and many original research results.

The fall of the iron curtain revealed widespread environmental and safety short comings in relation to industrial operations, mining and other human activities. It was the purpose of this Advanced Research Workshop, sponsored by NATO, to bring together a group of eminent experts from East and West in order to present and analyse environmental data, assess environmental damage, establish priorities, strategies and methods of remediation and compare these with case studies from the Western World. In this volume a number of important contributions have been gathered, that reflect the presentations and discussions held. Alfons Georges Buekens Vasily Victorovich Dragalov Table of Contents I. General Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scientific and Technological Policy of Ministry of Sciences of Russian Federation in Application to Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Target Federal Program - Revival of the Volga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 II. River Basins and their Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 River Basin Management in the Upper and Middle Odra River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Water Quality and Environmental Degradation in the Tom River Basin (Western Siberia): The Need for an Integrated Management Approach . . . . . . 29 Danube Environmental Programme on the Hron River Basin, Slovakia . . . . . 39 Global Regularities in the Occurence of the Environmentally Devastated Urban Areas as a Fundamental Basis for Urbo-Monitoring (Methodology of Sustainable Development of Towns in River Basins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Principles of Integrated Water Management for the Revival of Old Industrial Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Pollution Potentials of Storm Runoff from Urban and Industrial Areas . . . . . 105 Assessment of Pollution Hazards in the Estarreja Aquifer (Portugal) Remediation Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Hydroponics, the method of growing plants without soil, presents a feasible alternative to conventional farming in areas which are short on water supply and limited in agricultural soil.
This book will serve as an indispensable guide for students in the agriculture sciences, for agriculture instructors and soilless-culture farmers. It provides up-to-date information on optimal plant nutrition, deficiencies and toxicities of nutrients, plant growth media, optimal root environment, environmental control, carbon dioxide requirements, saline conditions and use of sewage in soilless culture. Other topics include economic aspects of hydroponics, new growth methods and an outlook for the future.

For old and new studies in decision making and risk analysis, this book should stand at tlle watershed. Studies of conflict resolution and public policy will surely now have to take account of the model investigation provided by the IIASA team, and many things will not be the same again. This is a report of inquiries into the siting of liquefied energy gas (LEG) facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The risks of transporting this highly combustible stuff, and the economic benefits of being able to bring a natural energy source from one side of the globe to the other, holding it, and piping it out as needed, make LEG a model case for studying the public response to dangerous technology. The dangers of LEG are differ ent from those of nuclear power, for instance, where the response too often becomes entangled with the fear of nuclear war. The dangers of LEG include unco trollable explosions, rather than insidious contami nation. But the degree of dangerousness is very much of the same order as that of nuclear power, and is at least as difficult to assess. In four different countries the constitutional procedures involved in obtaining approval of nuclear or LEG facilities are on record. The four case histories here are a model for comparative study of conflict resolu tion. The period over which the negotiations developed is much the same."

of metal interactions with subcellular biochemical systems usually either are metabolites of the system affected (porphyrinurias) or represent some specific function of a cellular system being impaired (proteinurias). One typically finds a continuum of symptoms, from the subtle or so-called "no effect" bio chemical and physiological indicators of exposure to severe clinical disease and death. This continuum is the basis of much of the controversy since many health officials follow the traditional practice of applying the "threshold health-effect" concept in evaluating the problems of environmental exposure to metals. The past decade or so, however, has seen a vast increase in our understanding of the effects of elevated concentrations of toxic metals in local populations and ecosystems. At the same time, there is a growing awareness that the effects of the metals which occur naturally in the environment must be distinguished from those imposed by the pollutant fraction. This point was amply document ed in a recent study of cadmium intake and cadmium in a number of human tissues in Sweden, Japan, and the United States, which showed fairly conclu sively that the background exposure in Japan was about threefold higher than in the other two countries (2). One immediate implication is that any health ef fect studies of cadmium in Japan using control groups within that country are liable to underestimate the difference between the exposed and the control groups simply because of the the high "background" intake."

Seasonal Snowpacks examines the processes which control the chemistry of seasonal snowcover and provides detailed information on the biogeographical distribution of snow (e.g. urban, alpine snowpacks), snow composition (e.g. micropollutants, stable isotopes) or the physical and biological processes which influence the chemical changes in snow (e.g. wind, microbiological activity). The fluxes of chemicals at the snow-atmosphere and snow-soil interfaces are examined, as are processes which modify composition within the snowcover. It is the first book in which the reader will find a comprehensive overview of the theoretical concepts, latest measurement techniques, process-oriented research methods, and models of studies in snow chemistry. The linkages between snow chemistry, atmospheric chemistry and hydrology will make this book of use to both research workers and students in the physical and biological sciences and to natural resource management personnel.

For the first time a state-of-the-art of present metal pollution along the coastline of Latin America is provided. This collection of papers from a conference held in August 1986 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is designed to inform readers of recent advances in an important, interdisciplinary field. Primary focus is on: - Metal Surveys, Metals in Sediments, Metals in Biota, Metal Transport and Cycles, Metal Monitoring. A final chapter combines conclusion, outlook and recommendations of how to master the critical situation of metal concentrations in coastal environments of Latin America. This book fills a long-standing gap in the literature and will be of prime interest to researchers, students and professionals in geology, biology and chemistry.

On May 25,1978, the Commission on Toxicology ofthe Division of Clinical Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) established its Subcommittee on Environmental and Occupational Toxicology of Cadmium following aseries of Commission meetings in Kristiansand, Norway. I was appointed chairman ofthe new Subcommittee by the Commission on Toxicology (chairman at that time F. w. Sun derman Jr. ) in which I served from 1977 as an Associate Member and from 1979 as a Titular Member. From the beginning the Cadmium Subcommittee aimed not only at bringing together cadmium experts from around the world for scientific discussions but also at assessing, improving and the harmonization of analysis of cadmium. Due to the membership of many laboratories of the world engaged in scientific and analytical work on cadmium, and following some preliminary studies in a few laboratories from Sweden, The Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany, the Cadmium Subcommittee conducted from 1979 to 1985 four international interlaboratory surveys on cadmium analysis in body fluids. Two studies have been performed for cadmium in human and lyophilized bovine blood (1979 to 1980 and 1981) and another two for cadmium in artificial and human urines (1983 and 1985). At present in collaboration with the Selenium Subcommittee and the Subcommittee on Harmonization of Methods, a 5th survey for cadmium, lead and mercury in lyophilized human blood and serum reference materials is con ducted."

This book examines the application of geotechniques to address a wide range of issues facing urban water resources. Growing populations leading to urbanization and related development have lead to problems associated with water quality, storm water management, flood control, environmental health, and related ecosystem impacts. Major cities and other urban areas are facing challenges in addressing the implications of impacts to water resources. Recent innovations in geotechnologies, including Geographic Information Science (GIS), remote sensing, and other spatial tools and techniques, provide great opportunities and potential to assist in dealing with these problems. This volume provides a series of case studies that examine the application of new methods and approaches in a range of geotechnologies as utilized to better understand and resolve urban water resource concerns in communities throughout the world. Computer based mapping, spatial analysis, satellite imagery, decision support systems, web based applications, aerial photography, and other methods are highlighted by their development and application. The research presented in this volume will provide for an excellent source of knowledge and learning to assist professionals, experts, and students with a better understanding of how the use of geotechnologies can be used to assist urban communities to address water resource challenges.