The study of fluctuations in statistical physics has a long
history, and a general theory is well established, connecting
fluctuations to response properties of equilibrium systems.
Remarkably, this framework fails as soon as some current is flowing
across the system, driving it out of equilibrium. The presence of
currents is quite common in nature and produces rich phenomena
which are far from being included in a general framework. This
thesis focuses on this general problem by studying different models
such as granular materials and systems exhibiting anomalous
diffusion and shows how the generalized response techniques can be
successfully used to catch the relevant degrees of freedom that
drive the systems out of equilibrium. This study paves the way to
the use of the generalized fluctuation relations in an operative
way, in order to extract information from a non-equilibrium system
and to build the corresponding phenomenological theory.
General
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