Today, all industrialized states are multinational. However, as
Political Sociologist Feliks Gross points out, there remains
considerable debate and experimentation on how to organize a
multiethnic, democratic, and humane state. Gross examines various
types of multiethnic states as well as their early origins and
prospects for success. In the past, minorities were usually formed
as a consequence of conquest or migration; minorities tended to
have an inferior status, subordinated to the ruling, dominant
ethnic class.
While Athens provides an early example of a state formed by
alliance and association, the Romans advanced this concept when
they extended to subjected peoples the status by means of
citizenship. After the fall of Rome, citizenship continued in
Italian and other continental cities. In England, subjectship
associated with individual freedom had native roots. The American
and French Revolutions revived and created the modern definition of
citizenship. Along with Rome, however, only the United States
provides an example of a successful multiethnic state of
continental dimensions.
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