Target pattern recognition in innate immunity is responsible for
the immediate, usually protective, responses shown against invading
microorganisms, and it is the principal feature of self and
non-self recognition by virtue of the recognition of structures on
the microbial pathogens, which are not found on host cells. This is
an area that has been very actively researched, over approximately
the past 12 years, and therefore this volume provides a timely
comprehensive, and up to date, summary of the types and range of
cell surface, intracellular, and secreted, host proteins involved
in the recognition of microbial products, and of the protective
mechanisms triggered as a result of the recognition events. The
Toll-like receptors, first described in Drosophila and now
well-characterised on human cells, provide an excellent
demonstration of the wide range of different microbial products
recognised by this family of receptors and of the signalling
pathways which are triggered thus leading to induction of
inflammatory cytokines and the activation of genes producing
antimicrobial products. In addition, several cell surface proteins
involved in target pattern recognition have been described on the
surfaces of macrophages (macrophage mannose receptor and macrophage
scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be
involved with the uptake and clearance of whole microorganisms and
polyanioic ligands. Pattern recognition is also utilised by
intracellular receptors, with NOD-like receptors in the cytosol
recognizing microbial molecules and activating the production of
inflammatory cytokines or pathways that induce the production of
inflammatory molecules. Secreted proteins, such as the pentraxins,
which includes the acute phase reacting, C-reactive protein (CRP)
and serum amyloid protein (SAP), and the collectins (mannan binding
lectin, lung surfactant protein A and D) and ficolins can also
readily recruit killing and clearance systems. Indeed, the serum
complement system, which is one of the major defence systems in the
bloodstream, is efficiently activated by CR P on its binding to the
phosphocholine groups of microbial phospholipids-and the subsequent
interaction of the bound CR P with C1q-to give classical pathway
activation, or MBL, or ficolin, binding to arrays of mannose or
N-acetyl-glucosamine residues, respectively, on the surfaces of
microorganisms-to give lectin pathway activation. Also, in addition
to the activation and clearance events associated with complement
activation by some of the secreted pattern recognition receptors,
it is accepted that all these pattern recognition receptors can
generally accelerate the uptake and clearance of microbes via
phagocytic cells. In view of the growing interest in the cross-talk
between innate and adaptive immunity, a thorough understanding of
the initial recognition and triggering events, mediated via innate
immune receptors, as addressed in this volume, is clearly very
useful in helping to also fully understand the mechanisms of
activation and control of the adaptive immune system-and to allow a
full assessment of the relative roles played by innate immunity and
adaptive immunity against a particular infection in higher
organisms.
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